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It is inevitable that some people granted conditional release will (re)offend, but most will complete their order without incident. Nevertheless, the standard approach adopted by correctional agencies to communicating with the public about community corrections is one of minimal information. We suggest that this may create an impression that offenders are dark shadowy figures incapable of change or redemption. To address this, we set out an agenda for Australian governments to build public confidence in community corrections. We call for more robust program evaluation, publication of the results and regular updates on trends in successful order completion. We also highlight the importance of educating the public about crime and corrections and the need to improve the credibility of community corrections. Finally, governments should do more to humanise offenders. The public has a right to know more about how offenders are managed in the community. They also deserve to hear the stories behind the statistics.

"Where once the polis inaugurated a political theatre, with its agora and its forum, now there is only a cathode-ray screen, where the shadows and spectres of a community dance amid their processes of disappearance." (Virilio, 1991: 19) Paul Virilio engages consistently with the military-industrial complex of the modern technologic city and the dangers of the resulting 'abandoned real'. In Lost Dimension (1991), he points to the growing lack of 'plenum', space that should be filled with (human) matter and substance. Plenum, he suggests, has been abandoned for 'an electronic topology', erasing face to face encounter. Virilio's prediction of the demise of communities posited on live presence is not unique. Indeed, Williams' community, a 'warmly persuasive word to describe an existing set of relationships' (1976: 76), with its implication of physical locus, has been challenged, jostled and nearly thrown out with the bath water in the thirty years since Keywords. As a performance and applied theatre academic, community is a provocative and testing centrepiece of life. In this brief opportunity to let it tug and chafe some more, I will suggest, in Part 1, some shifts that have contrived to destabilise prior readings of 'community' turning it into an insecure and unreliable concept in our area and, in Part 2, ask how such destabilisation might have ramifications for a performance praxis.

Community empowerment and community capacity building have been central to government agendas in Britain over the past decade. Agendas for tackling the so-called 'War on Terrorism' and promoting community cohesion have become increasingly significant in addition, especially since the bombings in London in 2005. This article focuses upon the current gap between these differing agendas. This is particularly relevant in an era of increasing globalisation, with considerable debate on the impact of migration, and anxieties about previous approaches to multiculturalism that have been the subject of growing criticism. Having set out these gaps in public policy and research in this field, the article examines the evidence from research, including 100 interviews together with focus groups conducted in three localities in England, identifying the problems, in terms of the lack of engagement of 'new communities' and in terms of the potential tensions within and between communities. There was, however, encouraging evidence that strategies were being developed to develop more inclusive, more democratically accountable and more effective forms of community engagement. The article concludes by summarising potential implications for building community cohesion and social solidarity.

The year Nineteen Seventy-six promises to be the most exciting year in our nation's history, as cities and hamlets of varying sizes across the United States prepare to celebrate the 200th birthday of the greatest democracy in the world.

Tourism involves the movement of individuals from one region to another, which are sometimes of different cultures. The interaction between tourists and local communities in tourist destinations is social interaction. The community does not always react positively to the development of certain destinations or attractions. Public attitudes that are not always beneficial to tourism have various causes, such as the well-being differences that appear so starkly between wealthy tourists and poor local communities and conflict over limited resources such as water, land and cultural resources. This condition needs to be addressed because frequent demonstrations at various tourist attractions in Bali may jeopardize the security and comfort of tourists and affect the image of Bali as an international tourist destination. This study aims to: 1) To evaluate local government policies in community empowerment; 2) To measure perceived community-based tourism implemented in the destination areas 3) To measure thelife satisfaction of the people in tourist destinations; 3)To measure individual attitude toward toursm develoment in Destinations. The results of this study are expected to be useful as input in the formulation of regional tourism policies to realize tourism development goals effectively. This study is different from previous tourism studies because it examines the impact of tourism development from an integral perspective of sustainable tourism and community-based tourism. Keywords: community attitude, community-based tourism, community empowerment, community life satisfaction.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept, philosophy, principles and basic forms of Community Policing as a model of interaction of the National Police of Ukraine with the population. A historical digression of the formation of the Community Policing strategy was made and it was proved that it was based on the implementation of the so-called "9 principles of modern police" by Robert Peel, modified and tested in the law enforcement agencies of democratic countries. It is proposed to define Community Policing in the sense of a community-based approach to policing, which recognizes that effective policing depends on community assistance and support, and which is based on innovative collaboration between the police and the community to jointly identify and address issues, facing the community. It has been proved that the Community Policing, as a model of interaction between the police and the population, has its own philosophy and certain organizational principles. It is proposed to understand the concept of Community Policing, philosophy as certain semantic postulates, as well as an organizational strategy for their implementation in the field of police and community cooperation to overcome problems related to crime, public order and security, to improve the quality of life. The philosophical and semantic principles of the Community Policing concept are revealed. The purpose of realization of the Community Policing model is substantiated and defined and the expected results of its introduction in Ukraine are formulated. It is proposed to define the concept of "forms of policing within Community Policing" in the sense of homogeneous in nature and legal nature of groups of actions that have external expression, and through which the protection of citizens, public order, public safety, crime prevention, police services in the process of partnership between the police and the population. The most promising forms of interaction between the police and the population within the Community Policing model operating in Ukraine are analyzed. It is proved that the conditions for the effectiveness of communication between the police and the public within the Community Collecting model are the implementation of the latter in accordance with established principles and on a certain range of issues. The content of these principles is revealed and the range of relevant issues of the communication process is outlined. ; Статтю присвячено аналізу поняття, філософії, принципів та основних форм здійснення Community Policing як моделі взаємодії Національної поліції України з населенням. Здійснено історичний екскурс формування стратегії Community Policing та доведено, що в її основу було покладено реалізацію так званих 9 принципів роботи сучасної поліції Роберта Піля, модифікованих і апробо- ваних у діяльності правоохоронних структур демократичних країн світу. Запропоновано визначення поняття Community Policing у розумінні орієнтованого на громаду підходу в роботі поліції, який визнає, що ефективна поліційна діяльність залежить від допомоги й підтримки з боку громади і який ґрунтується на організованій інно- ваційними методами співпраці поліції і громади щодо спільного виявлення й розв'язання проблем, які стоять перед громадою. Доведено, що Community Policing, як модель взаємодії між поліцією і населенням, має власну філософію та певні організаційні засади. Запропоновано під поняттям філософії Community Policing розуміти певні смислові постулати, а також організаційну стратегію щодо їх втілення у сфері взаємодії поліції і громади задля подолання проблем, пов'язаних із злочинністю, порушенням громадського порядку та безпекою, з метою поліпшення якості життя громади. Розкрито філософсько-смислові засади концепції Community Policing. Обґрунтовано й визначено мету реалізації моделі Community Policing та сформульовано очікувані результати її запровадження в Україні. Запропоновано визначення поняття «форми реалізації поліційної діяльності в межах Community Policing» у розумінні однорідних за своїм характером та правовою природою груп дій, що мають зовнішнє вираження, і за допомогою яких забезпечуються охорона прав громадян, громадський порядок, громадська безпека, здійснюється протидія правопорушенням, надаються поліційні послуги у процесі партнерської взаємодії між поліцією і населенням. Проаналізовано найбільш перспективні форми взаємодії поліції і населення в межах моделі Community Policing, що діє в Україні. Доведено, що умовами ефективності комунікації між поліцією і населенням в межах моделі Community Policing є здійснення її відповідно до установлених принципів і з визначеного кола питань. Розкрито зміст зазначених принципів та окреслено коло відповідних питань процесу комунікації.

This study set out to investigate the influence of community education on participation in community development project. All the Local Government Areas of Oyo State constituted the population. The study focused on thirteen randomly selected Local Government Areas of Oyo State. A total number of 2,000 participants were randomly selected in the Local Government Areas under study. The participants included Community Development Officers, Community Leaders, Adult Literacy Organizers and the beneficiaries of the Adult Literacy classes and Community Development Projects in the various centres in the selected local government areas of the state. The study adopted a survey design. A questionnaire tagged (CEFCP) Community Education for Citizen Participation was used to elicit responses from the participants. The data collected were analysed using chi-square statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The study established that community education helped get citizens properly sensitized and mobilized for effective participation in community development projects. Community education is thus seen to be participatory and transformative in nature, therefore, it is a democratic process. Community education is therefore recommended to government, voluntary and donor agencies as a catalyst for participating in community development projects.

Our physical communities – the places we live and the people with whom we live – shape our lives. Often, our communities choose us; we are born into them, and we simply stay because it is what we know. Some get to choose or create their community. Others choose or are forced to leave. Rural communities differ widely in their economic base, culture values and practices, and social structure (Flora, 1992). The rural economy influences the opportunities with which we are presented, which in turn influences whether we leave or whether we stay. But the economy and jobs are not the only factors. A community's other resources such as social infrastructure, physical infrastructure, and governmental bodies build a community's narrative. That narrative, the story we tell ourselves and each other about why we do what we do, is central to our experience of community. These forces also influence who stays, who returns, or who moves to a rural community (von Reichert, Cromartie, & Gibbs, 2009). Communities that create an environment where all can maximize their potential, which remove structural and social barriers to participation, enhance their ability to keep and attract residents of all abilities. Those who live in rural communities face continuing tensions between preserving a community's heritage and adapting to circumstances shaped by global forces; between exploiting resources in a way that treats the community as disposable or regulating them in a manner that supports and sustains the community; and between open and inclusive processes or closed and discriminatory practices. While communities never proclaim themselves unwelcoming to people with different abilities, many in fact present a very unwelcoming structure.

published_or_final_version ; Public Administration ; Master ; Master of Public Administration

Community colleges receive much less funding per student than public four-year institutions, even though they serve a greater proportion of students who are underrepresented in higher education and who may need additional programs and supports to be successful. Research shows that per-student spending by colleges is directly related to student outcomes and that a lack of resources is a major impediment to community college effectiveness.[1] Better resourced institutions have higher retention and attainment rates, among Black and Latinx students in particular.[2][3] But community colleges often lack the resources to implement reforms that research has shown lead to better and more equitable outcomes. There is wide variation in state policy contexts, governance structures, and funding mechanisms among community colleges. More than half of their public funding comes from state and local governments, and while federal funding has increased in recent decades, state funding has fallen.[4] The large infusion of federal dollars during the pandemic—as well as debate over increasing the federal role—has made effective federal funding policy even more critical.

In recent years the concept of the 'recovery community' has gained considerable momentum in both the academic literature, as well as government policy. Despite this, there remains a lack of understanding of the recovery community. This is a theoretical paper designed to provide our conceptualisation of the recovery community. Drawing on Anderson's 'imagined communities', and MacMillan and Chavis' 'sense of community', we propose that the recovery community can be perceived as 'imagined'. A key component of our conceptualisation is language, and the power it has to unlock, and shape, the cultural beliefs of people in recovery from substance dependency, regardless of their location. The implications of this paper are that it further sparks debate into how we perceive people in recovery, as well as providing a platform that will continue to fuel the enthusiasm already behind the recovery community.

Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has gradually developed as a management paradigm representing a shift from a bureaucratic top-down approach to one that empowers communities to co-manage the resources that they utilize. The objective of the paper is to meta-analyze four categories of community relationships from different reports of studies on CBNRM. Ninety-five studies were reviewed and coded for meta-analysis of community relationships in the following categories: (1) Relationships of community with specific natural resource. The studies reflect two sets of beliefs: one is the interrelatedness of humans, nature and the supernatural; the other is belief in mastery of nature and utility of natural resources. (2) Relationships among community members. The themes are categorized into community attachment and cohesion, formal organization of community members and empowerment. (3) Relationships between community and non-government organizations (NGOs). The issues addressed in this category are organizational development, dependency-autonomy and networks. (4) Relationships between community and government agency/local government unit (GA/LGU). The themes are on policy and power relations, incentives and co-management. The paper concludes with the conceptual and methodological contributions of the study together with some implications of community relationships on natural resource management.

This research involves examining the current, highly individualising and specialised nature of social work, and its capacity to respond to a more political agenda of community development and community building. It emerges from action research that I conducted with a group of social workers in which we examined the challenges in reconceptualising their practice to include a greater community orientation. The thesis explores the origins of professional social work in nineteenth century liberalism and the rise of the 'social', and it draws on Foucauldian notions of governmentality and discourse to analyse the potential for community to exert collaborative agency, while also responding to demands for 'governing at a distance'. I develop a typology of competing discourses of community that are evident in the literature, in policy and in practice, and apply these to my analysis. In concluding, I develop a model for community practice to integrate my critique. While the research commenced as a traditional doctorate, three years and four articles into the process, I resolved that my original objectives could be met as effectively by converting to a PhD by Publication. The resulting thesis comprises nine chapters: a framing chapter, three chapters linking each of the four refereed papers published during the period of candidature, and a concluding chapter. The framing chapter provides the intellectual context for the total project, and the linking chapters serve to supplement the theoretical analysis with specific discussion relating to the discursive commonalities and interconnections between the chapters. The conclusion seeks an integration of the project in a model that develops an approach to social work that reconciles the critique explored throughout the research.

Community empowerment approaches have been proven to be powerful tools for solving local health problems. However, the methods for measuring empowerment in the community remain unclear and open to dispute. This study aims to describe how a context-specific community empowerment measurement tool was developed and changes made to three health promotion programs in Rapla, Estonia. An empowerment expansion model was compiled and applied to three existing programs: Safe Community, Drug/HIV Prevention and Elderly Quality of Life. The consensus workshop method was used to create the measurement tool and collect data on the Organizational Domains of Community Empowerment (ODCE). The study demonstrated considerable increases in the ODCE among the community workgroup, which was initiated by community members and the municipality's decision-makers. The increase was within the workgroup, which had strong political and financial support on a national level but was not the community's priority. The program was initiated and implemented by the local community members, and continuous development still occurred, though at a reduced pace. The use of the empowerment expansion model has proven to be an applicable, relevant, simple and inexpensive tool for the evaluation of community empowerment.

If nation is increasingly perceived as a less than honourable institution formed through war, invasion and geo-political territorialisation, and government is widely denounced as the site of political intrigue and the means of subjectification of citizen–voters, community appears to escape this critique and to be viewed as an idyllic formation based on bonds of affinity. However, this romancing of community is disrupted by trans-cultural and sub-cultural formations that expose the fantasy of a harmonious, homogenous community. While community is often conceived as arising organically from familial, tribal or cultural similarity, or as constituted through a common history and shared cultural institutions, this totalising conception of community is interrupted by the demands of difference and heterogeneity and by a questioning of the idyll of community authenticated in myths of archaic origin.