Suchergebnisse

This article presents the analysis of implementation and interpretation of antitrust legislation in Russian courts, in the field of anti-competitive agreements cases. This article proceeds from the previous research which provided the analysis of the court decision database of litigations with the Russian competition authority (the FAS) initiated in 2008-2010. In this research (which covers court cases of 2011-2015) we provide the database of 646 court decisions and examine the tendencies of applying antitrust prohibitions and legislation in courts. We show how the database structure varies from the point of view of main markets and types of agreements, taking into account the standards of proof. The analysis reveals that the Rule of reason (ROR) approach was not actually applied in courts, despite legislative possibilities. Type 1 errors risks tends to decrease, especially in public procurement cases, cases of banks and insurance companies cooperation. Requirements in the field of market analysis in decisionmaking are also increasing.

The article researches the connection between estate and judicial systems of the Russian Empire from the birth of estates in times of Peter the Great to their liquidation in 1917 by the decree of the Soviet regime. As a part of fundamental basis of the Empire estate system determined social relations and legal status of the subjects, influenced the form of rule and system of governmental bodies. In the same way estate system with its privileges and restrictions affected the Imperial judicial system. Principle of equality of subjects before law and court proclaimed by Alexander II in Court Statutes of 1864 meant establishment of all-estates court in Russia. But during the judicial reform of 1864 peasant volost' courts were preserved, and in 1889 after the abolition of justice of the peace in the most part of territory of the Empire offices of district captains with administrative and judicial functions for peasants were established. Volost' courts kept working even after the reform of local justice of 1912. The authors emphasize existence of elements of the estate system inside organisation and work of the Russian courts even in the beginning of the XXth c. that disturbed the judicial system. Local courts in Russia were finally not integrated into all-estates court system because of traditional relations existed in the Russian villages for ages. Copyright © 2017 by Academic Publishing House Researcher s.r.o. Copyright © 2017 by Sochi State University.

The article deals with the problems of family mediation in the judicial process. Currently, the settlement of family law disputes is an urgent problem of theory and practice. The development of legislation, social, legal and economic relations, as well as various crisis phenomena, contribute to an increase in the number of civil cases in the courts. Resolution of disputes, the participants of which cannot independently come to a compromise, rests with the courts, but also the fact that the decisions taken by the court are not always the most suitable for the parties to the dispute. The importance of family mediation is that the mediator – a specialist with expert knowledge in the field of family psychology and law, helps to minimize the negative consequences of such disputes or to resolve the conflict and achieve reconciliation of the parties to the dispute. Despite the growth of conciliation procedures in recent years, their demand is still quite low for a number of subjective and objective reasons.

Справедливость приговора суда обеспечивается взаимодействием социальных регуляторов правосудия по уголовным делам и зависит от двух факторов, один из которых – законодательство, а другой – усмотрение судьи. Справедливость процедуры рассмотрения уголовного дела создает условия для вынесения справедливого приговора. Справедливость приговора основывается на установлении юридической истины. ; Justice of the court sentence is provided by the interaction of the social regulators of justice on criminal cases and depends on two factors, one of which is legislation, and the other is discretion of judge. Justice of the criminal procedure creates conditions for the fair sentence. Justice of the sentence is based on establishment of the legal truth.

The appeal is one of the remedies that give litigants the opportunity to correct the mistakes committed by the courts, it said in a guidebook by the courts portal. The material below will tell you everything you need to know about ordinary appeal call from cases in which you can declare appeal to items that must be included in the appeal. The article analyzes some aspects of participation of public prosecutor in criminal cases in trial in court of appeal, general provisions of the appeal proceeding, prosecution powers in appeal court. Author analyzes the scientific concepts on the participation of the prosecutor in the court of second instance, sets a goal and functions of the prosecutor in considering criminal cases in the court of first instance; determines the concept and to find out the essence of the legal status of the prosecutor in criminal proceedings. The scientific relevant problem solved is in conceptualization of prosecutor's participation in the court of appeal; the result is the optimization of the prosecutor's activity in the court of second instance on the basis of the improved legislation on criminal procedure in order to increase the efficiency of criminal procedure. Expose conclusion on the active participation of the prosecutor in the research evidence in criminal cases in trial in court of appeal.

УДК 347.9The purpose of the article – a critical analysis of the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the justification, through the analysis of the ECtHR practice and scientific work on execution of the ECtHR judgments, about the coordination of positions of national courts and the supranational body.The methodological basis for the study: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison); private and academic (interpretation, comparative legal, formal-legal).Problems and basic scientific results:The issue of implementation of the Human Rights Court decisions at the national level oc-curs when the compensation is not enough to eliminate the revealed violations. Russian legislator opted for the situation of Human Rights by the European Court finding a violation of the provisions of the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the consideration by the court of a particular case, in connection with the decision by which the applicant applied to the ECtHR mechanism for review of the decision on the new circumstances. Supreme Court puts forward three conditions for the implementation of the revi-sion of the judicial act on a national level, which should be available at the same time: 1) the continuous nature of the adverse effects; 2) the existence of violations of the Convention or gross procedural violations; 3) a causal link between the breach and the consequences.The author point out that the regulation of possible conflicts between the Convention and national legislation is based on cooperation (not confrontation) States and the European Court of Human Rights. Such practice of cooperation based on the principles of subsidiarity (addition to national rights protection system); evolutionary interpretation of the Convention (which implies flexibility, and accounting for changes in public relations); Judges dialogue and to develop advisory opinions. Consequently, the task of the Constitutional Court can not be default search options, on the contrary, its task – to determine exactly how, taking into account the differences in the legislation, the decision will be enforced. Failure, as well as the improper execution of judgments of the ECtHR may involve the establishment of a new violation of the provisions of the Convention and sanctions against violators. ; УДК 347.9Автор рассматривает порядок реализации постановлений Европейского Суда по правам человека через возможность пересмотра решения российского суда по новым обстоятельствам. В качестве нового обстоятельства рассматривается признание Европейским Судом по правам человека нарушения положений Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод при рассмотрении судом конкретного дела, в связи с принятием решения по которому заявитель обращался в ЕСПЧ. Конституционный Суд РФ полагает, что суды Российской Федерации обязаны обращаться в КС всякий раз, когда при пересмотре дела по новым обстоятельствам приходят к выводу, что вопрос о возможности применения соответствующего закона может быть решен только после подтверждения его соответствия Конституции РФ.

The first mention of the Crimean court registries - sijils - belong to the 1800s. At that time, translations of some texts were made, the content of these monuments was relatively minutely described and their historical and philological significance was evaluated. However, separate volumes of presented documents still have not been published. Neither comprehensive linguistic study nor description of terminology and style of these texts have not been made. Research objectives: study of the Crimean court registries of the 17th-18th centuries. One of the problems lying on the surface of this field of study of the Crimean Tatar language history and the right is the question about the compilers of these judicial materials. Whom we can consider the author or scribe of a court registry? How competent is an assertion that these books are kadiaskers books? Research materials: the court registries, kadylyk, kadiasker defters. The paper also raised the question of authenticity of the Crimean law and the two sources of the entire justice system of this Eastern European Turkic state: Sharia and actual Turkic law - Tore implemented subsequently in various legislative compilations, such as the Yasa of Chinggis Khan. Another issue of research of these monuments is the question of their content. Fedor Lashkov identified the Crimean records of Sharia courts as a sort of land records' acts. Research results and novelty: As a result of a detailed study, the author found that its own jurisdiction and its own laws, which did not always coincide with the laws of the Ottoman Empire, functioned in the Crimean Khanate. Despite their historical and philological value as well as more than a century of study, Crimean court registries still contain many blank spots. This again points to the need for their early reading, translation into modern Turkish language and publication, which should be carried out in the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages.

В статье раскрывается понимание института третейского судопроизводства. Приведены исторические факты возникновения третейских и общественных судов. Обосновывают- ся причины возникновения третейских судов в Украине. Анализируется исполнение решений третейских судов, участие в этом процессе органов государственной власти. Акцентируется внимание на том, что принудительное исполнение решений третейских судов находится вне пределов третейского рассмотрения споров, а является заданием компетентных судов и государственной исполнительной службы. ; The article deals with the understanding of arbitration proceedings. Given the historical facts of occurrence of arbitration and public courts. Justified by reasons of arbitration courts in Ukraine. We analyze the performance of arbitration decisions, participate in the process of public authorities. Attention is drawn to the fact that the enforcement of arbitral awards is outside the arbitration dispute resolution and is a task of the competent courts and the state executive service. Relevance of the study due to the fact that since the adoption in 2004 Law of Ukraine "On arbitration courts" was not long, however, as the longawaited legalization in Ukraine arbitration already capable of destroying the institution itself. This trend has become critical and demands immediate attention, because of the advantages and democratic method of resolving disputes justly earned widespread in many jurisdictions economically developed and developing countries alone. Today, following the practice of arbitration in Ukraine, many articles of the Law require changes. Arbitration should not be a tool in the hands of a legally illiterate, unscrupulous people who see in it only a way to improve personal well-being. In the process of getting rid of this kind of arbitration "judges" of the great role of the Ministry of Justice and Arbitration Chamber of Ukraine.

После вступления решения международного суда в силу государство-адресат обязано его исполнить. Но государство может быть им не удовлетворено по причинам правового, политического, социального характера, пересмотреть его и в конечном счете отклонить. Автором сделаны выводы, что решение может быть верифицировано на базе международной организации, через его учредительные органы, иные структуры, способные оказать давление, осуществление организационного контроля. Доказано, что, преследуя цель неисполнения решения, государства применяют следующие способы проверки: обжалование решения в вышестоящую инстанцию с одновременным обращением в исполнительный орган международной организации, изменение действующего международного договора (включая ограничение юрисдикции суда), его денонсация, заключение нового договора, изменение существующей практики толкования ; A state is obliged to comply with the decisions of the international court. However, the state may not be satisfied with it for legal, political, or social reasons; it may review or ultimately reject it. The author concludes that the decision can be verified based on an international organization, its constituent bodies, other structures (that can exert pressure), or through the implementation of organizational control. The states apply the following methods of verification for the decision non-execution: an appeal to a higher instance with simultaneous appeal to the executive body of an international organization; a modification of an existing international treaty (including limitation of the jurisdiction of the court); its denunciation; signing a new treaty; or amending an existing practice of interpretation.

This article analyzes the intermediate court decisions which are taken afterthe judgment or other final court decision. Orientation of these solutions tothe potential cancellation or change of final judicial acts is of particular relevancein keeping with the recent legislative changes. Highlighting the intermediatecourt decisions as a special form of judicial criminal procedural decisions,the legislator has created difficulty in understanding the principle of segregation.The formation of the decisions on the basis of the law is unacceptable.Since 1998, an extensive practice of the Constitutional Court and SupremeCourt of the Russian Federation has been established, which helps to sharecriminal proceedings decisions of the court on the final and intermediate, theessence of which is the procedure of appeal. This article studies the types ofintermediate court decisions, which are taken within the criminal procedureunder review of judgments as entered and not entered into force. From theanalysis of judicial practice, the study of the scientific literature concludes thatany intermediate court decision in connection with the provisions of Article53.3. 5 of Criminal Procedure Code may be appealed in the Appeal Court, exceptthe ones the appealing of which is prohibited by the legislator. ; Статья посвящена анализу промежуточных судебных решений,которые выносятся после приговора или иного итогового судебногорешения. Направленность решений на потенциальную возможностьотмены или изменения итоговых судебных актов означает особую ак-туальность в свете последних законодательных изменений. Выделивпромежуточные судебные решения как особую форму судебных уго-ловно-процессуальных решений, законодатель создал трудности пони-мания принципа их разделения. Формирование промежуточных судеб-ных решений по принципу «все, что кроме» в законе недопустимо. С1998 года создается обширнейшая практика Конституционного и Вер-ховного судов РФ, которые «помогают» разделить уголовно-процессуальные решения суда на итоговые и промежуточные, в основеразделения которых лежит процедура их обжалования. В статье иссле-дуются виды промежуточных судебных решений, которые выносятся впределах уголовно-процессуальной стадии пересмотра судебных реше-ний, как вступивших, так и не вступивших в законную силу. Делаетсявывод о необходимости закрепления законодательных изменений, свя-занных с разрешением повторной подачи апелляционной жалобы всвязи с ее отзывом, возможностью обжаловать в апелляционном по-рядке постановление судьи о возвращении апелляционной жалобы дляпересоставления. Из анализа судебной практики, изучения научнойлитературы делается вывод, что любое промежуточное судебное реше-ние во взаимосвязи с положениями п. 53.3 ст. 5 УПК РФ может бытьобжаловано в суд апелляционной инстанции, за исключением тех ре-шений, обжалование которых напрямую запрещено законодателем.

The paper explores the execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Having carried out a brief historical analyses and reviewed the normative legal acts governing the execution of decisions of the above-mentioned courts, the authors argue that through the monitoring mechanism of the execution of the courts' decisions is very different, both regional judicial institutions have problems related to the execution of their decisions. The purpose of the study is to determine the problems of non-enforcement of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and to find ways to resolve them. The methodological basis of this study was the provisions of a general scientific dialectical method and a logical method aimed at presenting the material of the article, formulating recommendations and proposals. The method of comparative analysis was also widely used, which makes it possible to identify the general and the difference of both judicial institutions with respect to the monitoring the execution of judgments, and the method of system analysis by which the normative legal acts and the courts' decisions were examined. The European Court of Human Rights, which often applies the method of financial compensation, showed a high level of execution of judgments in contrast to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which requires states not only to compensate for money, but to make legislative changes, to bring perpetrators to justice, etc. The authors conclude that only dialogue between courts and states and the use of various conciliation mechanisms could positively influence the effectiveness of the execution of judgments. A dialogue should consist in the correct interpretation by courts of the provisions of international human rights treaties and an accessible explanation for states of the content of court decisions. ; Рассматриваются вопросы исполнения решений Европейского суда по правам человека (ЕСПЧ) и Межамериканского суда по правам человека (МСПЧ). Проведя краткий исторический обзор и рассмотрев нормативные правовые акты, регулирующие вопросы исполнения решений вышеназванных судов, авторы определяют, что механизмы контроля за исполнением государствами решений судов сильно различаются. Однако оба региональных судебных учреждения имеют проблемы, связанные с исполнением их решений. Цель исследования - определить причины неисполнения актов ЕСПЧ и МСПЧ и найти пути их решения. Методологическую основу исследования составили положения общенаучного диалектического и логического методов, направленные на изложение материала статьи, формулирование рекомендаций и предложений. Также использовались метод сравнительного анализа, позволяющий выявить общее и различное названных судебных учреждений по вопросу контроля за исполнением государствами их решений, и метод системного анализа, с помощью которого проводилось изучение нормативных правовых актов и решений рассматриваемых судов. Европейский суд по правам человека, нередко применяющий метод денежной компенсации, показал высокий уровень исполнения решений в отличие от Межамериканского суда по правам человека, требующего от государств не только денежной компенсации, но и внесения изменений в законодательство, привлечения виновных к ответственности и т. д. Авторы пришли к выводу, что только диалог между судами и государствами и применение различных согласительных механизмов могут положительно повлиять на эффективность исполнения решений. Диалог должен заключаться в правильном толковании судами положений международных договоров по правам человека и доступном разъяснении для государств содержания постановлений судов.

The subject. The paper deals with the procedural issues of imposition of administrative sanctions by the courts.The purpose of the paper is to identify how the form of proceedings impacts on the rights and obligations of administrative trial participants.Methodology. The author uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as dialectic approach. The formal-legal interpretation of the Code of Administrative Offences, the Code of Administrative Proceedings, the Commercial Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and is also used.The main results and scope of their application. The rules of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation are "average" according to their nature, they are designed for application by a lot of authorities competent to impose administrative sanctions.The focus of the rules of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation is to regulate the procedure for imposition of administrative sanctions and to define the punishment for an administrative offense. Therefore, the civil procedural form is not applicable here and the rules of the Civil Procedure Code and Code of Administrative Proceedings of the Russian Federation shouldn't be used."Procedural form" in cases of administrative offenses considered by arbitration courts is mainly represented by the rules of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation. The accused person can receive a little from actually judicial (civil) procedural form.The serious contradictions of the Code of Administrative Offences with the rules of the Commercial Procedure Code of the Russian Federation couldn't be seen, on the one hand, but, on the other hand, the provisions of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation have a different focus. The results of research may be used as the basis of correction of Code of Administrative Offences, the Commercial Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and may also inspire new researches concerning procedural issues of imposition of administrative sanctions by the courts.Conclusions. Participants in simplified administrative proceedings fall into a double trap: they are initially deprived of guarantees of procedural form due to the predominance of the rules of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation and are again deprived of the "remains" of procedural form because of using the simplified proceedings. Empowering the courts with the authority of administrative jurisdiction does not correspond to the current trends in the development of legislation. ; Обсуждаются вопросы рассмотрения судами дел о привлечении к административной ответственности. Рассматривается соотношение норм административного и процессу-ального законодательства. Обосновывается влияние процессуальной формы на дела о привлечении к административной ответственности. Делается вывод, что наделение судов полномочиями органа, привлекающего к административной ответственности, не соответствует современным тенденциям развития законодательства.

статья посвящена анализу возможности направления и выполнения судебных поручений и запросов при рассмотрении дел в арбитражных судах и судах общей юрисдикции. ; the article analyses the possibilities of direction and execution of court orders and enquiries while legal investigation in arbitration and regular courts.

In Moscow of the 16th—17th centuries there were two closely related centers of professional musical art. They were the choir at the Tsar's court and the choir at the court of the metropolitan (since 1589 — patriarch) of Moscow and all Russia, which united the best creative powers of the country. According to the author, the study of historical data on the life and activities of the Tsar's and patriarchal singers indicates that they belonged to the category of court service class people. Directions of their activities have often expanded. This was determined not only by the fact that the singers were literate, and sometimes had a high level of education, but also by the lack of a clear dif-ferentiation of services in the developing state apparatus, which made it possible to use the singers in various services — from file clerk to military. The findings are based on an analysis of a wide range of diverse archival documents and other sources. The obtained results allow us to clarify the social status of masters, who are often referred to the clergy class by researchers.