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This book explores the issue of environmentally-induced migrations from the point of view of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. Last few years have become a period of unprecedented growth in the number of studies devoted to the forced migration caused by climate change. The book by professor Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, differs significantly from previous studies in this area. The focus of the author became a state responsibility for the situation of climate-change induced displaced people with a particular focus on legal aspects of this problem. The basis of the author`s considerations are four particular areas of public international law: international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. The issue of climate change-induced displacement is now becoming a growing challenge for public international law. The growing number of climate change migrants becomes a challenge for the international istitutions dealing with humanitarian assistance. Sea level rise become a factor of specific legal problems, such as climatic deterritorialization of the state, state succession on the new territory, the status of people forced to leave their country submerged under the waters of ocean (forced migrants?, refugees?, stateless people?, citizens of the former country continuing its status within a new territory?).

Due to the social and economic costs the problem of climate change has recently become one of the factors which antagonizes or merges national political systems and their entities. The case of Norway as a leading European producer and exporter of oil and gas seems to deserve particular attention. Although the main political actors in the country, such as the Norwegian Labour Party (DnA), the Conservative Party of Norway (H), the Socialist Left Party (SV), the People's Christian Party (Kr.F), the Centre Party (S) and the Liberal Party (V) have quite similar ideas about the major objectives of the national climate policy, their opinions differ in operational matters. The position of the Progress Party (Fr.P) is an important exception to the approach towards the discussed issue. This article aims to analyse the programme assumptions about the climate policy and climate protection of all parliamentary groups and assess their practical implementation in the past decade.

Due to the social and economic costs the problem of climate change has recently becomeone of the factors which antagonizes or merges national political systems and their entities. The case of Norway as a leading European producer and exporter of oil and gasseems to deserve particular attention. Although the main political actors in the country,such as the Norwegian Labour Party (DnA), the Conservative Party of Norway (H), theSocialist Left Party (SV), the People's Christian Party (Kr.F), the Centre Party (S) andthe Liberal Party (V) have quite similar ideas about the major objectives of the nationalclimate policy, their opinions differ in operational matters. The position of the ProgressParty (Fr.P) is an important exception to the approach towards the discussed issue. Thisarticle aims to analyse the programme assumptions about the climate policy and climateprotection of all parliamentary groups and assess their practical implementation in thepast decade. ; Problem zmian klimatu ze względu na koszty społeczne i ekonomiczne staje się w ostatnich latach jednym z czynników antagonizujących bądź scalających narodowe systemypolityczne i występujące tam podmioty. Casus Norwegii jako czołowego w Europie producenta oraz eksportera ropy i gazu wydaje się zasługiwać na szczególną uwagę. Głównepodmioty polityczne w tym państwie, jak: Norweska Partia Pracy (DnA), Partia Konserwatywna (H), Socjalistyczna Partia Lewicy (SV), Chrześcijańska Partia Ludowa (Kr.F),Partia Centrum (S), Partia Liberalna (V) wyrażają w kwestii celów narodowej politykiklimatycznej dość istotną zbieżność, choć różnią się w kwestiach operacyjnych. Istotnymwyjątkiem w podejściu do omawianej problematyki jest stanowisko Partii Postępu (Fr.P).Celem artykułu jest analiza założeń programowych w obszarze polityki klimatyczneji ochrony klimatu wszystkich ugrupowań parlamentarnych oraz ocena ich praktycznejimplementacji w minionej dekadzie.

The presented text focuses on identifying the topics of the political dispute at the global level, the European Union and Poland, which relate to the mitigation of climate change. The background of the analysis is a synthetic presentation of the state of knowledge on climate change and examples of different views on this issue that reach the public in the open debate. We confronted arguments put forward by climate activists with views questioning the climate action. The analysis of arguments in the global debate shows that the differences mainly reflect the economic status of states, their energy mix, and technological advancement. The main lines of dispute in global negotiations are: which states should make more effort for greenhouse gas emission reductions, the responsibility of developed countries for historical emissions, and the principles of supporting developing countries, which are particularly vulnerable to climate change. The European Union wants to be a leader in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving climate neutrality. However, there are differences in approach between the Member States, which reflect the importance of coal in the energy mix, the differences in the share of renewable energy, and the importance of nuclear energy. The main controversy is how to consider the different initial situations of countries when defining their reduction targets and how to support the energy transition. The dominant issue in the Polish debate is the necessary pace of the energy transformation, the possibility of bearing its costs, and their distribution among various social groups. This paper presents the social, economic, and political arguments at the global and local level that refer to the dilemmas of climate policy leading to the adjustment of the development policy towards energy-saving and low-emission, regardless of the importance assigned to emissions in combating climate change. ; Przedstawiony tekst koncentruje się na identyfikacji przedmiotów sporów politycznych na poziomie globalnym, Unii ...

The sustainable development issue since 60s of XX century is present on the international debate. One of the areas discussed in the sustainable development context is the climate change and energy and this in different ways for example taking energy from renewable energy sources, primary energy consumption or greenhouse gas emission. It goes probably from the connection between the energy sector and interference into the natural environment, the exploitation the natural sources and its high emission, what has a special meaning nowadays. that is why European Union starts to thing about special meaning of this issue, can we find this in its strategy documents. The main aim of this work is the attempt assessment the level of realization the sustainable development in climate change and energy area in Poland and comparing that to the other European countries. The sustainable development in the climate change and energy has been shown in Polish and European countries strategy. The comparative analysis Poland to the other EU countries has been done. The state documents and study literature have been used in this article. The comparative analysis were based on data form Eurostat. ; Współcześnie problematyka związana ze zmianami klimatycznymi i pozyskiwaniem, wykorzystaniem energii jest szeroko dyskutowana tak na arenie międzynarodowej, jak i krajowej. Wyrazem obecności tej tematyki w dyskursie publicznym jest ujmowanie jej w wielu dokumentach międzynarodowych, krajowych (także tych o charakterze strategicznym). Stanowi ona także jeden z obszarów omawianych w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju poprzez zwrócenie uwagi m. in. na pozyskiwanie energii ze źródeł odnawianych, zużycie energii pierwotnej, czy też wielkość emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Także Unia Europejska w ramach dążenia do zrównoważonego rozwoju zaczęła przypisywać szczególne znaczenie wspomnianej problematyce. Wobec powyższego za cel artykułu przyjęto próbę oceny poziomu realizacji koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju w obszarze dotyczącym zmian klimatycznych i energii w Polsce na tle krajów unijnych. Celowi pracy podporządkowano jej poszczególne części, w których przybliżono zrównoważony rozwój w zakresie zmian klimatycznych i energii w unijnych dokumentach strategicznych, oraz przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą Polski na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej w zakresie zmian klimatycznych i energii. W artykule wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu, dokumenty rządowe, zaś przeprowadzone analizy oparto o dane wtórne pochodzące z Eurostatu.

The sustainable development issue since 60s of XX century is present on the international debate. One of the areas discussed in the sustainable development context is the climate change and energy and this in different ways for example taking energy from renewable energy sources, primary energy consumption or greenhouse gas emission. It goes probably from the connection between the energy sector and interference into the natural environment, the exploitation the natural sources and its high emission, what has a special meaning nowadays. that is why European Union starts to thing about special meaning of this issue, can we find this in its strategy documents. The main aim of this work is the attempt assessment the level of realization the sustainable development in climate change and energy area in Poland and comparing that to the other European countries. The sustainable development in the climate change and energy has been shown in Polish and European countries strategy. The comparative analysis Poland to the other EU countries has been done. The state documents and study literature have been used in this article. The comparative analysis were based on data form Eurostat. ; Współcześnie problematyka związana ze zmianami klimatycznymi i pozyskiwaniem, wykorzystaniem energii jest szeroko dyskutowana tak na arenie międzynarodowej, jak i krajowej. Wyrazem obecności tej tematyki w dyskursie publicznym jest ujmowanie jej w wielu dokumentach międzynarodowych, krajowych (także tych o charakterze strategicznym). Stanowi ona także jeden z obszarów omawianych w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju poprzez zwrócenie uwagi m. in. na pozyskiwanie energii ze źródeł odnawianych, zużycie energii pierwotnej, czy też wielkość emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Także Unia Europejska w ramach dążenia do zrównoważonego rozwoju zaczęła przypisywać szczególne znaczenie wspomnianej problematyce. Wobec powyższego za cel artykułu przyjęto próbę oceny poziomu realizacji koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju w obszarze dotyczącym zmian klimatycznych i energii w Polsce na tle krajów unijnych. Celowi pracy podporządkowano jej poszczególne części, w których przybliżono zrównoważony rozwój w zakresie zmian klimatycznych i energii w unijnych dokumentach strategicznych, oraz przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą Polski na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej w zakresie zmian klimatycznych i energii. W artykule wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu, dokumenty rządowe, zaś przeprowadzone analizy oparto o dane wtórne pochodzące z Eurostatu.

This book explores the impact of climate change on the legal situation of small island states such as Marshall Islands. Climate change-related problems of these nations touching their legal situation in a very different way than in the case of large countries threatened by economic and social consequences of sea level rise (such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nigeria and Egypt). Presentation of scientific forecasts is an introduction to the in-depth deliberations from the point of view of international law. According to many researchers, global sea level rise of 0,5-1 m. is highly possible in the next hundred years. Sea level rise is not the only climate-related threat experienced by small island states. Among other significant problems associated with climate change we can list tropical cyclones, floods, and droughts. Island nations must prepare for such problems on the basis of public international law. The authors draw attention to the most crucial legal challenges associated with sea level rise, such as the deterritorialization of the state, continuity of statehood, the issue of citizenship or the legal status of forced environmental migrants. The authors draw attention to the significant legal challenges (e.g. the legal status of migrants forced to leave their country of origin/residence as a result of irreversible climate change). This issue has still not been regulated by international law documents. Much attention is also being paid to the analysis of the consequences of climate change on the basis of international law of the sea. The core elements of the analysis presented in this book are, inter alia, the impact of sea level rise on Exclusive Economic Zones and fishing rights. The book is focused on the social and legal challenges facing microstates. Presented considerations may become a useful point of reference in the analysis of the problems facing larger countries affected by climate change and sea level rise.

Tekst analizuje zaangażowanie dyplomacji Unii Europejskiej w kwestie walki ze zmianami klimatu. W pierwszej kolejności omawia tło problemu, czyli jego wagę oraz wewnątrzunijne sposoby radzenia sobie z ograniczeniem zmian klimatu oraz dostosowywaniem do ich konsekwencji. W drugiej, przedstawia ewolucje stanowiska społeczności międzynarodowej wobec rzeczonej kwestii, w tym mechanizmy ONZ stworzone w celu koordynacji wysiłków na rzecz walki z tym z globalnym wyzwaniem. Najważniejszą częścią pracy jest analiza stanowisk i działań negocjacyjnych UE począwszy od Konferencji w Kopenhadze w 2009 roku, aż do wielkich przygotowań na COP21 w Paryżu. Autorka nie tylko uwidacznia najważniejsze cele unijnej dyplomacji wobec nowej umowy klimatycznej, ale także konfrontuje je z dążeniami pozostałych graczy prezentując najważniejsze argumenty zarówno unijnych sojuszników, jak i adwersarzy. Dopełnieniem powyższych ustaleń jest ocena dotychczasowej skuteczności Unii Europejskiej na polu globalnych negocjacji klimatycznych. ; This text analyzes the EU's commitment to climate change. It firstly discusses the background of the problem, its weight and intra-EU ways of dealing with climate change mitigation and adaptation. Secondly, it outlines the evolution of the international community's position on this issue, including the UN mechanisms designed to coordinate efforts to address this global challenge. The most important part of the work is an analysis of the EU negotiating positions and actions from the Copenhagen Conference in 2009 to the great preparations for COP21 in Paris. The author not only highlights the most important goals of EU diplomacy in relation to the new climate agreement, but also confronts them with the aspirations of the other players, presenting the most important arguments of both EU allies and adversaries. Completion of the above findings is the assessment of the effectiveness of the European Union in the field of global climate negotiations.

The subject of considerations are the legal aspects of the influence of the EU climate and energy framework and trade policy on implementation of permanently sustainable forestry. Even though forestry belongs to the competences of Member States and there is no formal establishment of common forest policy in the TFEU, the new LULUCF Regulation and provisions of regulations regarding prevention of illegal timber trade prove that there is an ongoing process of subjecting forestry to the competencies of the European Union to a growing extent as well as reducing the area left to Member States. It must be stated that the platform for expansion of EU regulations on Member States' forestry in terms of land use and timber trade – acts adopted within the trade policy and climate and energy framework – is the principle of sustainable development that derives from international legislation and is also included in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. This principle is also the foundation for development of the beginnings of common forest policy that emerges at the verge of EU policies. ; Przedmiotem rozważań są prawne aspekty wpływu unijnej polityki klimatyczno-energetycznej oraz handlowej na realizację trwale zrównoważonej gospodarki leśnej. Mimo zaliczenia gospodarki leśnej do kompetencji krajów członkowskich i braku formalnego ustanowienia wspólnej polityki leśnej w TFUE nowe rozporządzenie LULUCF oraz przepisy rozporządzeń dotyczących przeciwdziałania nielegalnemu obrotowi drewnem świadczą o postępującym procesie coraz większego podporządkowania gospodarki leśnej kompetencjom Unii Europejskiej i redukowania obszaru zostawionego krajom członkowskim. Realizując cel rozważań, stwierdzić należy, że płaszczyzną ekspansji unijnej regulacji obejmującej gospodarkę leśną krajów członkowskich w sferze zarządzania gruntami, a także obrotu drewnem, a więc aktów przyjętych w ramach polityki handlowej i klimatyczno-energetycznej, jest zasada zrównoważonego rozwoju wywodząca się z prawa międzynarodowego, uregulowana także w Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Zasada ta stanowi również podstawę do kształtowania się zalążków wspólnej polityki leśnej, wyłaniającej się na styku innych unijnych polityk.

The purpose of the study was an investigation on a content of the core curriculum in Poland, for kin- dergarten children (aged 3–6) and primary school students (aged 7–18), in reference to educational demands, created by the global ecological crisis. As a source of these demands, IPCC Assessments Reports on Climate Change and UN over-arching strategies for sustainability and environmental education were used, as well as the European Union green policies' package (The European Green Deal). Poland, as a member of the EU and a party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is obliged to promote and implement "green" policies, through incorporation of them into national legislation and the state system of education. The analysis revealed in Polish core curriculum lack of content, connected with the global ecological crisis and climate change, as well as with strategies of combating them. This result shows a dramatic content gap in environmental education of Polish students, regardless the fact that ecol- ogy is a fundament of global and European developmental strategies. The responsibility for this situation is beard on decision makers for a state educational policy; in a context of Polish law, this is the Ministry of Education and the Minister for Education himself. ; The purpose of the study was an investigation on a content of the core curriculum in Poland, for kin- dergarten children (aged 3–6) and primary school students (aged 7–18), in reference to educational demands, created by the global ecological crisis. As a source of these demands, IPCC Assessments Reports on Climate Change and UN over-arching strategies for sustainability and environmental education were used, as well as the European Union green policies' package (The European Green Deal). Poland, as a member of the EU and a party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is obliged to promote and implement "green" policies, through incorporation of them into national legislation and the state system of education. The analysis revealed in Polish core curriculum lack of content, connected with the global ecological crisis and climate change, as well as with strategies of combating them. This result shows a dramatic content gap in environmental education of Polish students, regardless the fact that ecol- ogy is a fundament of global and European developmental strategies. The responsibility for this situation is beard on decision makers for a state educational policy; in a context of Polish law, this is the Ministry of Education and the Minister for Education himself.

Polish presidency was dependent on the work of European Commission in 2011. A great amount of international factors influenced its fate and course of events, however more and more factors had global character, which was present in the Union Policies. These factors are: international trade, access to the third country markets, financial regulations and climate change. Poland therefore faced the greatest challenge of its several years of participation in project of European integration and act on behalf of the European Union. In terms of climate protection and energy a lot was expected from Poland since it was under the leadership on conference in Durban. The European Union had to argue for the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol after 2012. This conference had a significant impact on the fight against global warming and suppression of carbon emissions. Poland on behalf of European Union was therefore required to take appropriate measures. First of all, Poland was supposed to keep the European position on the climate change and show how the European Union is able to get involved in the fight against global warming.

The aim of this article is to discuss urban climate policies, with a special focus on Helsinki, the fast growing capital of Finland. The preconditionfor the study is that metropolitan areas in Finland hold a central place fornational climate policies due to their population and economic impact. Thecase study proves that the city, which had disadvantageous conditions for climatesolutions in the early 90's, has successfully remodelled its approach andpresently joins the group of world cities declaring carbon neutrality in comingyears. The change was possible due to a favourable political climate, a multistakeholderand inclusive approach, public involvement, and the correlationbetween public and private initiatives. The study is based on statistical data,institutional analysis, and a comparison of the strategic documents of the cityof Helsinki in the area of climate planning.

The aim of the article was to define the attitude of Polish parliamentary political parties towards the issue of climate change in the years 2005–2019. Discourse Network Analysis, used in the study, allowed to identify the most frequently co-occurring concepts expressed by different parties over the past fifteen years, as well as, to present the affiliation networks between the parties. The postulates regarding climate policy proposed by Polish election committees were gradually modified in the analyzed period. The gradual convergence of pro-climate positions of Polish parliamentary parties is visible over time, while the structure of anti-climate positions becoming less coherent. However, there is still a visible difference in the approach to climate protection between the centrist and left-wing parties and those identifying themselves as right-wing.

First of all, the paper explains the meaning of climate sustainability and the parallel understanding of the category of sustainable development in the EU as a concept of total decarbonization of the economy. Secondly, it shows a great impact of Europe 2020 strategy and the latest package 2.0 for the period to 2030 on the Polish industry and society, due to the specific structure of energy balance and high costs of climate change mitigation. Thirdly, the paper shows the possibilities of the technological change in the energy sector in a broad sense that led to the low-emission economy and at the same time which are feasible and economically acceptable. Apart from renewables, energy efficiency, coal substitution to gas and cogeneration, a few efficient technologies exist which are a climate 'rescue' being consistent with the low-emission economy as well as securing minimum prospects for coal. Although the possibilities of CO2 reductions in the process of coal combustion are especially limited, moderate chances can be seen in the conversion process of coal to gaseous and solid forms.

The article intends to illustrate the climate, social and primarily health effects resulting from the emission of various substances in the process of burning coal and waste, and the legal framework related to the issue of air pollution as a result of low emissions. The authors discuss also the main directions of the changes proposed in the so-called "anti-smog" law. The authors pose the thesis that Poland has still not solved problems of low emissions, despite the measures taken in the amendment to the Environmental Law. In their view, Poland still has a long way to go before it creates a low-carbon economy. The traditional use of coal in Poland hinders putting ecological changes into practice. Incineration of waste produced by households is another social pathology. Besides municipal waste, some hazardous waste also produced in households can be found. The level of environmental education is very poor in this respect. However, without significant actions, we will continue to destroy our own and our neighbours' health, contribute to climate change as some climatologists' think and pay penalties for failing to meet ecological commitments to the European Union as well.