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It has been speculated that the conflict behaviors of Chinese and Japanese managers are more or less the same since both cultures are considered as collectivistic and high-contextual; and they inherit Confucian teachings as the cornerstone of their social and moral codes. The purposes
of this study were to investigate whether there was a difference between the way that the managers of these two countries handle conflicts and whether the conflict behavior of these managers was influenced by traditional Confucian values. The results indicated that there was little difference
found between them in terms of value orientations even though Japanese managers tended to employ more assertive styles than the PRC Chinese managers do in dealing with conflict situations.

Do nuclear weapons deter aggression or make states more likely to engage in conflict? I argue that we can explain whether and when nuclear capabilities increase state belligerence by examining the role of domestic institutions that shape state security policy. This study provides evidence that nuclear weapons have an emboldening effect on conflict initiation by elevating state capacity but that whether this emboldening translates into higher levels of belligerence depends on the extent to which civilians (relative to the military) control the state, an important dimension of state decision-making. Results provide suggestive evidence in support of my argument. I illustrate this mechanism using the case of Pakistan (1972–2010).

Most previous treatments of conflict style have focused upon five strategies: avoiding (withdrawing), forcing (competing), smoothing (accommodating), compromising, and confronting (collaborating), purported to lie in a two-dimensional (assertion and cooperation) space. The factor structure of conflict style in self-reports by 158 public-and private-sector managers and in reports by their subordinates (total N = 927) on Howat and London's (1980) 25 behavioral statements was determined. These data indicate a three-dimensional structure which was essentially the same for self-and subordinate reports, i.e., openness, distribution, and control, although self-and subor-dinate reports were correlated at only a very low level. Concern for the interest of both parties was a component of both openness and distribution. The implications for conflict management were discussed.

This study evaluated interpersonal behavior differences among male military service members with and without PTSD and their female partners. Couples (N = 64) completed a 17-minute videotaped conflict discussion, and their interaction behavior was coded using the circumplex-based Structural Analysis of Social Behavior model (SASB; Benjamin, 1979; 1987; 2000). Within couples, the behavior of partners was very similar. Compared to military couples without PTSD, couples with PTSD displayed more interpersonal hostility and control. Couples with PTSD also exhibited more sulking, blaming, and controlling behavior, and less affirming and connecting behavior, than couples without PTSD. Results advance our understanding of the relational impacts of PTSD on military service members and their partners, and underscore the value of couple-based interventions for PTSD in the context of relationship distress.

"Herrschaftsform und Konfliktverhalten sind eng miteinander verknüpft. Auf der dyadischen Analyseebene kommt die Forschung zu einem robusten Ergebnis: Demokratien führen seit 1816 keine Kriege gegeneinander. Im Gegensatz dazu stehen die empirischen Erkenntnisse auf der monadischen Ebene. Demokratien sind demnach ähnlich häufig in militärische Konflikte und Kriege verwickelt wie nichtdemokratische Regime. Mehr noch: militärische Interventionen in laufende militärische Konfrontationen sind ein besonderes Konfliktmuster demokratischer Staaten im internationalen System, das von der Forschung zum demokratischen Frieden bislang systematisch vernachlässigt worden ist. Verbunden ist dies mit der Problematik, dass sich spätestens seit dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts ein neues Legitimations- und Begründungsmuster für die Anwendung von Gewalt durch Demokratien abzeichnet: Kriege und Interventionen im Namen der Menschenrechte und mit dem Ziel der Demokratisierung, die normativ über die unterstellte friedensstiftende Wirkung von Demokratien nach außen gerechtfertigt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegende Analyse sind angesichts dieser Entwicklungen ernüchternd. Demokratien greifen nicht nur wie andere Herrschaftstypen auch auf das Mittel der Gewalt zurück, Demokratisierung als außenpolitische Strategie und handlungsanleitendes Leitmotiv erhöht sogar in vielen Fällen das Risiko des Krieges und die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Kriegsbeteiligung einzelner demokratischer Staaten." (Autorenreferat)

The impact of national identity building & ethnic identity on conflict prevention, resolution & reconciliation is discussed, with particular reference to a study on two ethnic groups in the Crimea, the Russians & the Crimean Taters. The study was carried out in the form of a voluntary opinion poll, from January to May, 2003, in several towns. (N=Russians 408 respondents & Crimean Taters 422 respondents) Respondents were provided with a questionnaire & selected answers from the list. The results of the questionnaire are analyzed in the article & it is concluded that adoption of national identity does not always create common meaning & a sense of unity. Some ethnic minorities use loyalty to nation to accomplish their own goals. National identity can, however, reduce conflict when it is perceived that the state will provide more opportunities & protect the interests of the ethnic group. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 35 References. R. Prince

Dyadic data were used to examine associations between attachment, relational satisfaction, and perceptions of conflict style in adult child–parent relationships. Several actor effects emerged; secure attachment was associated with more collaborating and compromising, dismissive attachment was associated with less collaborating and more indirect fighting and avoiding, and preoccupied attachment was associated with more competitive and indirect fighting. There were also partner effects. Individuals were more likely to report using collaborating and compromising if their partner (parent or child) was secure, and more likely to report indirect fighting if their partner was dismissive. Four actor by partner interactions surfaced. Preoccupied individuals reported more collaborating when their partners were secure and less compromising when their partners were dismissive. Dismissive individuals reported less yielding if their partner was preoccupied. Secure individuals reported less competitive fighting if their partner was fearful. The data also demonstrated that for actor effects, the collaborating style mediated a positive association between secure attachment and relational satisfaction. For partner effects, there were direct associations between a parent's attachment security and a child's relational satisfaction as well as between one's partner's reported use of collaborating and one's own relational satisfaction. These and other findings are discussed in terms of their implications for work on attachment and conflict.