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Zentall's (2016) model of cognitive dissonance is compatible with cognitive continuity between humans and nonhumans. It may help explain cognitive dissonance-like behavior in many species, including humans. It is also consistent with Tinbergen's (1963) 'four whys' in ethological explanation.

Abstract
Peircean semiotics is a cognitive science, namely, a cognitive semiotics. The current cognitive linguistics is a branch of cognitive semiotics, the application, embodiment and, in a sense, development of its fundamental theories, thus serving as a great propelling force in developing disciplines of modem linguistics. Cognitive linguistics, following the philosophical tradition of Peircean semiotics, belongs to the trend of thought of scientism of contemporary western philosophy and to the type of linguistic science of studying the physiological and psychological activities of language from the intraorganic point of view.

This dissertation examines the role that cognitive and non-cognitive skills play in developing countries along three axes: measurement of these skills, wage returns to them, and as determinants of levels of trust. The first chapter uses panel data from two cohorts of a skills training program in Mozambique to contrast two types of skill measurement: self-assessments and observational exercises. The chapter shows that self-assessments capture underlying traits, while observational exercises are better suited for program evaluations. The second chapter is based on a novel matched employer-employee data set representing the formal sector in Bangladesh and provides evidence of both the relative importance of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in this part of the labor market and the interplay between skills and hiring channels in determining wages. Results demonstrate positive returns to non-cognitive skills, varying by hiring channel. This chapter also offers suggestive evidence that employers might use hiring channels differently, depending on which skills they deem important. The third chapter makes use of the demonetization policy of November 2016 in India and a newly collected data set to causally identify the determinants of trust in a rural setting, controlling for a variety of individual characteristics, such as non-cognitive skills and cognitive ability, that could influence network formation and trust. We find that social interactions determine trust, though this result holds only among men and varies along the lines of caste membership. ; Cette thèse examine le rôle joué par les compétences cognitives et non cognitives dans les pays en développement, selon trois axes : la mesure de ces compétences, leurs rendements salariaux et les déterminants de la confiance interpersonnelle. Le premier chapitre utilise des données de panel provenant de deux cohortes d'individus récipiendaires d'un programme de formation des compétences au Mozambique. Le chapitre fait la comparaison entre deux types de mesures de ces compétences : auto-évaluations et observations d'exercices. Le chapitre montre que les auto-évaluations capturent les traits de personnalité de manière satisfaisante, tandis que les observations d'exercices sont davantage adaptées aux évaluations de programme. Le deuxième chapitre tire profit d'une nouvelle base de données appariées employeurs-employés, représentant le secteur formel au Bangladesh. Le chapitre fournit une analyse de l'importance relative des compétences cognitives et non cognitives dans ce marché du travail et de l'interaction entre ces compétences et la méthode d'embauche (formelle ou informelle, c'est-à-dire par le réseau social) pour la détermination des salaires. Les résultats révèlent des rendements positifs des compétences non cognitives, qui varient selon la voie d'embauche utilisée. Ce chapitre propose également des éléments d'appréciation de la raison pour laquelle les employeurs utiliseraient une méthode d'embauche plutôt qu'une autre en fonction du type de compétences qu'ils jugent important. Le troisième chapitre utilise un choc macroéconomique en Inde, la politique de démonétisation en novembre 2016, et une nouvelle enquête en milieu rural pour identifier de manière causale les déterminants de la confiance interpersonnelle. Les données permettent de contrôler un ensemble de caractéristiques individuelles, en particulier les compétences non cognitives et les capacités cognitives, qui sont susceptibles d'influencer la formation et l'usage des réseaux sociaux et la confiance. Les résultats montrent que les interactions sociales déterminent la confiance, en particulier pour les hommes. De plus, des différences importantes apparaissent entre castes, soulignant la nécessité de la prise en compte de cette stratification sociale en Inde sur ce sujet.

This dissertation examines the role that cognitive and non-cognitive skills play in developing countries along three axes: measurement of these skills, wage returns to them, and as determinants of levels of trust. The first chapter uses panel data from two cohorts of a skills training program in Mozambique to contrast two types of skill measurement: self-assessments and observational exercises. The chapter shows that self-assessments capture underlying traits, while observational exercises are better suited for program evaluations. The second chapter is based on a novel matched employer-employee data set representing the formal sector in Bangladesh and provides evidence of both the relative importance of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in this part of the labor market and the interplay between skills and hiring channels in determining wages. Results demonstrate positive returns to non-cognitive skills, varying by hiring channel. This chapter also offers suggestive evidence that employers might use hiring channels differently, depending on which skills they deem important. The third chapter makes use of the demonetization policy of November 2016 in India and a newly collected data set to causally identify the determinants of trust in a rural setting, controlling for a variety of individual characteristics, such as non-cognitive skills and cognitive ability, that could influence network formation and trust. We find that social interactions determine trust, though this result holds only among men and varies along the lines of caste membership. ; Cette thèse examine le rôle joué par les compétences cognitives et non cognitives dans les pays en développement, selon trois axes : la mesure de ces compétences, leurs rendements salariaux et les déterminants de la confiance interpersonnelle. Le premier chapitre utilise des données de panel provenant de deux cohortes d'individus récipiendaires d'un programme de formation des compétences au Mozambique. Le chapitre fait la comparaison entre deux types de mesures de ces compétences : auto-évaluations et observations d'exercices. Le chapitre montre que les auto-évaluations capturent les traits de personnalité de manière satisfaisante, tandis que les observations d'exercices sont davantage adaptées aux évaluations de programme. Le deuxième chapitre tire profit d'une nouvelle base de données appariées employeurs-employés, représentant le secteur formel au Bangladesh. Le chapitre fournit une analyse de l'importance relative des compétences cognitives et non cognitives dans ce marché du travail et de l'interaction entre ces compétences et la méthode d'embauche (formelle ou informelle, c'est-à-dire par le réseau social) pour la détermination des salaires. Les résultats révèlent des rendements positifs des compétences non cognitives, qui varient selon la voie d'embauche utilisée. Ce chapitre propose également des éléments d'appréciation de la raison pour laquelle les employeurs utiliseraient une méthode d'embauche plutôt qu'une autre en fonction du type de compétences qu'ils jugent important. Le troisième chapitre utilise un choc macroéconomique en Inde, la politique de démonétisation en novembre 2016, et une nouvelle enquête en milieu rural pour identifier de manière causale les déterminants de la confiance interpersonnelle. Les données permettent de contrôler un ensemble de caractéristiques individuelles, en particulier les compétences non cognitives et les capacités cognitives, qui sont susceptibles d'influencer la formation et l'usage des réseaux sociaux et la confiance. Les résultats montrent que les interactions sociales déterminent la confiance, en particulier pour les hommes. De plus, des différences importantes apparaissent entre castes, soulignant la nécessité de la prise en compte de cette stratification sociale en Inde sur ce sujet.

This dissertation examines the role that cognitive and non-cognitive skills play in developing countries along three axes: measurement of these skills, wage returns to them, and as determinants of levels of trust. The first chapter uses panel data from two cohorts of a skills training program in Mozambique to contrast two types of skill measurement: self-assessments and observational exercises. The chapter shows that self-assessments capture underlying traits, while observational exercises are better suited for program evaluations. The second chapter is based on a novel matched employer-employee data set representing the formal sector in Bangladesh and provides evidence of both the relative importance of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in this part of the labor market and the interplay between skills and hiring channels in determining wages. Results demonstrate positive returns to non-cognitive skills, varying by hiring channel. This chapter also offers suggestive evidence that employers might use hiring channels differently, depending on which skills they deem important. The third chapter makes use of the demonetization policy of November 2016 in India and a newly collected data set to causally identify the determinants of trust in a rural setting, controlling for a variety of individual characteristics, such as non-cognitive skills and cognitive ability, that could influence network formation and trust. We find that social interactions determine trust, though this result holds only among men and varies along the lines of caste membership. ; Cette thèse examine le rôle joué par les compétences cognitives et non cognitives dans les pays en développement, selon trois axes : la mesure de ces compétences, leurs rendements salariaux et les déterminants de la confiance interpersonnelle. Le premier chapitre utilise des données de panel provenant de deux cohortes d'individus récipiendaires d'un programme de formation des compétences au Mozambique. Le chapitre fait la comparaison entre deux types de mesures de ces compétences : auto-évaluations et observations d'exercices. Le chapitre montre que les auto-évaluations capturent les traits de personnalité de manière satisfaisante, tandis que les observations d'exercices sont davantage adaptées aux évaluations de programme. Le deuxième chapitre tire profit d'une nouvelle base de données appariées employeurs-employés, représentant le secteur formel au Bangladesh. Le chapitre fournit une analyse de l'importance relative des compétences cognitives et non cognitives dans ce marché du travail et de l'interaction entre ces compétences et la méthode d'embauche (formelle ou informelle, c'est-à-dire par le réseau social) pour la détermination des salaires. Les résultats révèlent des rendements positifs des compétences non cognitives, qui varient selon la voie d'embauche utilisée. Ce chapitre propose également des éléments d'appréciation de la raison pour laquelle les employeurs utiliseraient une méthode d'embauche plutôt qu'une autre en fonction du type de compétences qu'ils jugent important. Le troisième chapitre utilise un choc macroéconomique en Inde, la politique de démonétisation en novembre 2016, et une nouvelle enquête en milieu rural pour identifier de manière causale les déterminants de la confiance interpersonnelle. Les données permettent de contrôler un ensemble de caractéristiques individuelles, en particulier les compétences non cognitives et les capacités cognitives, qui sont susceptibles d'influencer la formation et l'usage des réseaux sociaux et la confiance. Les résultats montrent que les interactions sociales déterminent la confiance, en particulier pour les hommes. De plus, des différences importantes apparaissent entre castes, soulignant la nécessité de la prise en compte de cette stratification sociale en Inde sur ce sujet.

It is indisputable that collaboration between PO res & soc psychol is desirable & will benefit both disciplines. A necessary condition for this collaboration to be fruitful is that the collaborators show scholarship & the ability to think clearly. Several prominent psychol'ts have recently summarized the thinking & res now going on under the names of `cognitive dissonance,I 'congruity,' `cognitive balance,' etc, for the field of PO res. It is argued that the treatment meted out to the concept of `cognitive balance' as formulated by F. Heider is neither scholarly nor clear-thinking, hence the real significance of the concept is lost. An attempt is made to conceptualize clearly the concept of `cognitive balance' & the errors of the reviewers are pointed out & corrected. AA.

Sustainability is a crucial dimension of our life at the beginning of the third millennium. Our society transforms and changes even faster and more continuously than at any time earlier. Our work aims to define a new concept: the cognitive sustainability domain. Several fields of science were explored to recognize how the interdisciplinary approach of cognitive sustainability is valid. The former joint use of cognitivity and sustainability was reviewed in the literature as well. Results showed that digital development lets us extend our experiential cognition in most fields of our lives. Limits of the available resources and the development of cognitive functionalities are the enablers to connecting and addressing sustainability. Main dimensions and parameters of cognitive sustainability were identified, and several key research areas were defined. The structured handling of cognitive tools within sustainability results in a broader interpretation framework for analyzing, understanding and developing processes in sustainability.

Rapid advances in cognitive neuroscience and converging technologies have led to a vigorous debate over cognitive enhancement. This book outlines the ethical and social issues, but goes on to focus on the policy dimensions, which until now have received much less attention. As the economic, social and personal stakes involved with cognitive enhancement are so high, and the advances in knowledge so swift, we are likely to see increasing demands for government involvement in cognitive enhancement techniques. The book therefore places these techniques in a political context and brings the subsequent considerations and divisions to the forefront of the debate, situating their resolution within the milieu of interest group politics. The book will provide a starting point from which readers can develop a balanced policy framework for addressing such concerns.

Introduction. Originally conceived as a non-commercial infrastructure, the Internet has gradually morphed into the largest 'connectivity machine' ever built. Business, entertainment, social life and politics are heavily reliant on the Web, which in turn requires a fully-operational network. Yet, unlike any other complex machine, the Internet has not been built with the knowledge of what it was later supposed to be doing. So now, many worry that it will fail under the strain of time- and dataintensive applications. HD Video, Cloud Services and the Internet of Things are already making this issue apparent. What will happen when new applications that are not yet in sight emerge? In this lecture I will explain why the time is ripe for a complete overhaul of the net, highlighting its actual flaws. I will discuss the network mechanisms that will help to shape the next-generation Internet, focusing on the prospects and hurdles of 'cognitive' networking.

Three experiments are conducted on cognitive distance in order to investigate the problems of intransitivity, noncommutativity, and the consistency of estimates across different methodologies. The results suggest that it will be extremely difficult to identify any simple relationship between physical distance and cognitive distance and that people do not possess internalized spatial representations of the physical world that are based on Euclidian geometry.

Cognitive decline is the first outward sign of dementia, which has a major public health impact on individuals and governments around the world. As individuals age, cognitive abilities gradually start to deteriorate for independent or combined genetic and environmental causes. Given that very little can be done regarding our genetic inheritance, the focus of the current research is on modifiable risk factors across the life course. There is a well-established relationship between specific lifestyle behaviours and cognitive decline, but extremely limited research on the role of combined lifestyle factors. This chapter aims to describe the process of cognitive ageing on multiple cognitive domains (fluid and crystallised), highlighting the changes in cognitive performance occurring as a normal process of ageing, as well as the most severe forms of cognitive impairment indicative of probable risk of dementia. Also, the role of modifiable risk factors such as lifestyle behaviours (alcohol, smoking, physical activity and dietary patterns) will be evaluated in relation to healthy cognitive ageing and preventions of cognitive decline. There are many questions to be answered regarding the biological foundations of cognitive ageing across the spectrum, and the potential role of lifestyle behaviours in reverting the accelerated changes in the cognitive ageing process.