Suchergebnisse

In this article, conditions of creeping crises and priorities of environmental policy in the Samara region (Russia) are discussed from a crisis management perspective. Inefficiency of the existing policy is precipitated to a substantial extent by the underlying normative approach, which is more focused on environmental quality than on human health issues. It is therefore argued that this approach should be replaced by an integrated policy strategy including risk management. This strategy implies human health rather than environmental quality standards as key criteria for setting crisis policy priorities. The implications for crisis preparation and training are discussed within a framework of systemic crisis management.

Environmental degradation in the Aral Sea basin has been a touchstone for increasing public awareness of environmental issues. The Aral crisis has been touted as a 'quiet Chernobyl' and as one of the worst human-made environmental catastrophes of the twentieth century. This multidisciplinary 1999 book comprehensively describes the slow onset of low grade but incremental changes (i.e. creeping environmental change) which affected the region and its peoples. Through a set of case studies, it describes how the region's decision-makers allowed these changes to grow into an environmental and societal nightmare. It outlines many lessons to be learned for other areas undergoing detrimental creeping environmental change, and provides an important example of how to approach such disasters for students and researchers of environmental studies, global change, political science and history

This paper evaluates the impact of the multinational intellectual emigration crisis, during the period 1975‐ 1994, on reconstruction policy implications and the future development of Lebanon. It analyses fundamental issues that are relevant to the study of the Lebanese brain drain crisis. The current research study presents a threefold analysis. The first section discusses a socio‐demographic trend analysis of Lebanese emigrants during the period 1975‐ 1994. In the second section, renewed brain influx policy implications and conditions are identified and evaluated through applying the Contingency Typology Simulation Heuristic approach to crisis networking and the Risk Path Analysis Model of creeping crisis multi‐level contingency schema in the context of the multinational intellectual emigration stages. Finally, the author identifies a work‐in‐progress research agenda, providing directions for future research, within the area of systems evolution, intellectual emigration and politics of multinational brain drain.

The destruction of indigenous, tribal peoples in remote and/or frontier regions of the developing world is often assumed to be the outcome of inexorable, even inevitable forces of progress. People are not so much killed, they become extinct. Terms such as ethnocide, cultural genocide or developmental genocide suggest a distinct form of "off the map" elimination. By concentrating on a little-known case study, that of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh, this article argues that this sort of categorisation is misplaced. The relationship between a flawed state power and genocide can be located. (DSE/DÜI)

In this article, it is argued that the genesis of the Iraq Crisis of 2003 within the Security Council can be traced to earlier patterns of acquiescence by Council members in US and UK unilateral enforcement action in Iraq. By the time this acquiescence ceased, between 1994 and 1996, UK and US enforcement policy was set and would culminate in Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003.

[Conclusion]: Five major outcomes and the way forward for the Kumul Scholar International (KSI) The following are the five major outcomes from the discussions that the participants felt were crucial for understanding the SAP as a program,its impacts in Papua New Guinea and what can be done by the KSI as the way forward. 1. Countries are developed by a core group of technocrats shielded by leadership. This enables home grown and owned reforms through this group. KSI should initiate and continue communication and dialogue with technocrats, politicians, private business, academics and graduate students both within Papua New Guinea and overseas through its activities such as KSI 2002 Conference the annual conference and a KSI alumnus organisation in Papua New Guinea. 2. Information is vital for development. Misinformation and lack of proper awareness is a recipe for disaster. KSI should establish a website to disseminate information and continue to organise and participate in public forums and conferences in Australia and Papua New Guinea. 3. Papua New Guinea's problems have been a creeping crisis— high debt to increasing debt to disaster (3 Ds). The international donor community led by the World Bank and IMF's intervention through SAPs in Papua New Guinea were reactions to requests from PNG during moments of crisis. It would be much better for Papua New Guinea to introduce such reforms voluntarily and intentionally during relatively stable periods. 4. Political economy matters as to who benefits and who loses from reforms. Thus reform is difficult, as power play is inevitable. Coalition governments are not conducive to structural reforms. National interests can be comprised through the pursuit of political interest and personal interests during the design and implementation of reform programs such as the SAP. The public's access to information is hampered by a high rate of illiteracy and poor channels of communication. Thus, greater use and abuse of power by the minority who have access to information makes transparency and accountability of reforms difficult in Papua New Guinea. 5. Appropriate and efficient institutional development. This included institutions for human resource development, property rights and contract enforcement. Human resources are important. Recent public sector reforms have shown the severity of the human resource and capacity difficulties facing the nation. While investing in human resources, institutions that define property rights and enforce contracts are needed. The PNG constitution provides the framework for development.

A war across the Taiwan Strait is neither inevitable nor imminent, and is less likely in the future since China believes that it has time on its side. This Chinese confidence is enhanced by Taiwan's current political and economic deterioration. For China, the decision not to use force is based on assessments and strategies discussed in this article, as well as on its unswerving commitment to economic modernization at home and its determination not to fall into what it suspects, rightly or wrongly, as being an international conspiracy to see China and Taiwan exhaust each other through war. China's military modernization, therefore, is aimed less at occupying Taiwan than at deterring its creeping independence and enhancing China's own future international status. The only thing that might disrupt this process would be a wave of political and economic chaos. Such a crisis, however, is not currently within sight.