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In: Journal of peace research, Band 10, Heft 3, S. 285-294
ISSN: 1460-3578
This study is a critique of the split between re search on civilian defense and nonviolent offensive action since both have different social actors as addressees - the entire nation in case of civilian defense, the lower classes in case of nonviolent re volution. This study, therefore, tries to reconstruct civilian defense as a specific strategy to defend historically achieved aims by the nonviolent move ment which has to act on the whole offensively, integrating the achievements and objectives of in ternational socialism. It tries to develop some ele ments of a theory of the international peace move ment labelled as civilism.
In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
"Civilian Self-Protection and Civilian Targeting in Armed Conflicts: Who Protects Civilians?" published on by Oxford University Press.
In: Killing in War, S. 203-235
Killing civilians is worse than killing soldiers. Few moral principles have been more widely and viscerally affirmed. But in recent years it has faced a rising tide of dissent. Seth Lazar aims to turn this tide, and to vindicate international law. He develops new insights into the morality of harm, relevant to everyone interested in the debate.
In: The world today, Band 65, Heft 8-9, S. 9-11
ISSN: 0043-9134
This paper argues that the concept of the civilian is a specific way of viewing non-combatants that can be traced to the First World War. Before the war, non-combatants were seen by the law and the prevailing culture as citizens. The citizen was potentially and probably aggressive, bound to the fate of his or her state and, therefore, granted only minimal protection by law. The war, however, brought technological changes and a propaganda effort that transformed these citizens into a civilian population. Civilians were essential to the war effort, which meant that they were a target. Yet, at the same time, they were feminized, described as vulnerable and deserving of protection. This cultural shift influenced the way in which the laws of war were understood, leading to the replacement of the traditional categories of law with a military/civilian distinction in the 1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. In this way the concept of the civilian entered international law.
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This paper argues that the concept of the civilian is a specific way of viewing non-combatants that can be traced to the First World War. Before the war, non-combatants were seen by the law and the prevailing culture as citizens. The citizen was potentially and probably aggressive, bound to the fate of his or her state and, therefore, granted only minimal protection by law. The war, however, brought technological changes and a propaganda effort that transformed these citizens into a civilian population. Civilians were essential to the war effort, which meant that they were a target. Yet, at the same time, they were feminized, described as vulnerable and deserving of protection. This cultural shift influenced the way in which the laws of war were understood, leading to the replacement of the traditional categories of law with a military/civilian distinction in the 1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. In this way the concept of the civilian entered international law.
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World Affairs Online
Drawing on extensive research and personal accounts, this hard-hitting study investigates the processes of mobilization and demobilization of fighters from all factions during the long, drawn out civil war in Sudan. Through in-depth interviews with current and former combatants in Sudan Saskia Baas investigates how civilians get drawn into the conflict and what the deep consequences are for becoming part of a guerilla movement. The resulting narrative is fascinating and disturbing, while providing vivid insight into the dynamics of civil war that are relevant to conflicts all over the world. From Civilians to Soldiers and from Soldiers to Civilians will appeal to political scientists, military historians, and nonacademic audiences interested in the conflict in Sudan.
The protection of civilians is a highly topical issue at the forefront of international discourse, and has taken a prominent role in many international deployments. It has been at the centre of debates on the NATO intervention in Libya, UN deployments in Darfur, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and on the failures of the international community in Sri Lanka and Syria. Variously described as a moral responsibility, a legal obligation, amandated peacekeeping task, and the culmination of humanitarian activity, it has become a high-profile concern of governments, international organisations, and civil society, and a central issue in international peace and security. This book offers a multidisciplinary treatment of this important topic, harnessing perspectives from international law and international relations, traversing academia and practice
A fascinating and disturbing study of the entrances and exits of boys and men involved on all sides of the armed conflict in Sudan, providing a vivid insight into the dynamics of the civil war. Drawing on extensive research and personal accounts, this hard-hitting study investigates the processes of mobilization and demobilization of fighters from all the involved factions during the long-drawn civil war in Sudan. Why do civilians, at some point or other during an armed conflict, decide to participate in the violence of the war? What are the consequences of becoming part of a guerilla movement.
In: Journal of peace research, Band 24, S. 251-262
ISSN: 0022-3433
World Affairs Online
In: International review of the Red Cross: humanitarian debate, law, policy, action, Band 102, Heft 914, S. 893-922
ISSN: 1607-5889
AbstractDespite the existence of a definition of civilian status in international humanitarian law (IHL), differences in the application of this definition – both in theory and in practice – continue to be observed. One of the contexts where these differences remain palpable (and do so for various fighting parties) is Afghanistan, a country where civilian harm has remained high for several years. This article explores the legal concepts of civilian and civilian population, including how they have been formed and interpreted and, ultimately, what protection they afford to persons who belong in these categories. The second part of the article brings these questions into the Afghan context, one that is complex and where cultural and religious implications should not be overlooked. Public statements, reports and codes of fighting parties in the country which touch upon civilian status are presented, followed by the civilian experience in Afghanistan, particularly focusing on the reported harm. Ultimately, it is proposed that despite the factual and contextual confusion, the existing legal rules and interpretations, when applied in good faith, suffice to ensure both that those who are civilians under IHL are protected and that the threats which some civilians' behaviour might pose can be effectively addressed without a status change.
Publicly, the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) tends to be associated with the creation of a military component of the EU. Yet the first operation within the framework of the ESDP is being executed using exclusively civilian means - through the European Police Mission (EUPM) in Bosnia-Herzegovina since January 2003. On 31 March 2003, the EU took over the military mission Allied Harmony (now called Concordia) in Macedonia, and from 2004 on, this could also be the case with SFOR. With the ESDP, Europe has set itself the goal of 'a balanced parallel development of military and civilian capabilities,' in order to bolster Europe's influence in international crisis management. Meanwhile, the civilian component of the ESDP is not just less wellknown, but so far, it is also significantly underdeveloped. The European police force may represent a beginning, but further non-military instruments must also be deployable if a broad civilian-military approach is to become a trademark of future EU security policy. (SWP Comments / SWP)
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