Suchergebnisse

There is a tendency today to look to the legislatures to provide the cure for all environmental maladies,' and to overlook or underrate the potential of common-law remedies to assist in the proper solution of these problems. Although it is undoubtedly true that in some jurisdictions the common-law remedies have been interpreted so restrictively as to make them practically useless as tools for environmental protection, a number of forward-looking courts are developing and applying the law in a way much more favorable to the environment. Other courts that have remained uncommitted may be in a position to follow current trends in the use of common-law remedies for environmental protection. Hopefully, this survey will suggest additional possibilities for relief in jurisdictions where the statutory remedies are failing, often because of insufficient funds for adequate enforcement. Furthermore, even in those jurisdictions with effective statutory remedies for the protection of the public interest, common-law remedies still may provide the best, or indeed the only, means by which an injured individual can be personally compensated.

Contents are grouped under the headings: The nature of environmental threat; Society, personality, and environmental usufruct; The economics of common environmental property; Emerging environmental law; Organizing for environmental planning.

Stanley Hoffmann, Joseph Nye, and Karl Kaiser have all stressed the significance of the external environment in determining the attractiveness of a regional plan; Ernst Haas has acknowledged that he neglected this in his earlier model of the integrative process. I shall argue here 1) that a particular element in the external environment has been the key incentive for Sweden's position in current negotiations for a Nordic customs union and connected economic package and 2) that an evaluation of this same external factor will be crucial for Norway's and Denmark's decision.

At the heart of our research was a single basic question: What arms control and disarmament measures might be acceptable to Europeans in 1966, in 1971, and in 1976? And differently put: What would be Europe's attitude in those years either to arms competition or to arms control, and what particular policies would be most popular or least popular in Europe in this respect?This basic question implied four more detailed questions. The first, What is Europe now, in 1966, and where is it going for the 1971 to 1976 period? Is it going to be a Europe of nation-states with only marginal common functional arrangements on matters not central in importance to the concerns of its citizens? Or will it be to some extent substantially integrated, with some major policy decisions made by common institutions? Or will it be a common body politic, speaking with a single voice and developing common institutions for a wide range of decisions?Second, do Europeans in general approve or disapprove of arms control? Do they welcome the relaxation of tensions between America and Russia and between the East and West, or do they fear such relaxation?Third, what specific arms control measures are likely to be most acceptable to Europeans, and which arms control measures are likely to be least acceptable?And fourth, what are the strength, location, and time aspects of political support for specific policies, such as the policies of France and its President de Gaulle vis-à-vis the NATO Alliance and the United States?

In an era of expanding interest in international environmental problems,1 it is essential to examine the rapidly developing state practice concerning man's startling capability, through the use of technology without any hostile intent, adversely to alter not just the immediate environment of his neighbor but common resources shared by all. The present discussion does not attempt to deal with the practice of all states, but rather considers the extent to which legally relevant expectations of restraint, are being shaped by United States practice concerning the use of novel technology in the res communis? The focus on United States practice reflects the belief that, within the confines of a law journal article, considerable light may be shed on world community expectations by an examination of the practice of a state which has a major interest in the field and which
is a significant participant in the international law-creating process.

The practice of criticizing political institutions on the basis of their efficiency as pieces of machinery is so widespread in political science today that it is sometimes difficult to remember that institutions may be as important for what they are as for what they do. An elected legislature, in its scrutiny of governmental affairs, not only represents the dominant sections of the electorate that returned it; it also reveals, through the nature of its own organization, their attitudes towards the elected legislature and its place in their society. An appraisal of the capacities and incapacities of a legislature would be at best incomplete if it paid no attention to the beliefs and traditions reflected therein, for it would ignore the obvious truth that the quality of the legislature's work was conditioned by its social environment. In the paragraphs that follow, the emphasis is not upon performance, although that is not overlooked, but upon the legislature as a social entity, as a mirror in which one can see an important part of a community.The Canadian House of Commons during its early years offered the unusual and interesting spectacle of a legislature engaged in threshing out great issues while the legislative machinery itself was still under construction. Debates on important matters concerning the country at large ran parallel with acrimonious discussions about the nature and function of the House of Commons and its organization, and the government frequently tried (by providing, for instance, that each province was to obtain its due proportion of Commons' clerkships) to make the House a significant factor in the settling of disputes. Many institutions of the House (the speakership, the Hansard, and the Library, to name but a few) took their initial form as a result of forces which often bore little relation to legislation and debate.

The decade of the 1960s could well be termed the First Economic Integration Decade in Latin America. During this period the republics of Latin America experienced a "collective awakening," inspiring an environment in which superficial and exclusivist values gave way to pragmatic and cooperative attitudes. Economic alliances were formed among neighbors, predicated on the rationale that, by joining forces in the spirit of cooperation and applying an ecumenical approach to common problems, each of the participating countries would be better off than pursuing a strictly autarkic course (see Figure 1).The initial effort at integration was the Central American Common Market (CACM), formed in late 1960 and including all the countries of Central America except Panama.1 That same year, the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) was created and, measured in terms of territory and population, represented the most significant economic cooperative. A third grouping was the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA), established in 1968 as an agreement among eleven British Commonwealth nations and territories.

The paucity of literature devoted to Trade Fairs and Exhibitions (TFE) is quite rernarkable, since thousands of firms invest annually millions for this purpose and over the entire world millions of people show by their visits to the events that they have a lively and active interest in the TFE medium. In marketing publications, which chiefly derive from the Anglo-Saxon countries, the TFE phenomenon is either left out or barely mentioned when dealing with the media types, let alone studied. An explanation for this could be that the TFE phenomenon in its various forms, especially in the 19th century played a dominant role and that since then, other media types have arisen which have taken over certain communicative tasks. As a result a train of thought is conceivable which regards the TFE medium as being out-dated or out-moded, and consequently not applic­able within the framework of the sophisticated marketing policy of a firm. Another possible explanation for the absence of an exhaustive literature on the TFE as a marketing instrument is the circumstance that the USA was the first country where market orientated thought, through scientific application, became an integrated part of management policy. The medium in the USA possesses entirely different structural charac­teristics than is the case in West Europe. Consequently the need for literature in this specific field did not arise. This tact could possibly be an explanation for the void which one notices bath in trade and industry as well as in the case of marketing specialists regarding an adequate use of TFE as a marketing instrument. After all, the marketing techniques are generally studied with the aid of American literature. The present study is therefore intended not only for the said managers and marketing specialists, but also for those who study the media types, or make use of the TFE medium, or who are interested in the TFE simply as a socio-economie phenomenon. This study aims at providing a theoretica! explanation for the functioning of a social economie phenomenon, whose users appear to make use of it in an intuitive manner. The provision of such a theoretica!, generalizing and abstract approach leaves little space for a multiplicity of concrete specific digressions. Nevertheless, the latter could not always be avoi,ded, since to do so would have meant the danger of a too great degree of abridgement. The integration of a West European phenomenon into the Anglo-Saxon marketing literature met with a number of difficulties. In the first place the genesis and rapid development of the phenomenon took place chiefly 1in Germany, so that for the study of the literature generally German authors had to be consulted. An additional complicat­ing factor is that German Betriebswirtschaftslehre as regards its way of thinking and conceptualization differs entirely from the Dutch schools of economics and to an even stronger extent trom the Anglo-Saxon schools of economics. The result of this is a certain amount of semantic confusion, which is further increased by differences within the TFE itself, i.e. diversity owing to pluriformity. lt therefore follows that an attempt at reducing these pluriform concepts to a common denominator is no easy task. Possible imperfections cannot therefore be absolutely excluded. This study is divided into tour parts. In Part 1, a short historica! account of the origin and development of the TFE is given, in which recent developments are also discussed. In Chapter 5, the Royal Netherlands Industries Fair at Utrecht has been chosen as a specific example of the genesis and development of a trade fair. In Part Il, within the framework of the marketing concept the structures etc. are discussed, which can have an influence on the operating and external form of the different types of the TFE. As an example of the effect of legislation on the TFE, the implications and consequences of the EEG legislation are analysed in Chapter 8. In Chapter 9 the questlon will be examined whether conversely there is an influence on the environment emanating from the TFE. In Part 111, which is devoted to a micro-economie account, the function­ing of the TFE as a marketing instrument is examined, within the frame­work of a systems approach. Using field and desk research, an attempt is made to demonstrate that the TFE can be used as an effective marketing instrument. In Chapter 13 the place of the TFE in the market­ing mix is further studied. In Chapter 14 attention is given to the evaluation of results, whilst in Chapter 15 a number of trends regarding actual participation in the TFE are described. To conclude, in Part IV the results are offered obtained by an invest­igation into the behavioural patterns of Dutch participants in the TFE. In conjunction with this, in Chapter 17 a comparative account is given of the results of West German and Dutch investigations into the behav­iour and motivation of participants in the TFE. Finally it is pointed out that in order not to overburden the text, quotations have only been translated in full where absolutely necessary.

"Civil Effects Test Group"--Cover. ; "Nevada Test Site May-October 1957"--Cover. ; "ITR-1447 ; AEC Category: Health and Safety ; Military Categories: 5-21 and 5-60."--Cover. ; "Issuance Date: November 22, 1957"--Cover. ; "Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research ; September 1957." ; "Operation PLUMBBOB Preliminary report ; Project 33.5." ; Includes bibliographical references (pages 66-67). ; Mode of access: Internet. ; This bibliographic record is available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The University of Florida Libraries, as creator of this bibliographic record, has waived all rights to it worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.

In spite of common challenges stemming from the common environment shared by all cities in a metropolitan region, continued and even increasing social and economic differentiation among and within cities rather than ho-mogenization and integration are the most significant features of the contemporary metropolitan scene.1 Cities within the same metropolitan region are not only maintaining but also developing distinct and unique "public life styles." Urban sociology and urban geography have raised a multitude of questions and given a multitude of answers in seeking to account for the fact that cities facing basically similar challenges from the environment react so differently to these challenges. Most relevant research deals with the problem of differentiation and its effects on the development of cities in terms of historical settlement patterns, economic location and growth, or geographical space distribution.3But differences in municipal life styles may also be the result of differences in public policies deliberately pursued by local governments in the metropolitan area. If this is so, the common pressures from the environment are evidently interpreted differently in the process of public decision-making that seeks to cope with them. It would seem, then, that metropolitan cities are in different stages of policy development. Leaving aside momentarily the meaning of "stages of policy development," we can ask a number of questions that may shed light on the relationship between environmental pressures and public policies designed to meet these pressures.