Psychological conception of conflict was formed by several trends: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive. There separate thesis could be used to define conflict as integrated 3 levels (cognitive, affective and action) phenomenon. Although it could be used the same definition for conflicts occurred in education context, there are same specific means of it in educology. Firstly it is the form and the result of teachers behavior. Secondly, the misbehavior of pupils is named as conflict. Lastly, conflict as unavoidable appearance, is the indicator of teachers conflict competence. Conflict between teacher and pupils was usual in traditional school, but in there are justified only constructive conflicts in democratic school.
Psychological conception of conflict was formed by several trends: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive. There separate thesis could be used to define conflict as integrated 3 levels (cognitive, affective and action) phenomenon. Although it could be used the same definition for conflicts occurred in education context, there are same specific means of it in educology. Firstly it is the form and the result of teachers behavior. Secondly, the misbehavior of pupils is named as conflict. Lastly, conflict as unavoidable appearance, is the indicator of teachers conflict competence. Conflict between teacher and pupils was usual in traditional school, but in there are justified only constructive conflicts in democratic school.
Psychological conception of conflict was formed by several trends: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive. There separate thesis could be used to define conflict as integrated 3 levels (cognitive, affective and action) phenomenon. Although it could be used the same definition for conflicts occurred in education context, there are same specific means of it in educology. Firstly it is the form and the result of teachers behavior. Secondly, the misbehavior of pupils is named as conflict. Lastly, conflict as unavoidable appearance, is the indicator of teachers conflict competence. Conflict between teacher and pupils was usual in traditional school, but in there are justified only constructive conflicts in democratic school.
Psychological conception of conflict was formed by several trends: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive. There separate thesis could be used to define conflict as integrated 3 levels (cognitive, affective and action) phenomenon. Although it could be used the same definition for conflicts occurred in education context, there are same specific means of it in educology. Firstly it is the form and the result of teachers behavior. Secondly, the misbehavior of pupils is named as conflict. Lastly, conflict as unavoidable appearance, is the indicator of teachers conflict competence. Conflict between teacher and pupils was usual in traditional school, but in there are justified only constructive conflicts in democratic school.
The information revolution is changing the international system and the security environment in which we live. The state is loosing its monopoly of power in a global information space where, with the help of new technologies, people create their wellbeing and where, by means of the same modern technologies, military conflicts of a new type are occurring. The Western civilisation conception of a military conflict, based on the Clause-witz model where leaders set political goals and control soldiers; soldiers fight directly and become lawful targets of violence; and civilians do not participate in the conflict, but support their leaders by paying taxes and backing their political goals, is falling apart. A conflict of the information age is, in a sense, a "pre-Westphalian" conflict where crimes against civilians and the internal order of the state were the norm. The question arises of how the state may ensure the security of its citizens. The great powers try to find an answer in the strategies and programs of information operations. A great amount of attention is given to the public information of the state during a conflict, as well as to information security. In the latter sphere, Lithuania has already made its first steps; however, Lithuania needs to learn the principles of public information not only during conflict, but also during peacetime.
The information revolution is changing the international system and the security environment in which we live. The state is loosing its monopoly of power in a global information space where, with the help of new technologies, people create their wellbeing and where, by means of the same modern technologies, military conflicts of a new type are occurring. The Western civilisation conception of a military conflict, based on the Clause-witz model where leaders set political goals and control soldiers; soldiers fight directly and become lawful targets of violence; and civilians do not participate in the conflict, but support their leaders by paying taxes and backing their political goals, is falling apart. A conflict of the information age is, in a sense, a "pre-Westphalian" conflict where crimes against civilians and the internal order of the state were the norm. The question arises of how the state may ensure the security of its citizens. The great powers try to find an answer in the strategies and programs of information operations. A great amount of attention is given to the public information of the state during a conflict, as well as to information security. In the latter sphere, Lithuania has already made its first steps; however, Lithuania needs to learn the principles of public information not only during conflict, but also during peacetime.
The information revolution is changing the international system and the security environment in which we live. The state is loosing its monopoly of power in a global information space where, with the help of new technologies, people create their wellbeing and where, by means of the same modern technologies, military conflicts of a new type are occurring. The Western civilisation conception of a military conflict, based on the Clause-witz model where leaders set political goals and control soldiers; soldiers fight directly and become lawful targets of violence; and civilians do not participate in the conflict, but support their leaders by paying taxes and backing their political goals, is falling apart. A conflict of the information age is, in a sense, a "pre-Westphalian" conflict where crimes against civilians and the internal order of the state were the norm. The question arises of how the state may ensure the security of its citizens. The great powers try to find an answer in the strategies and programs of information operations. A great amount of attention is given to the public information of the state during a conflict, as well as to information security. In the latter sphere, Lithuania has already made its first steps; however, Lithuania needs to learn the principles of public information not only during conflict, but also during peacetime.
The information revolution is changing the international system and the security environment in which we live. The state is loosing its monopoly of power in a global information space where, with the help of new technologies, people create their wellbeing and where, by means of the same modern technologies, military conflicts of a new type are occurring. The Western civilisation conception of a military conflict, based on the Clause-witz model where leaders set political goals and control soldiers; soldiers fight directly and become lawful targets of violence; and civilians do not participate in the conflict, but support their leaders by paying taxes and backing their political goals, is falling apart. A conflict of the information age is, in a sense, a "pre-Westphalian" conflict where crimes against civilians and the internal order of the state were the norm. The question arises of how the state may ensure the security of its citizens. The great powers try to find an answer in the strategies and programs of information operations. A great amount of attention is given to the public information of the state during a conflict, as well as to information security. In the latter sphere, Lithuania has already made its first steps; however, Lithuania needs to learn the principles of public information not only during conflict, but also during peacetime.
Research objective. To evaluate the attitudes of pharmaceutical specialists' towards conflicts and conflict management styles in Panevėžys town. Research methodology. A total of 114 anonymous questionnaires were distributed among pharmaceutical specialists in Panevėžys in February – March 2015 with the response rate 72%. A quantitative research methodology has been chosen for evaluation of attitudes of pharmaceutical specialists in Panevėžys towards conflicts and their management methods. A Thomas Kilmann's Conflict Mode Instrument and specific questions were included has been involved and used for the anonymous questionnaire of the research. The collected data has been analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. The pharmaceutical specialists in Panevėžys considered conflicts as a negative issue. The majority of respondents (68%) reported that they have experienced conflicts 1-2 times a week. The majority of pharmacists identified that the most common type was pseudo conflicts. Most of the pharmacists found it difficult to return back to their duties, focus, and communicate on the same terms with the participant of the conflict or colleague after a conflict. The majority of the respondents stated that they experienced a value conflict between the interests of business and the professional ethics of a pharmacists. Most of the respondents (42%) tended to solve conflicts by using the compromising strategy or conflict avoidance strategy (38.3%). 76% of respondents expressed an interest in improvement their knowledge in the field of conflict management. Conclusions. The pharmaceutical specialists in Panevėžys tended to consider conflicts as a negative phenomenon and expressed an interested in improvement of their knowledge in the field of conflict management.
The Master's thesis Application of Mediation in Violent Conflicts investigates the application of mediation of violent conflicts not only in criminal justice, but also in family disputes, where the party to the dispute is often bound or has been bound by violent conflicts in the past. In order to investigate and reveal the obligations and shortcomings of the implementation of mediation when there are manifestations of violent behavior and to make suggestions for the development of this type of conflict mediation in Lithuania, a qualitative study was conducted with experts who have been working with violent conflicts for some time. During the analysis of the scientific literature and the empirical research, the two defensive statements raised in the master's thesis were confirmed: 1.Mediation in violent conflicts is possible, but there are certain risk factors, therefore mediators in such conflicts have to take responsibility, assess not only their personal abilities and available professional knowledge, but also assess potential risk factors and using specific strategies, techniques, to carry out a secure mediation process.2.In order to develop the application of mediation in cases of violent conflicts and to improve the quality of such mediation services, it is necessary to further develop such a service and train specialized mediators.
The principle of distinction in armed conflicts is the corner stone of international humanitarian law, requiring that the Parties to the conflict would at all times distinguish between the civilian population and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives. But because of the increased number of civilians and private companies participating in armed conflicts due to the global privatisation and permanent technological improvement of military equipment, the line between civilians and combatants begin to blur. In order to apply the principle of distinction to modern armed conflicts, firstly, we analysed an influence of direct participation in hostilities to the application of the principle of distinction and determined that for person who directly participates in armed conflicts the principle of distinction is no longer applicable and this person becomes a legal military target with no general protection against dangers arising from military operations. An act which is considered to be direct participation in hostilities should meet the requirements of threshold of harm, direct causation and belligerent nexus. Secondly, we studied the application of the principle of distinction to the personnel of private military and security companies in armed conflicts and determined that part of this personnel might be considered combatants and because of that become lawful military targets to whom the principle of distinction in no longer applicable. The other part of personnel should be considered as civilians and as long as they are not directly participating in hostilities the general protection against dangers arising from military operations would be granted for them. Finally, we also analysed the use of cluster munitions in armed conflicts in accordance with the principle of distinction. We determined that this weapon is inaccurate, indiscriminate, cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and objects to the principle of distinction in armed conflicts.
The principle of distinction in armed conflicts is the corner stone of international humanitarian law, requiring that the Parties to the conflict would at all times distinguish between the civilian population and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives. But because of the increased number of civilians and private companies participating in armed conflicts due to the global privatisation and permanent technological improvement of military equipment, the line between civilians and combatants begin to blur. In order to apply the principle of distinction to modern armed conflicts, firstly, we analysed an influence of direct participation in hostilities to the application of the principle of distinction and determined that for person who directly participates in armed conflicts the principle of distinction is no longer applicable and this person becomes a legal military target with no general protection against dangers arising from military operations. An act which is considered to be direct participation in hostilities should meet the requirements of threshold of harm, direct causation and belligerent nexus. Secondly, we studied the application of the principle of distinction to the personnel of private military and security companies in armed conflicts and determined that part of this personnel might be considered combatants and because of that become lawful military targets to whom the principle of distinction in no longer applicable. The other part of personnel should be considered as civilians and as long as they are not directly participating in hostilities the general protection against dangers arising from military operations would be granted for them. Finally, we also analysed the use of cluster munitions in armed conflicts in accordance with the principle of distinction. We determined that this weapon is inaccurate, indiscriminate, cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and objects to the principle of distinction in armed conflicts.
Protrected Conflicts: a Case of Syria The paper contains analysis of the phenomenon of protracted conflict. Usually, these kinds of conflicts get a lot of international attention, and thus it is necessary to understand what factors affect the duration of the conflict. This work is a case study of the civil war in Syria. The analysis uses databases and the method of qualitative data analysis. Theoretical background comes from Edvar Azar who says that there are four main reasons for the conflict to be protracted: the existence of identity groups, social inequality, government's inability to fulfil basic human needs, and international relations. The assumption is made that despite the first three factors, the involvement of third parties into the conflict has the principal impact on the conflict duration. The analysis of the war in Syria is herein presented by describing the most important events, breaking points, and the course of the conflict. In addition, main domestic and external actors as well as their goals are analyzed. Few assumptions were examined in this work with reference to E. Azar. Though all of the first three factors mentioned before can be found in the conflict, the findings suggest that these factors identify the reasons why the Arab Spring in Syria was followed by the civil war afterwards more than why the conflict itself is protracted. The main hypothesis, that the duration of the conflict is mostly affected by the involvement of third parties is confirmed. The analysis shows that external actors have a big influence on the conflict by providing support to either of the conflicting sides and thus blocking the possibility for one conflicting party to win. The paper analyses the impact of the U.S., Russia, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Hezbollah, and ISIS by providing the reasons that have made them to join the conflict, as well as presenting the main goals and the measures they took in the conflict. By comparing the goals of these actors in the conflict, it became clear that it is impossible to find the solution that would be acceptable for all of the conflicting parties and their allies. Different actors support different sides of the conflict though the fact that all these parties has different goals and such goals are incompatible makes it even more chaotic. That is why the actors get involved in 'zero sum' game, when the benefit of one side is seen as the damage for the other. Based on the collected information it becomes clear that external actors influence the duration of the conflict by providing their support for different domestic actors.
Protrected Conflicts: a Case of Syria The paper contains analysis of the phenomenon of protracted conflict. Usually, these kinds of conflicts get a lot of international attention, and thus it is necessary to understand what factors affect the duration of the conflict. This work is a case study of the civil war in Syria. The analysis uses databases and the method of qualitative data analysis. Theoretical background comes from Edvar Azar who says that there are four main reasons for the conflict to be protracted: the existence of identity groups, social inequality, government's inability to fulfil basic human needs, and international relations. The assumption is made that despite the first three factors, the involvement of third parties into the conflict has the principal impact on the conflict duration. The analysis of the war in Syria is herein presented by describing the most important events, breaking points, and the course of the conflict. In addition, main domestic and external actors as well as their goals are analyzed. Few assumptions were examined in this work with reference to E. Azar. Though all of the first three factors mentioned before can be found in the conflict, the findings suggest that these factors identify the reasons why the Arab Spring in Syria was followed by the civil war afterwards more than why the conflict itself is protracted. The main hypothesis, that the duration of the conflict is mostly affected by the involvement of third parties is confirmed. The analysis shows that external actors have a big influence on the conflict by providing support to either of the conflicting sides and thus blocking the possibility for one conflicting party to win. The paper analyses the impact of the U.S., Russia, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Hezbollah, and ISIS by providing the reasons that have made them to join the conflict, as well as presenting the main goals and the measures they took in the conflict. By comparing the goals of these actors in the conflict, it became clear that it is impossible to find the solution that would be acceptable for all of the conflicting parties and their allies. Different actors support different sides of the conflict though the fact that all these parties has different goals and such goals are incompatible makes it even more chaotic. That is why the actors get involved in 'zero sum' game, when the benefit of one side is seen as the damage for the other. Based on the collected information it becomes clear that external actors influence the duration of the conflict by providing their support for different domestic actors.
Protrected Conflicts: a Case of Syria The paper contains analysis of the phenomenon of protracted conflict. Usually, these kinds of conflicts get a lot of international attention, and thus it is necessary to understand what factors affect the duration of the conflict. This work is a case study of the civil war in Syria. The analysis uses databases and the method of qualitative data analysis. Theoretical background comes from Edvar Azar who says that there are four main reasons for the conflict to be protracted: the existence of identity groups, social inequality, government's inability to fulfil basic human needs, and international relations. The assumption is made that despite the first three factors, the involvement of third parties into the conflict has the principal impact on the conflict duration. The analysis of the war in Syria is herein presented by describing the most important events, breaking points, and the course of the conflict. In addition, main domestic and external actors as well as their goals are analyzed. Few assumptions were examined in this work with reference to E. Azar. Though all of the first three factors mentioned before can be found in the conflict, the findings suggest that these factors identify the reasons why the Arab Spring in Syria was followed by the civil war afterwards more than why the conflict itself is protracted. The main hypothesis, that the duration of the conflict is mostly affected by the involvement of third parties is confirmed. The analysis shows that external actors have a big influence on the conflict by providing support to either of the conflicting sides and thus blocking the possibility for one conflicting party to win. The paper analyses the impact of the U.S., Russia, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Hezbollah, and ISIS by providing the reasons that have made them to join the conflict, as well as presenting the main goals and the measures they took in the conflict. By comparing the goals of these actors in the conflict, it became clear that it is impossible to find the solution that would be acceptable for all of the conflicting parties and their allies. Different actors support different sides of the conflict though the fact that all these parties has different goals and such goals are incompatible makes it even more chaotic. That is why the actors get involved in 'zero sum' game, when the benefit of one side is seen as the damage for the other. Based on the collected information it becomes clear that external actors influence the duration of the conflict by providing their support for different domestic actors.
