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In this 30th edition of the Yearbook on Poverty and Social Exclusion, we look back on 30 years of fighting poverty. How have the poverty figures evolved? We take a closer look at access to justice, education and housing. Next, we are looking for an answer to the question of what constitutes a structural poverty policy. Can the law be of any significance here? This year's theme section is dedicated to the coronapandemic and its link to poverty. Subsequently, a number of civil society organisations are given a chance to express their expertise and findings. In a final section, the Yearbook presents an overview of figures on poverty and social exclusion.

In a time of social liquefaction and a network approach to governance citizens and their organizations are increasingly expected to contribute to the revitalization of society. Civil society organizations are valued and used by governments for contributing to a diverse range of public issues. Sports is one of those domains in which voluntary organizations are expected to contribute to society. A range of governments increasingly use voluntary sport clubs (VSCs) as partners for contributing to public issues, like counteracting overweight among youth, improve social integration of immigrants, improving social cohesion in neighbourhoods and activating the elderly. In this dissertation this process is conceptualized as instrumentalization. In this dissertation the construction of the instrumental role of voluntary sport clubs in municipal sport policy and the way in which two VSCs in the Dutch municipality of Utrecht enact this instrumental role are studied in depth. The dissertation has three aims. First, it aims to describe and understand the process of instrumentalization of VSCs, showing tensions between instrumentalization by government and the relative autonomous position of VSCs. Second, the dissertation aims to conceptualize instrumentalization as such. The concept is used in a range of academic subdisciplines, but has not yet been extensively conceptualized. Therefore, this dissertation provides a foundational contribution for further use of this concept. Third, the dissertation aims to contribute to the ongoing development of a more on agency oriented institutional approach, by combining two recent streams in this theory. It belongs to a very select number of studies that combine the institutional logics approach and the institutional work approach. The dissertation answers the follow research question: How do voluntary sport clubs enact the instrumentalization by governments and what does that mean for the dominant institutional logic(s) in voluntary sport clubs? The design of the study was inspired by ...

This book deals with community-building as it manifested itself in early modern 's-Hertogenbosch. Citizenship and autonomous collective organisations were phenomena that were present in all West-European cities. Mostly men organised themselves in among others civic militias, craft-guilds and the reformed congregation: corporations that may be considered the most important institutions of the middling sort. The members of the corporate institutions rendered their services to a great extent to the master-corporation, their domicile. On the basis of the situation in 's-Hertogenbosch the following questions will be answered: 1. how was civil society formed in Dutch cities in the seventeenth and eighteenth century; 2. in what way did the corporate institutions contribute to the local community-building; 3. how did these social connections develop in time. Craft-guilds, civic militias and the church created a bond between the people. By their regulations members of these corporations took up a juridically clearly defined position towards the inhabitants who did not belong, and especially towards foreigners. In the corporations individual freedom was not sought as its highest goal, but the welfare of the collective. The corporations offered their members dignity, social acceptance, participation, sociability and protection in times of distress, and they bore responsibility for the organization of the city. In this book there is definitely a place for conflict as well. A harmonious and prosperous society is in the view of communautarists like Robert Putnam's almost the natural outcome from citizens cooperating in unions. Conflict forms an essential part of the interaction between people. In spite of the conflicts corporations did not collapse. Corporations underlined the importance of the social bond for the individual as well as the community. The main obstacle was religion. The policy of the town council was directed towards a fair and just treatment of the different confessions within the framework of the Capitulation Treaty of 1629 and the "laws of The Hague". The town council was the guardian of the common interest and it corrected the corporations that were inclined to serve their own ends. Skipping the details Robert Putnam draws attention to the corporations in North-Italian city-states that caused civil communities to bloom. Putnam relates this to the present American society. He just like Amitai Etzioni, another important community-thinker, recognizes the importance of social connections in which members cooperate, have discussions and in doing so keep democracy alive. Communautarists pay attention to the transmitting of norms and values. Corporations in early modern times also were emphatically engaged in this. What applied to Putnam's city-states in the late Middle Ages also applies to the corporations in early modern 's-Hertogenbosch. Members of the corporations created a lively culture of discussion, a necessary condition for a community on its way to democracy. (Jonathan Israel states that 'the democratic republic [started] in the Republiek') In order to deliberate with one another it is important that the partners in deliberation trust one another. Cooperating within social connections and delegating responsibilities is only possible, as Fukuyama points out, if there is trust. Both within the guilds and the militias this trust could grow because quite soon after the Reduction of 1629 the catholic and reformed members started to work on the ecumenicity of everyday life. Schilling and Blickle both ascertain, ignoring details, that changes into a democratic direction in early modern times were initiated bottom-up in small connections. The discussion that Tönnies started on Gesellschaft und Gemeinschaft is still very much alive especially when we take into account the 'golden rules' of Etzioni. He draws attention to the smaller connections - intermediary institutions - that a democratic communitarian society, a 'community of communities' needs if it is to stay alive.

Political Science - De vragen in het onderzoek hebben met name betrekking op relevante Nederlandse actoren en hun doelen, alsmede hun relaties met belanghebbenden zoals de burger. In het onderzoek wordt de parlementaire geschiedenis rond het biometrische paspoort uitvoerig beschreven. Ook worden relevante ontwikkelingen in de Nederlandse 'civil society' in kaart gebracht. De beginselen privacy, identiteit, transparantie, accountability, keuzevrijheid, effectiviteit en efficiëntie vormen hierbij een rode draad. De serie WRR-webpublicaties omvat studies die in het kader van de werkzaamheden van de WRR tot stand zijn gekomen. De verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud en de ingenomen standpunten berust bij de auteurs.

The central question posed for this symposium is from where the support should come for the European project to increase the legitimacy of the European Union and further integration and expansion. Lately, both public-opinion research (Eurobarometer) and motivation for the elections of the European Parliament have been low, criticism relatively high and lively. The symposium stresses the importance of actors and organizations coming from the midfield of civil society. Frequently cheered as the spinning wheel in the democratic system of national states within European reality, it has an important role in the continuation of legitimacy and Europe's democratic level. A presentation of three Dutch and a Belgium contributions. References. O. van Zijl

Dutch socioeconomic concertation has experienced some transformative changes in its modus operandi in recent years, which has given the 'Polder Model' a new lease on life for the time being. Building on an older tradition of sharing political space with civil society organizations, the recent liberal-social democratic government coalition, with Mark Rutte at the helm (2012-2017), has been able to enact a surprisingly successful structural reform agenda in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Governing in times of significant economic, social and political uncertainty, it is no mean feat that the Rutte II administration – de facto a minority government – is the first Dutch coalition to complete its term since the administration under Wim Kok (1994-1998). After the foundational Social Accord (the so-called Mondriaan Akkoord) in April 2013, a series of reform agreements were reached in the policy areas of education, housing, healthcare, industrial and energy policy. For each of these more meso-level accords, a variety of civil society organizations participated that were beyond the traditional social partners of business and labor. Over time these seemingly ad hoc, open and non-hierarchical agreements materialized in a trajectory of cumulatively transformative policy change. The political tactic of the Rutte II government stands out in comparison with the halcyon Dutch miracle era of the Polder Model in the 1980s and 1990. We explain the new modes of Dutch socioeconomic policy concertation and its political tactic as a kind of rallying around existing institutional arrangements to bring the contested political and social center together behind a major adjustment strategy, including retrenchment, compensatory social meas­ures and investments, when reform output and outcomes are fundamentally uncertain. Whether the new Polder Model will prove robust remains an open question. Recently, new multiple party covenants were negotiated in the textile and banking industry. Meanwhile a number of issues concerning regional labor market regulation and work-life balance reconciliation have yet to be resolved.

De wetenschappelijke editie van Eigentijds idealisme. Een afrekening met het cynisme in Nederland.Nederlanders zijn in de greep van toenemend egoïsme en verloedering – wordt vaak gezegd. Dit boek laat echter zien dat spirituele motieven, geestelijke waarden en morele beginselen nog altijd een voorname rol spelen. Veel professionals en gewone burgers streven hoge idealen na. Deze werken door in het maatschappelijk middenveld en in verwachtingen die we van de politiek hebben. Het probleem echter is dat politici en media een cynisch mensbeeld aanhangen, waardoor het bestaande idealisme wordt miskend en weggedrukt. De Lage Landen en het hogere: de betekenis van geestelijke beginselen in het moderne bestaan onderzoekt hoe Nederlanders hun geestelijk engagement vorm geven. Een van de conclusies is dat ze, vergeleken met andere landen, in dezen juist voorop lopen. Daarmee schept het niet alleen een ander beeld dan gebruikelijk; het biedt ook hoop aan allen die het gangbare cynisme afwijzen. Verder verwerpen de auteurs de veelgehoorde theorie dat het moderniseren van de samenleving onvermijdelijk tot een vorm van secularisatie leidt. In het slothoofdstuk pleiten ze voor het opnieuw uitvinden van de civil society; daarmee sluiten ze aan bij een pleidooi dat internationaal wordt uitgedragen door denkers als Charles Taylor, Jeffrey Alexander en Philip Blond.Dit is de wetenschappelijke editie van Eigentijds idealisme. Een afrekening met het cynisme in Nederland

Sociology - De wetenschappelijke editie van "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_book&isbn=9789089643650" Eigentijds idealisme. Een afrekening met het cynisme in Nederland Nederlanders zijn in de greep van toenemend egoïsme en verloedering – wordt vaak gezegd. Dit boek laat echter zien dat spirituele motieven, geestelijke waarden en morele beginselen nog altijd een voorname rol spelen. Veel professionals en gewone burgers streven hoge idealen na. Deze werken door in het maatschappelijk middenveld en in verwachtingen die we van de politiek hebben. Het probleem echter is dat politici en media een cynisch mensbeeld aanhangen, waardoor het bestaande idealisme wordt miskend en weggedrukt. De Lage Landen en het hogere: de betekenis van geestelijke beginselen in het moderne bestaan onderzoekt hoe Nederlanders hun geestelijk engagement vorm geven. Een van de conclusies is dat ze, vergeleken met andere landen, in dezen juist voorop lopen. Daarmee schept het niet alleen een ander beeld dan gebruikelijk; het biedt ook hoop aan allen die het gangbare cynisme afwijzen. Verder verwerpen de auteurs de veelgehoorde theorie dat het moderniseren van de samenleving onvermijdelijk tot een vorm van secularisatie leidt. In het slothoofdstuk pleiten ze voor het opnieuw uitvinden van de civil society; daarmee sluiten ze aan bij een pleidooi dat internationaal wordt uitgedragen door denkers als Charles Taylor, Jeffrey Alexander en Philip Blond. Dit is de wetenschappelijke editie van "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_book&isbn=9789089643650" Eigentijds idealisme. Een afrekening met het cynisme in Nederland

The exodus from the Netherlands or brain circulation: Push and pull factors of remigration among highly educated Turkish-Dutch An increasing number of Turks, the Netherlands' largest ethnic minority, are beginning to return to their country of origin, taking with them the education and skills they have acquired abroad, as the Netherlands faces challenges from economic difficulties, social tension and increasingly powerful right wing parties. At the same time Turkey's political, social and economic conditions have been improving, making returning home even more appealing for Turkish migrants at large. This article gives explanations about the push and pull factors of return migration. The factors influencing return to one's country of origin are "pulls". It is assumed that remigration is more affected by positive developments in the country of origin than by negative developments in the country of residence. Civil society, business world and the Dutch government can develop policies to bind these capable people to the Netherlands, at least in the form of "brain circulation" so that they can serve as "bridge builders" between the two countries. De uittocht uit Nederland of breincirculatie: Push- en pull-factoren van remigratie onder hoogopgeleide Turkse Nederlanders In Nederland zien we een lichte toename van het aantal Turken, de grootste etnische minderheidsgroep in Nederland, die terugkeren naar hun land van herkomst. Ze exporteren daarmee goede opleidingen en vaardigheden die ze in Nederland verwierven. De oorzaken: de economische neergang, sociale spanningen en de groeiende invloed van extreemrechtse partijen. Tegelijkertijd verbeteren in Turkije de politieke, sociale en economische omstandigheden die steeds meer aantrekkingskracht uitoefenen op immigranten in dat land. Dit artikel gaat in op de push- and pull-factoren voor remigranten. Pull-factoren beïnvloeden iemands terugkeer naar zijn land van herkomst. Aangenomen wordt dat zo'n remigratie sterker wordt bevorderd door positieve ontwikkelingen in het land van herkomst dan door negatieve (push-factoren) in het land waar men op dat moment woont. De

In the Fourth National Spatial Policy Plan Extra (1990) the development areas were pointed out (the so-called "Vinex-areas"). This encouraged project developers to buy large and strategic situated properties. The key question is how to assure that also next generations of inhabitants, politicians and developers will still be prepared to invest in quality improvement. The concept of Sustainable Spatial Quality has been examined from the perspective chosen by the Brundtland Commission in its famous report 'Our Common Future' (1987). Quality Assurance is a concept made operational in Quality Management practices based on the ISO 9000 standards. The essential mechanism of Quality Assurance is the Deming-cycle In Vinex-area development in The Netherlands three types of PPP are fairly common: the so-called 'Development-Claim', the Joint Venture and the Concession. A basic assumption behind the effectiveness of Quality Assurance is the ability of controlling human behaviour and, in our case, spatial planning and development processes by means of institutional systems. Institutional governance is based on the idea that in a consistent institutional context different people will act more or less similar in a predictable way. Scott (2001) provides us with a theoretical framework based on an extensive and broad research of (neo)institutional literature. By combining the scientific work of economists, social and political scientists he creates a concept for the analysis of institutions. This concept consists of three types of institutional systems: Regulative, Normative and Cultural-cognitive. The Regulative system is typical for the Development-Claim model. The Joint Venture however is based on dialogue and negotiation on an equal level between public and private parties. The effectiveness of the Concession model for the public interest is determined by the way the government uses the willingness of private parties to go into competition. The empirical research was conducted in three different Vinex-areas: Leidsche Rijn near Utrecht, Vathorst near Amersfoort and Ypenburg near The HagueThe research included analysis of plans, contracts and documents followed by a series of interviews with stakeholders. Quality Assurance is failing on several critical points. Indifferent of the PPP-type the weakest elements in the process are the poorly developed interactive involvement of (potential) user groups in the planning process, the inability of both public and private parties to react adequately on changing circumstances and preferences of user groups and the lack of competition for area development. There is no 'best' PPP for assuring Sustainable Spatial Quality. Our recommendations to optimise the quality assurance function are partly generally applicable and partly specified for each type of PPP separately. Generally applicable is the recommendation for improving the interactivity of the planning process as well as enhancing a more proactive strategy of anticipation on changing user preferences. We need empowerment of the civil society, led by an independent process-manager and using a suitable framework for the debate. Anticipation on changing user-preferences can be improved by introducing periodic evaluations. The quality assurance function can also profit from introducing more competition, for example by awarding efforts of private parties to make their plans more sustainable.