Suchergebnisse

The reliable control of the military is of paramount importance for any regime around the world, especially authoritarian ones. Had it not been able to ensure the "command of the gun," it would be difficult to imagine the Chinese Communist Party celebrating the 100th anniversary of its founding in 2021. Yet, despite the importance of this subject, the study of civil-military relations in China surprisingly remains undertheorized. Although today there is a consensus among scholars that Samuel P. Huntington's concept of "objective control" best describes the current situation in China, such a concept is used in a merely descriptive manner. This article argues that although Huntington's original ideology-centered model is not faultless, the current approach risks producing major distortions in the analysis. Against the background of today's renewed interest for civil-military relations among political scientists, this article puts forwards suggestions regarding the future studies of civil-military relations in China. ; Un efficace controllo sulle proprie Forze armate è di fondamentale importanza per qualsiasi regime, specialmente per quelli autoritari. Se non fosse stato in grado di assicurarsi il "comando sul fucile", difficilmente il Partito comunista cinese celebrerebbe nel 2021 il centesimo anniversario della sua fondazione. Eppure, nonostante l'importanza del tema, la letteratura sulle relazioni tra civili e militari in Cina continua a caratterizzarsi per un inadeguato livello di teorizzazione. Sebbene gli studiosi tendano oggi ad analizzare il caso cinese nei termini del "controllo oggettivo" proposto da Samuel P. Huntington, tale concetto finisce per essere utilizzato in modo meramente descrittivo. La tesi dell'articolo è che, a dispetto dei limiti pur presenti nella formulazione originaria del modello incentrata sull'ideologia, l'applicazione oggi prevalente produca significative distorsioni nell'analisi. Considerato il rinnovato interesse della Scienza politica per il tema delle relazioni tra civili e militari, l'articolo avanza alcune proposte per la ricerca futura sul caso cinese.

Summary in English.

Ricerca sul tema del reupero e della trasfroamzione di caserme e aree militari dismesse a Milano e a Pavia.

This article aims to fill a gap in the historiography on the Napoleonic Milan (1796-1814), providing an overall and analytic picture of the military presence in the capital city of a vast Italian State. The unpublished archives documentation, also rich in statistical data, allows to reconstruct an overview of the armed forces – military and paramilitary – permanently present intra moenia and the logistics that supported them. It is also proposed a preliminary assessment of the relations between the military world and the urban civil dimension, also in a comparison both with the Milan, as stronghold of previous historical periods (Spanish and Austrian), and with other cities of the same Napoleonic period. Ultimately, the case of Milan does not appear to fit with the traditional imaginary that attributes a sort of 'universal militarization' to the Revolutionary-Napoleonic Era even in the Italian Peninsula.

Competences and topographic activity of the Geographical Engineersof the Dépôt général de la Guerre testify the link between cartographyand the military art and take the development of the geographicand cartographic sciences during the Napoleonic era. The territorial knowledge of the countries of Tyrol (and Trentino in particular) is produced by reconnaissance of French military officers between the XVIII and the XIX century. Memories give a lot of information about economical, administrative, social and political aspects of this region, strategic in the relations between Germany and Italy. The archives of Paris preserve a lot of documentations and cartographies useful to the reconstruction of historical cartography of the Trentino. The Carte du Tyrol and the Atlas Macdonald, thanks to their connection with memories, are part of the project of "cartographic utopia" of Napoleon, that is realized also through the passage from the military conquest to the management of the territory, from militarymaps to the administrative and civil maps (cadastral maps). Les compétences et l'activité topographique du corps des ingénieursgéographes du Dépôt général de la Guerre témoignent le lien entre la cartographie et l'art militaire et mènent le développement des sciences géographiques et cartographiques pendant l'époque napoléonienne. La connaissance territoriale des pays du Tyrol (et du Trentin en particulier) est due aux reconnaissances produites par les militaires français entre le XVIII et le XIX siècle qui donnent beaucoup de renseignements sur les aspects économiques, administratifs, sociaux et politiques de cette région stratégique dans les relations entre l'Allemagne et le Royaume d'Italie. Les archives deParis conservent beaucoup de documentation et de cartographies utiles à la recomposition de l'histoire cartographique du Trentin. La Carte du Tyrol et l'Atlas Macdonald, en particulier, grâce à leur connexion avec les mémoires font partie du projet de "utopie cartographique" de Napoléon, réalisé aussi à travers le passage de la conquête militaire à la gestion du territoire, de la carte militaire à la carte civile-administrative (le cadastre).

Unlike what happens for the civil administration, in which it conforms exclusively from a reputational perspective, the legal dimension of military ethics has a profile of characterization related, not only to the functions attributed to the Armed Forces, but, more precisely, to the role that they have in the constitutional structure. Military ethics has, in fact, an external declination, based on the neutrality of the military instrument with respect to political dynamics as an institution of guarantee and defense of republican institutions; and an internal, intimate interpretation connected to the organization as a factor of cohesion and functionality of the same in the framework designed by the discipline and by the hierarchical principle. The paper presents an examination of these two variations, highlighting the specialty of the military administration compared to the civil one.

The debate upon the waning of war encompasses nearly all the major cleavages of contemporary International Relations Theory. The goals of this article are threefold. Firstly, we will offer an extensive and articulated review of the literature, one which parts company with the most common reviews relying on such criteria as the level of analysis or the different approaches to the discipline. Secondly, we aim at enriching the contemporary debate, by taking into consideration some past and somehow more radical contributes, dating back to the European Civil War of the XX century. Finally, our last goal is highlighting some silences and distortions which contribute to hinder the debate upon the decline of war, while reflecting, at the same time, characteristic biases which the IR theory has not overcome yet. Adapted from the source document.

This book aims to retrace the main features of the twenty-year history of the Italian fascist regime and examine its impact on Italian society. After an introductory chapter on the origins of Italian fascism and the march on Rome, the volume deals with the following topics. A) the establishment and consolidation of Mussolini's dictatorship in the 1920s. B) the further evolution in the 1930s of an authoritarian regime vocated to totalitarianism. C) the nature, the limits, the decline of the Italians' consent to Mussolini's regime. D) the myth of the «new man» and the plans for an integral fascistization especially of youth. E) the relations between Mussolini and the Holy See. F) the evolution of Mussolini's foreign policy up until the Italo-Ethiopian conflict and the Italian military intervention in the Spanish civil war. G) the Axis with Hitler and Mussolini's racial and anti-Semitic policies. H) Italy' intervention in World War Two, its military defeats and the collapse of the regime certified by the Grand Council at its last meeting on July 24th-25th, 1943.