Suchergebnisse

Since the late 80s, 'business' and 'political scandals' involving the left as much as the right have attracted a lot of reactions in France. In the first place, the argument of 'all worthwhile' has grown steadily and has strengthened some of the citizens' mistrust towards staff and political institutions. More generally, most analyses agree that political corruption and all forms of harm to public probity are an indicator of a crisis in democracy. However, the political career and electoral results of elected representatives questioned and even condemned show that voting sanctions are far from automatic. Similarly, no collective protest has manifested itself on the occasion of these so-called 'cases' which are supposed to scandalise opinion. Would all French citizens become cynical or totally disused? To answer these questions, CEVIPOF carried out (after several qualitatives2 surveys) a survey of a representative sample of 2000 people. Its originality in relation to the existing work is to link the system of values of the persons surveyed and their policy design with their views on corruption and attacks on public probity. The relationship between 'politicians' (elected representatives and leaders) and citizens appears to be a fragile relationship, poorly framed, under influence, largely open to trade. It is a 'corrupt' relationship as it is often contradictory norms that, depending on individuals and circumstances, indicate what is acceptable and what is not. The traditional work on the political delegation makes this very difficult. More broadly, this survey makes it possible to deepen the various forms of discussion and criticism directed at the policy, its actors and its institutions. The results show that there is a lot of ambivalence in judgements about political activities and the importance of normative conflicts which, depending on individuals and situations, mitigate or accentuate 1 — the perception of the importance of transgressions (is there little or much corruption?), and 2 — their acceptability ...

This thesis consists of three research on the firms' bank financing. The first essay focuses the influences of bank–firm relationships and political connections on firms' access to credit. It uses a manually collected data set of Vietnamese medium-sized enterprises to show that bank–firm relationships (length of relationship with main bank and number of banks) and political connections have complementary effects on maximizing firms' availability of credit. This research has policy implications for emerging economies characterized by local government corruption; it suggests that policymakers should prefer transactional banking systems to relationship banking systems, and it exposes the dark side of bank–firm relationships. The second essay investigates the effects of political connections and local corruption on the structures of firms' bank pools. Using the same data set with our first essay, it finds that politically connected firms tend to establish their main bank relationships with connected banks. It also finds that connected firms reduce their numbers of banks and their diversity of bank ownership types in their bank pools when they achieve main bank relationships with connected banks; such firms maintain these bank pool structures when corruption is prevalent in their home provinces. Results demonstrate that local corruption is associated positively with number of banks and diversification of bank ownership types. The last essay explores the structure of firms' bank pools in emerging economies characterized by corruption. In the proposed theoretical model, firm managers maximize an expected utility function that depends on both firm value and personal consumption. According to the weight they assign to each component, managers choose among three bank pool structures to combine some number of banks and the choice of a main bank that is more or less corrupt. The test of this model relies on the same rich data set with our first essay. The results confirm that firms and banks match, in terms of their levels ...

This thesis consists of three research on the firms' bank financing. The first essay focuses the influences of bank–firm relationships and political connections on firms' access to credit. It uses a manually collected data set of Vietnamese medium-sized enterprises to show that bank–firm relationships (length of relationship with main bank and number of banks) and political connections have complementary effects on maximizing firms' availability of credit. This research has policy implications for emerging economies characterized by local government corruption; it suggests that policymakers should prefer transactional banking systems to relationship banking systems, and it exposes the dark side of bank–firm relationships. The second essay investigates the effects of political connections and local corruption on the structures of firms' bank pools. Using the same data set with our first essay, it finds that politically connected firms tend to establish their main bank relationships with connected banks. It also finds that connected firms reduce their numbers of banks and their diversity of bank ownership types in their bank pools when they achieve main bank relationships with connected banks; such firms maintain these bank pool structures when corruption is prevalent in their home provinces. Results demonstrate that local corruption is associated positively with number of banks and diversification of bank ownership types. The last essay explores the structure of firms' bank pools in emerging economies characterized by corruption. In the proposed theoretical model, firm managers maximize an expected utility function that depends on both firm value and personal consumption. According to the weight they assign to each component, managers choose among three bank pool structures to combine some number of banks and the choice of a main bank that is more or less corrupt. The test of this model relies on the same rich data set with our first essay. The results confirm that firms and banks match, in terms of their levels of integrity. Moreover, firms tend to increase the number of banks in the bank pool when they cannot achieve a relationship with a desirable main bank. ; Cette thèse consiste en trois recherches sur le financement bancaire des entreprises. Le premier essai met l'accent sur l'influence des relations bancaires et des connexions politiques sur l'accès des entreprises au crédit. Il utilise un ensemble de données collectées manuellement sur les moyennes entreprises vietnamiennes pour montrer que les relations bancaires (durée de la relation avec la banque principale et le nombre de banques) et les connexions politiques ont des effets complémentaires sur la maximisation de la disponibilité du crédit pour les entreprises. Cette recherche a des implications politiques pour les économies émergentes caractérisées par la corruption gouvernementale locale ; elle suggère que les décideurs politiques devraient préférer les systèmes bancaires transactionnels aux systèmes bancaires relationnels, et elle expose le côté obscur des relations bancaires. Le deuxième essai examine les effets des connexions politiques et de la corruption locale sur les structures du pool bancaire des entreprises. En utilisant le même ensemble de données que dans notre premier essai, nous constatons que les entreprises politiquement connectées ont tendance à établir leurs relations bancaires principales avec les banques connectées. Nous constatons également que les entreprises connectées réduisent le nombre de banques et la diversité des types de propriétés des banques dans leurs pools bancaires lorsqu'elles établissent des relations avec les banques connectées ; ces entreprises maintiennent ces structures de pool bancaire lorsque la corruption est répandue dans leur province d'origine. Les résultats montrent que la corruption locale est associée positivement au nombre de banques et à la diversification des types de propriétés des banques. Le dernier essai explore la structure du pool bancaire des entreprises dans les économies émergentes caractérisées par la corruption. Dans le modèle théorique proposé, les gestionnaires d'entreprise maximisent une fonction d'utilité attendue qui dépend à la fois de la valeur de l'entreprise et de la consommation personnelle. En fonction du poids qu'ils attribuent à chaque composante, les gestionnaires choisissent parmi trois structures du pool bancaire pour combiner un certain nombre de banques et le choix d'une banque principale plus ou moins corrompue. Le test de ce modèle repose sur un riche ensemble de données provenant d'entreprises vietnamiennes que dans notre premier essai. Les résultats confirment que les entreprises et les banques sont de même niveau d'intégrité. En outre, les entreprises ont tendance à augmenter le nombre de banques dans le pool bancaire lorsqu'elles ne peuvent pas établir une relation avec une banque principale souhaitable.