Is the Clean Development Mechanism Effective for Emission Reductions?
In: UNU-WIDER Working Paper 08/2012; 2012/73(WP/073).
In: UNU-WIDER Working Paper 08/2012; 2012/73(WP/073).
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In: UNU-WIDER Working Paper 08/2012; 2012/72(WP/072)
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In: NBER Working Paper No. w25102
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In: European Journal of Sustainable Development: EJSD, Band 3, Heft 4, S. 91-102
ISSN: 2239-6101
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In: Analysis of change: advanced techniques in panel data analysis, S. 113-133
In: International Journal of Development Issues, Band 19, Heft 2, S. 145-168
PurposeThis paper aims to assess whether official development assistance (ODA) or foreign aid has been effective in reducing extreme poverty; test whether the type and source of aid matter; and examine whether political or economic freedom enhances aid effectiveness in developing countries.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses recent dynamic panel estimation techniques (system generalised method of moments), including those methods which deal with endogeneity by controlling for simultaneity and unobserved heterogeneity.FindingsThe main findings of the study are: firstly, foreign aid does have a statistically significant poverty reduction effect and the results are consistent across all the three extreme poverty proxies. Secondly, the disaggregation of aid by source and type shows that total aid, grant and bilateral aid are more likely to reduce poverty. Thirdly, political freedom might not be an effective channel through which aid impacts extreme poverty, but aid is more effective in an environment where there is respect for freedom of enterprise.Research limitations/implicationsAs with most cross-country aid–growth–poverty dynamic panel data studies, the challenges of establishing robust causality and accounting for the unobserved country-specific heterogeneity remain apparent. However, given the data availability constraints, generalised method of moments is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the most robust empirical strategy when T < N. Future research could explore possibilities of individual country analysis, disaggregating countries by income and also examining the direction of causality between foreign aid, poverty and democracy.Practical implicationsThe policy implications are that the development partners should continue to focus on poverty reduction as the main objective for ODA; aid allocation should be focused on channels which have more poverty-reduction effect, such as per capita income and economic freedom; and aid recipient countries should also focus on reducing inequality.Social implicationsThe main social implications from this study is that it is possible to reduce poverty through ODA. Second, to enhance the effectiveness of foreign aid, ODA allocation should be focussed on channels, which have more poverty-reduction effect, and the host countries should have economic freedom.Originality/valueThis paper makes a further contribution to the aid effectiveness literature, especially the channels through which foreign aid affects poverty.
22 pages ; International audience ; There is a great deal of literature regarding the asymptotic properties of various approaches to estimating simultaneous space-time panel models, but little attention has been paid to how the model estimates should be interpreted. The motivation for use of space-time panel models is that they can provide us with information not available from cross-sectional spatial regressions. LeSage and Pace (2009) show that cross-sectional simultaneous spatial autoregressive models can be viewed as a limiting outcome of a dynamic space-time autoregressive process. A valuable aspect of dynamic space-time panel data models is that the own- and cross-partial derivatives that relate changes in the explanatory variables to those that arise in the dependent variable are explicit. This allows us to employ parameter estimates from these models to quantify dynamic responses over time and space as well as space-time diffusion impacts. We illustrate our approach using the demand for cigarettes over a 30 year period from 1963-1992, where the motivation for spatial dependence is a bootlegging effect where buyers of cigarettes near state borders purchase in neighboring states if there is a price advantage to doing so. ; La littérature économétrique récente fait une place croissante à l'étude des propriétés asymptotiques des différentes méthodes d'estimation des modèles de données de panel spatio-temporels. Toutefois, force est de constater que peu d'attention est consacrée à l'interprétation économique de tels modèles malgré leur grand intérêt pour la modélisation des phénomènes économiques dans une dimension spatio-temporelle et le rôle qu'ils pourraient jouer dans l'évaluation des politiques économiques dans cette même dimension. Nous montrons dans ce papier que les coefficients estimés de ces modèles permettent d'expliciter non seulement la dynamique temporelle des impacts mais également leur dynamique spatiale et surtout de quantifier la diffusion spatio-temporelle de l'impact d'une variation d'une ...
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22 pages ; International audience ; There is a great deal of literature regarding the asymptotic properties of various approaches to estimating simultaneous space-time panel models, but little attention has been paid to how the model estimates should be interpreted. The motivation for use of space-time panel models is that they can provide us with information not available from cross-sectional spatial regressions. LeSage and Pace (2009) show that cross-sectional simultaneous spatial autoregressive models can be viewed as a limiting outcome of a dynamic space-time autoregressive process. A valuable aspect of dynamic space-time panel data models is that the own- and cross-partial derivatives that relate changes in the explanatory variables to those that arise in the dependent variable are explicit. This allows us to employ parameter estimates from these models to quantify dynamic responses over time and space as well as space-time diffusion impacts. We illustrate our approach using the demand for cigarettes over a 30 year period from 1963-1992, where the motivation for spatial dependence is a bootlegging effect where buyers of cigarettes near state borders purchase in neighboring states if there is a price advantage to doing so. ; La littérature économétrique récente fait une place croissante à l'étude des propriétés asymptotiques des différentes méthodes d'estimation des modèles de données de panel spatio-temporels. Toutefois, force est de constater que peu d'attention est consacrée à l'interprétation économique de tels modèles malgré leur grand intérêt pour la modélisation des phénomènes économiques dans une dimension spatio-temporelle et le rôle qu'ils pourraient jouer dans l'évaluation des politiques économiques dans cette même dimension. Nous montrons dans ce papier que les coefficients estimés de ces modèles permettent d'expliciter non seulement la dynamique temporelle des impacts mais également leur dynamique spatiale et surtout de quantifier la diffusion spatio-temporelle de l'impact d'une variation d'une variable explicative. La méthode proposée est illustrée par une étude de la demande de cigarettes dans 46 Etats américains sur la période 1963-1992 en utilisant une base de données bien connue dans la littérature économétrique. La présence d'autocorrélation spatiale est ici motivée par un effet de " contrebande ". Les consommateurs proches des frontières d'un état achèteront en effet leurs cigarettes dans les états voisins si le prix des cigarettes y est inférieur à celui pratiqué dans leur propre Etat.
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows emission reduction (or emission removal) projects in developing countries to earn Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2. These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets. Accepted projects must qualify through a rigorous and public registration and issuance process designed to ensure real, measurable and verifiable emission reductions that are additional to what would have occurred without the project. Between November 2004 and May 2009, the mechanism has registered 1,653 projects and is anticipated to currently produce CERs amounting to 303 106 tonnes of CO2 equivalent yearly. The mechanism is extremely interesting since it is the first global, environmental investment and credit scheme of its kind, providing a standardized emissions offset instrument. However the geographical distribution of the CDM projects is revealing very large differences in between developing countries since China, India, Brazil and South-Korea totalise 82 % of the CERs while Africa only represents 3,3% of the total.
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In: Political analysis: PA ; the official journal of the Society for Political Methodology and the Political Methodology Section of the American Political Science Association, Band 10, Heft 1, S. 25-48
ISSN: 1476-4989
Panel data are a very valuable resource for finding empirical solutions to political science puzzles. Yet numerous published studies in political science that use panel data to estimate models with dynamics have failed to take into account important estimation issues, which calls into question the inferences we can make from these analyses. The failure to account explicitly for unobserved individual effects in dynamic panel data induces bias and inconsistency in cross-sectional estimators. The purpose of this paper is to review dynamic panel data estimators that eliminate these problems. I first show how the problems with cross-sectional estimators arise in dynamic models for panel data. I then show how to correct for these problems using generalized method of moments estimators. Finally, I demonstrate the usefulness of these methods with replications of analyses in the debate over the dynamics of party identification.
In: Journal of international development: the journal of the Development Studies Association, Band 23, Heft 6, S. 836-854
ISSN: 1099-1328
AbstractThis paper examines the ethics of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in its architecture, processes and outcomes and its potential to allocate resources to the poor as 'ethical development'. Two specific examples of CDM projects help us to explore some of the quandaries that seem to be quickly defining operating procedure for the CDM in its efforts to bring entitlementsto the poor. The paper concludes with reflections on the normative and social complications of the CDM and closes with three key areas of further investigation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In: Journal of international development: the journal of the Development Studies Association, Band 23, Heft 6
ISSN: 0954-1748