Suchergebnisse

This article examines how tribal education department leaders perceive the process of educational policy problem recognition and definition in their governments. This piece presents the perspectives of two education department directors working in two different federally recognized tribal governments located in Northern California. The data presented in this article was gathered through multiple interviews with the education department directors. The interviews were recorded, then transcribed and analyzed for themes sentence-by-sentence with the use of open coding methodology. The study argues that policy problem recognition and definition processes are, in part, shaped by (1) the expertise and ideologies of the department leadership within tribal governments; (2) the hands-on work of department leadership in the community; and (3) the flow of policy problem indicators from departments to council.

The laudable effort by Strayer and his colleagues to derive a systematic method to assess forms of cognitive distraction in the automobile is beset by the problem of nonstationary in driver response capacity. At the level of the overall goal of driving, this problem conflates actual on-road behavior; characterized by underspecified task satisficing, with our own understandable, scientifically inspired aspiration for measuring deterministic performance optimization. Measures of response conceived under this latter imperative are, at best, only shadowy reflections of the actual phenomenological experience involved in real-world vehicle control. Whether we, as a research community, can resolve this issue remains uncertain. However, we believe we can mount a positive attack on what is arguably another equally important dimension of the collision problem.

Abstract
The theme of all international congresses of semiotics is "the bridge of various civilizations" and the key problem discussed in the congresses is metalanguage. However, the international problem of international language barriers has not been solved. Based on artificial intelligence, computer science, linguistics, semiotics, and system engineering, this article puts forward the Interlanguage Protocol (ILP) (standard), a global translation network (system and instrument) based on human/machine consensus language and the platform (applied) for global semantic communication and cooperative work, and constitutes Interlanguage system (ILS). Studies show that it is possible for people of different languages to communicate with each other. The Interlanguage system (ILS) may be a bridge of communication between languages (semantic transmission) with no barrier and a method for the problem of metalanguage.

In this article, we highlight some critical matters in the way that an issue is framed as a problem in policymaking and the consequent means of taming that problem, in focussing on the use and implications of neuroscientific discourse of brain claims in early intervention policy and practice. We draw on three sets of analyses: of the contradictory set of motifs framing the state of 'evidence' of what works in intervention in the early years; of the (mis)use of neuroscientific discourse to frame deficient parenting as causing inequalities and support particular policy directions; and of the way that early years practitioners adopt brain claims to tame the problem of deficient parenting. We argue that using expedient brain claims as a framing and taming justification is entrenching gendered and classed understandings and inequalities.

This paper provides a method for testing for regime differences when regimes are long-lasting. Standard testing procedures are generally inappropriate because regime persistence causes a spurious regression problem - a problem that has led to incorrect inference in a broad range of studies involving regimes representing political, business, and seasonal cycles. The paper outlines analytically how standard estimators can be adjusted for regime dummy variable persistence. While the adjustments are helpful asymptotically, spurious regression remains a problem in small samples and must be addressed using simulation or bootstrap procedures. We provide a simulation procedure for testing hypotheses in situations where an independent variable in a time-series regression is a persistent regime dummy variable. We also develop a procedure for testing hypotheses in situations where the dependent variable has similar properties.

This paper provides a method for testing for regime differences when regimes are long-lasting. Standard testing procedures are generally inappropriate because regime persistence causes a spurious regression problem - a problem that has led to incorrect inference in a broad range of studies involving regimes representing political, business, and seasonal cycles. The paper outlines analytically how standard estimators can be adjusted for regime dummy variable persistence. While the adjustments are helpful asymptotically, spurious regression remains a problem in small samples and must be addressed using simulation or bootstrap procedures. We provide a simulation procedure for testing hypotheses in situations where an independent variable in a time-series regression is a persistent regime dummy variable. We also develop a procedure for testing hypotheses in situations where the dependent variable has similar properties.

AbstractResearchers have increasingly sought to identify the social repercussions of an evolving climate. Several influential studies claim that climate change is responsible for increases in conflict, while other research finds no such evidence. Relating human-caused changes in the climate to conflict poses a basic endogeneity problem, though: accepting that industrial activity is responsible for altering the climate implies that human agency is indirectly involved in the impact of the climate on conflict. Specifically, industrial activity is closely tied to climate change and to rising economic development, the latter generally being accepted as a determinant of reductions in conflict. In this letter, we discuss this endogeneity problem, outline possible shortcomings for empirical research if this problem is not addressed, and propose a research strategy that might eventually help to overcome it effectively.

This article explores the process through which children in prison with their imprisoned parent have become a target of social concern in Finland. It is asked how the new social problem of 'children in prison' has been constructed. The data consist of relevant parts of the legislation and official documents. Three phases of social problem construction are named: (i) Children in prison as a practical and private matter; (ii) intense debate, problem formulation and developing practices and (iii) a public institutionalised practice. The position of children changed from one of invisibility to the target of protection. On the basis of children's rights, children in prison became understood as a group of children who are in need of child protection services. This example demonstrates how the images of problems construct solutions for practices.

A seller can make investments that affect a tradable asset's future returns. The potential buyer of the asset cannot observe the seller's investment prior to trade, nor does he receive any signal of it, nor can he verify it in any way after trade. Despite this severe moral‐hazard problem, this article shows the seller will invest with positive probability in equilibrium and that trade will occur with positive probability. The outcome of the game is sensitive to the distribution of bargaining power between the parties, with a holdup problem existing if the buyer has the bargaining power. A consequence of the holdup problem is surplus‐reducing distortions in investment level. Perhaps counterintuitively, in many situations, this distortion involves an increase in the expected amount invested vis‐à‐vis the situation without holdup.

In this work, K-partitioning of signed or weighted bipartite graph problem has been introduced, which appears as a real life problem where the partitions of bipartite graph represent two different entities and the edges between the nodes of the partitions represent the relationships among them. A typical example is the set of people and their opinions, whose strength is represented as signed numerical values. Using the weights on the edges, these bipartite graphs can be partitioned into two or more clusters. In political domain, a cluster represents strong relationship among a group of people and a group of issues. In the paper, we formally define the problem and compare different heuristics, and show through both real and simulated data the effectiveness of our approaches.

В статье исследуются проблемы изменения законодательства в трудах философов эпохи Просвещения. В статье рассматриваются истоки современных знаний о проблеме изменения законодательства. Автор обращается к пониманию и определению законов в эпоху Просвещения, рассматривает проблему их стабильности и динамики. В статье анализируются взгляды виднейших представителей французского Просвещения на проблему изменения законов. ; In this article the problems of changing the legislation in the works by the philosophers of the Enlightenment are considered. The sources of modern knowledge on a problem of changing the legislation are considered in the article. The author investigates law understanding and law definition during the age of Enlightenment, considers a problem of their stability and dynamics. The views of the most eminent representatives of the French Enlightenment on the problem of changing laws are analyzed.

Indian agriculture is engulfed into a crisis and this is evident from the phenomenon of farmers' suicides. There are many factors which are responsible for this crisis and most of them are economic and political. Many consider this crisis as policy-driven. In this paper we analyse the causes which have contributed to the farmers' suicides using Combined overlap block Fuzzy Cognitive maps COBFCM. The first section of the paper gives an introduction to the problem of suicides by farmers and section two and three describe COBFCM model and the way of determining the hidden pattern. In section four we adapt the model to the problem and analyse the data and in section five derive conclusion from our analysis andgive suggestions to address the problem.

The influence of mothers' labor force participation and mother-child time on the problem behavior of school-aged children.This study examined whether mothers' labor force participation was associated with children's problem behavior and, more particularly,
whether this association was mediated by mother-child time. We derived hypotheses from theories from sociology and psychology, such as social capital theory and attachment theory, hereby covering multiple viewpoints. Analyses were based on 1,276 children and their mothers from the American
Child Development Supplement of the Study of Income Dynamics of 2002 and 2007. Results indicated that the direct influence of mothers' labor force participation on children's problem behavior was negligible. Moreover, although employed mothers reported fewer mother-child activities,
overall they spent the same amount of time with their children.

The over-representation of African American children placed in out-of-home care and in need of adoption continues to be a major problem in the United States. Many believed that the passage of the controversial Multiethnic Placement Act and subsequent Interethnic Provisions would address the problem by increasing the number of African American children adopted. However, the problem still remains years later. Ruth McRoy and Amy Griffin examine the factors associated with US practice and policy initiatives, which aimed to increase the number of adoptions of minority ethnic (especially African American) children in care. The lessons from these experiences may be particularly relevant as the UK develops a new legal, policy and practice framework for transracial adoption to increase permanency for minority ethnic children.