Suchergebnisse

FROM THE VERY BEGINNING SEKOU TOURE' WAS DIFFERENT. MANY OF THE FIRST GENERATION OF LEADERS WHO EMERGED IN THE FORMER FRENCH COLONIES OF SUBSAHARAN AFRICA HAD COME UP ALONG A PATH CAREFULLY MAPPED OUT FOR THEM BY THEIR RULERS. THEY BELONGED TO THE TINY MINORITY WHO BENEFITTED FROM THE FRENCH POLICY OF "ASSIMILATION". THEY WENT TO THE BEST FRENCH SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES. THEY SAT IN THE FRENCH PARLIAMENT, EVEN IN THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT. THEY WERE INTENDED TO FUNCTION, AFTER INDEPENDENCE, SIMPLY AS A NEW SET OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FRENCH BOURGEOISE. SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN DOING JUST THAT A QUARTER OF A CENTURY. IT WAS OTHERWISE WITH SEKOU TOURE. WITH ONLY AN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, HE WENT TO FRANCE AS A MIGRANT WORKER. HE WORKED IN THE POST OFFICE AND BECAME ACTIVE IN A FRENCH TRADE UNION. HE ACQUIRED A LITTLE FURTHER EDUCATION AT A TRADE UNION SCHOOL RUN BY TRADE UNION FEDERATION C.G.T. RETURNING TO GUINEA, HE AGAIN BECAME ACTIVE IN THE TRADE UNION MOVEMENT, WHICH WAS THEN AT A VERY EARLY STAGE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT. IN 1953, HE LED THE FIRST GENERAL STRIKE IN THE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH COLONIES SOUTH OF THE SAHARA. FOR THE FIRST TIME THE FRENCH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION HAD TO SETTLE A STRIKE BY MEANS OF CONCESSIONS. THIS VICTORY CATAPULTED SEKOU TOURE INTO THE LIMELIGHT AND HE SOON BECAME THE ACKNOWLEDGED LEADER OF THE GUINEAN SECTION OF THE R.D.A. (RASSEMBLEMENT DEMOCRATIQUE AFRICAIN - THE POLITICAL PARTY WHICH AT THAT TIME EMBRACED ALL THE SUB-SAHARAN COLONIES).

THE AUTHOR PRESENTS A STUDY OF ISRAEL ZANGWILL'S ATTEMPT TO BRING ABOUT A HEBREW SETTLEMENT IN MESOPOTAMIA. THE RESPONSE WHICH THIS SUGGESTION AROUSED IN JEWISH CIRCLES IS DISCUSSED. SOME OF IT WAS HOSTILE. THERE WAS NO OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT BACKING. ZANGWILL WAS FRUSTRATED BY EXTERNAL OPPOSITION AND BY FUNDAMENTAL CONTRADICTIONS PREVAILING WITHIN JEWRY.

Compares two movements of organized Hinduism in India, the Arya Samaj & Rashtriya Svayamasevak Sangh (RSS), highlighting differences in their goals, strategies, ideologies, organization, & bases of support. Their respective histories are traced, focusing on the impact of colonialism, adaptation of Western models, & partition & independence. Founders of each group created different forms of Hindu identity, drawing on a wide range of Hindu scriptures, laws, & philosophies, with Arya Samaj's use of Vedic authority contrasted with the RSS's ideology of the Hindu Nation. The bases of the groups' organizational structures in their concepts of their role in the larger Hindu community are described as individual initiative (Arya Samaj) & central leadership (RSS). Political & social roles of each group are analyzed, emphasizing their participation in elections & party politics. It is demonstrated how the experience of colonialism has shaped the current situation, leading to growing fundamentalism & mob violence. It is concluded that the forces driving activist Hinduism have more to do with establishing Hindu rule than promoting Hindu values & practices. Bibliog. T. Arnold

Book Review in this article: Japanese Colonialism in Taiwan: Land Tenure, Development, and Dependency, 1895–1945 by Chih‐ming Ka Farmers and Traders in a Changing Maize Market in East Java by Hitoshi Yonekura

Klappentext: "The long suffering of the Namibian people still continues, but so does their determined struggle to end that suffering. Through determined perservarance and principled leadership of their vanguard movement SWAPO, their struggle is assured of victory. This is the story of that painful and heroic struggle for Namibian liberation. This work traces the history of Namibia from German colonialism through the South African mandate and illegal occupation to current efforts to resolve the Namibian issue. It covers the issue in all of its facets and manifestations and is commetted against racism and colonialism, and for liberation and freedom. This study concludes with a critical examination of the folly of the Reagan policiy and its inevitable failure.

In one chapter ofImagined Communities, Benedict Anderson draws attention to an obvious, yet seldom remarked, contrast between the anticolonial nationalist movements in the prewar Dutch East Indies and French Indochina. This contrast concerns not class, ideology, or politics but ethnicity and geography. In the Dutch colony, the Indonesian nationalist movement sought to unite all of the scattered islands and diverse ethnic groups into a single Indonesian nation based upon the ambiguous principle of unity in diversity. In Indochina, by contrast, existing ethnogeographic divisions were not abridged by the common reaction against French colonialism; and the colony ultimately disintegrated into the separate nations of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The Indonesian and Indochinese responses to colonialism represent examples of what I will call integrative and exclusive nationalism, respectively.

IN ESTABLISHING THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIFICATION BETWEE CAPE VERDE AND GUINEA-BISSAU, AMILCAR CABRAL ESSENTIALLY REFERRED TO ETHNIC, HISTORICAL, AND POLITICAL REASONS. IN SPITE OF THE LINKS THAT THESE HAVE WITH CULTURE, WE DO NOT REMEMBER HAVING COME ACROSS IN CABRAL'S WRITINGS ANY DIRECT AND PRECISE REFERENCE TO THE IDENTITY OF THE EXISTING CULTURAL LINKS BETWEEN THE PEOPLES OF CAPE VERDE AND GUINEA-BISSAU. IT APPEARS, NEVERTHELESS, THAT CABRAL'S WHOLE POLITICAL COURSE WAS AIMED AT UNITING BOTH PEOPLES IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST COLONIALISM, BEGINNING WITH THE ACUTE PERCEPTION OF THE EXISTENCE OF THESE LINKS AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLE THAT THEY WOULD HAVE TO PLAY IN THE FORMATION OF A COHESIVE FORCE AGAINST THE COMMON ENEMY-COLONIALISM.

1. Fanon as Critique of European Man ---- 2. Existential Phenomenology and History ---- 3. Racism, Colonialism, and Anonymity: Social Theory and Embodied Agency ---- 4. Tragic Revolutionary Violence and Philosophical Anthropology ---- 5. Fanon's Continued Relevance.

Examines African intellectual responses to the legacy of colonialism, the question of ethnicity versus nationalism, and the need to assess empirically the historical processes that led to the formation of independent states.