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On the basis of the conducted research on the directions of the criminal and penal–executive policy with regard to minors, the author of the article draws the following conclusions. The processes of humanization of criminal and penal enforcement laws affect under–age criminals, adjusting the procedure for appointing and executing criminal punishment, including deprivation of liberty. Despite these trends in recent years, the problem of juvenile delinquency is a fairly massive social and legal phenomenon. Thus, the analysis of statistical data has shown that juvenile delinquency grows 7 times faster than the total number of the population of this age group changes, and in some regions, minors determine the crime situation as a whole. The reason for repeated crimes committed by former juvenile convicts is that returning part of this category of people to the society is predisposed to spreading and propagating criminal "prison" traditions and customs among their peers, as well as among younger people, which contributes to the support and growth of criminogenic the potential of society. One of the directions of the criminal and penitentiary policy of Russia is the penitentiary and post-penitentiary resocialization of persons serving sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty, in particular minors. Thus, the process of training juveniles sentenced to release and creating conditions for their full integration into society is the most important task not only of educational colonies, but also of government bodies and civil society institutions. The absence of a federal law on the social adaptation of persons released from places of deprivation of liberty creates difficulties for minors in the process of resocialization. Adoption of this law is an important component and the main content of the law should be the establishment of strict control over the behavior of these individuals, and mainly the guarantee of state aid to them in the process of returning to normal life in society.

The article deals with the analysis of social justice as a universal value that determines the evaluation of social practices in all the spheres of social life. But the study of such an evaluation of society in the sphere of interethnic relations is faced with a number of theoretical problems. The authors show that when evaluating interethnic relations in accordance with the criterion of social justice, due to the ambiguous interpretation of their meaning, it is necessary to rely on an interdisciplinary approach. An important area of this analysis is the correlation of the theoretical understanding of ethnicity and the practice of state building in the context of the cultural diversity of the population. Two strategies for achieving social justice in the sphere of interethnic relations are shown: the building of the SU ethno-nations and the building of the RF nation with securing civil rights in the sphere of the implementation of ethno-cultural identity and providing conditions for the development of ethno-cultural diversity.

The article emphasizes the necessity of using confidentiality as generally recognized principle in administering juvenile cases in criminal proceeding. The analysis of international legal acts, particularly, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules), showed that the right of juvenile offenders to confidentiality should be observed at all stages of criminal proceedings. The author of the article showed that confidentiality is also expressed in the denial the third party's access to the juvenile cases files and prohibition to publish the information about juvenile criminal cases in the media. The comparative analysis of the "Beijing Rules" and the Russian Federation Code of Criminal Procedure concerning juveniles made it possible to conclude that the right of juvenile to confidentiality is not protected by the Russian law. It is assumed that the confidentiality in juvenile cases legislated, the legal defense of the juvenile rights in legal proceeding could increase.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)2.1-18 ; В статье подчеркивается важность применения конфиденциальности в отношении несовершеннолетних в уголовном судопроизводстве как общепризнанного принципа. Анализ международно-правовых актов, в частности Минимальных стандартных правил Организации Объединенных Наций, касающихся отправления правосудия в отношении несовершеннолетних («Пекинские правила»), показал, что право несовершеннолетнего на конфиденциальность должно осуществляться на всех этапах уголовного судопроизводства. Автором показана конфиденциальность, которая выражается также в запрете на доступ к материалам уголовного дела несовершеннолетнего третьим лицам и на оглашение в СМИ сведений о несовершеннолетнем по уголовному делу. Сравнительный анализ «Пекинских правил» и Уголовно-процессуального кодекса РФ в отношении несовершеннолетних позволил сделать вывод о том, что в российском законодательстве право несовершеннолетнего на конфиденциальность не закреплено. Представляется, что принятие на законодательном уровне конфиденциальности в отношении несовершеннолетних послужило бы эффективности их правовой защиты в уголовном судопроизводстве.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)2.1-18

The article examines the criminal law principle of justice from the point of view of traditional philosophical thought, which assumes the division of the world into an ideal and material substance. As an example of the ideal substance of justice, the author suggests considering the moral world order, a particular manifestation of which should ideally be the constitutional system of a particular state. The material substance of justice, in the author's opinion, should be clearly refl ected in the norms of the criminal law. As a theoretical premise of the stated approach, the assumption is put forward that a person as a personal Creator and performer of law, passing through the idea of justice as a fundamental socio-philosophical, political and legal phenomenon, formulates the criminal law principle of justice. This approach plays an important methodological role in overcoming one-sided trends in the consideration of its nature and assumes its construction on the basis of a two-level structure that includes legislative and law enforcement elements. On the basis of the position put forward by the famous philosopher Thomas Aquinas on the requirements imposed on the law, analyzes the judicial practice and norms of the current criminal law for its compliance with the principle of justice. The thesis that its effective implementation is an indicator of the quality of the criminal law is substantiated. ; В статье проводится исследование уголовно-правового принципа справедливости с точки зрения традиционной философской мысли, предполагающей деление мира на идеальную и материальную субстанцию. Как пример идеальной субстанции справедливости автор предлагает рассматривать нравственный миропорядок, частным проявлением которого в идеале должен выступать конституционный строй конкретного государства. Материальная субстанция справедливости, по мнению автора, должна находить четкое отражение в нормах уголовного закона. В качестве теоретической предпосылки заявленного подхода выдвигается предположение о том, что человек как персональный творец и исполнитель права, пропуская через себя идею справедливости как фундаментальное социально-философское, политическое и правовое явление, формулирует уголовно-правовой принцип справедливости. Такой подход играет важную методологическую роль в преодолении односторонних тенденций в рассмотрении ее природы и предполагает его построение на основе двухуровневой конструкции, включающей в себя законодательный и правоприменительный элементы. На основе выдвинутого известным философом Ф. Аквинским положения о требованиях, предъявляемых к закону, проводится анализ судебной практики и норм действующего уголовного закона на предмет его соответствия принципу справедливости. Обосновывается тезис, что его эффективная реализация является показателем качества уголовного закона.

Modern sociology places dignity and justice at the center of social debate. In estatebased societies only the aristocrats possessed the right to dignity and honor. The article analyzes these concepts as elements of the general structure of meaning underlying the institutions of modern societies. However, the progress of society conducive to their entry into the state of modernity the right to dignity kept extending towards an ever greater number of citizens. Dignity became an element of the policy of equality that tended to override the line of distinction charted by estates or other social subjects. In the early years of equalization policy, the struggle of dignity and equality assumed the form of recognition of the so-called natural rights of man, that constituted the essence of human condition. The idea of natural rights led to a debate and later to policy measures that resulted in the modern concept of citizenship. The latter asserted the right of every human being to dignity, equality before law and freedom to engage in productive, entrepreneurial activity without interference from other actors of political or economic life. The idea of equality, embedded in citizenship, came to be expressed in the policy of inclusion that overcame social prejudice and consequently in policies that extended political recognition to ever wider social groups. In the 20th century the egalitarian policy led to a wider scope of social rights that were regarded as a necessary condition of social justice and human independence. At present the principles of dignity and justice are implemented in social policy as acquired "capabilities" — a sum of life forces and means that allow citizens to uphold their citizenship regardless of the conditions in which they find themselves. Inclusion turns into the main vector of social policy, setting out to endow citizens with equal rights and resources that are necessary for their implementation.

This article deals with one of the most topical questions of advocacy client-lawyer privilege. Imperfection of the rules adopted by the legislator causes the violation of the client-lawyer privilege on the part of the state bodies and in the first place law enforcement bodies. Lacunae in legal remedy of communication privacy of a lawyer and his clients are analyzed. ; В статье говорится об одном из актуальных вопросов адвокатской деятельности адвокатской тайне. Несовершенство принятых законодателем норм порождает нарушения адвокатской тайны со стороны государственных органов, прежде всего правоохранительных. Анализируются пробелы в правовой защите конфиденциальности коммуникаций адвоката со своими доверителями.

Рассмотрены проблемы социальной ответственности и социальной справедливости в международном бизнесе. Сделан акцент на использовании опыта стран с развитой экономикой по данным проблемам в экономике Украины. ; The problems of social responsibility and social justice in the international business are considered. The emphasis is placed on using the experience of developed economies according to the problems in the Ukrainian economy.

В статье обращается внимание на внесение в уголовно-процессуальный закон в целях совершенствования уголовного судопроизводства изменений и дополнений часто противоположного характера направленных одновременно и на защиту вовлекаемой в производство по уголовному делу личности, в том числе в качестве подозреваемого, обвиняемого, подсудимого, и на усиление возможностей уголовного преследования указанных лиц. Ведущая роль в определении векторов развития уголовного судопроизводства принадлежит, разумеется, уголовно-процессуальной политике, вырабатываемой соответствующими государственными органами, однако уголовно-процессуальная политика еще не привела к созданию ясной, вполне определенной концепции развития отечественного уголовного процесса. Примером непоследовательности и недостаточной продуманности законодательных решений может служить современное отношение законодателя к формированию процессуального статуса прокурора. Четкое определение путей развития отечественного уголовного судопроизводства обуславливается необходимостью ясного выбора модели уголовного процесса. ; The article draws attention to the introduction of amendments and additions to the criminal procedure law in order to improve criminal proceedings, often of the opposite nature both aimed at protecting the person involved in the criminal proceedings, including as a suspected accused, defendant, and to increase opportunities criminal prosecution of these persons. The leading role in determining the vectors of development of criminal proceedings belongs, of course, to the criminal procedure policy developed by the relevant state bodies, but the criminal procedure policy has not yet led to the creation of a clear, well-defined concept of the development of the domestic criminal process. An example of inconsistency and insufficient reasonableness of legislative decisions is the current attitude of the legislator to the formation of the procedural status of the prosecutor. A clear definition of the ways of development of domestic criminal proceedings is due to the need for a clear choice of the model of the criminal process.

The article analyzes the idea of justice in Western political philosophy. Drawing on his earlier publications, the author traces the history of the concept of justice in the "great ideologies" (liberalism, conservatism, and Marxism), and also examines in detail the main approaches to the understanding of justice in modern political theory. The author's task is not only to analyze certain attitudes to the problem of justice, but also to find the most satisfactory conception. As such, the conception of "functional capabilities" proposed by contemporary researchers Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum is mentioned first of all. ; Статья посвящена анализу идеи справедливости в западной политической философии эпохи модерна. Автор, отталкиваясь от своих более ранних публикаций, прослеживает историю концепции справедливости в «великих идеологиях» (либерализм, консерватизм, марксизм), а также достаточно подробно рассматривает основные подходы к пониманию справедливости в современной политической теории. Задача автора — не только анализ тех или иных позиций в отношении проблемы справедливости, но и поиск наиболее удовлетворительной ее концепции. В качестве таковой названа прежде всего концепция «функциональных возможностей» современных исследователей Амартии Сена и Марты Нуссбаум.

Historically, English criminal procedure is characterised by the role of private prosecution, which allowed each person to bring charges against any other person. A relic of the Middle Ages, it has nevertheless survived successfully to the present day, although it has undergone a number of significant transformations. Its remarkable resilience, despite its inability to serve as a fullfledged instrument of Crown criminal policy, is due to the fact that the ancient procedural form is constantly emerging with new uses. In the twentieth century there was a growing demand for it by commercial and noncommercial organizations who needed an instrument for the proactive prosecution (in public or private interests). Continental critics, who had earlier protested against the introduction of the English model of private prosecution into the criminal procedure of Germany or France, raised many objections against it, but the English history has shown that their fears were baseless. At the same time, the development of public prosecutions in England has greatly reduced the space for private initiative. Most of the procedural advances, among them the increased accessibility of criminal justice, were due to the expansion of the state.

The article discusses the theoretical basis of implementation of one of the goals of punishment, namely the prevention of crime. It also examines the philosophical and historical assumptions of the definition of the purpose of punishment, and the effectiveness of the modern penal system and practices of their purpose from the point of view of achieving the goal of crime prevention. The attention is focused on the low efficiency of crime prevention on the part of the convicted person (special prevention) on the basis of the indicator of the level of recurrence of crimes. It is stated that the reason may be the imperfection of sanctions: their non-compliance with the gravity of the committed crime, as well as (quite often) the excessive alternativism of penalties provided for the Commission of a particular crime. The article may be of interest not only to representatives of the science of criminal law, but also to all who are interested in the current political and legal situation in the country.

The article is an investigation of the procedural positions of some types of exemption from criminal liability in the comparative aspect, as well as means of differentiation of responsibility while solving the conflict through exemption from criminal liability. Proposals and recommendations have been developed on improving the current legislation in the area of exemption from criminal responsibility and its practical implementation = В тезисах рассматриваются процессуальные положения некоторых видов освобождения от уголовной ответственности в компаративистском аспекте, а также средств дифференциации ответственности при разрешении уголовно-правового конфликта путем освобождения от уголовной ответственности. Разработаны предложения и рекомендации по совершенствованию действующего законодательства в сфере освобождения от уголовной ответственности и практики его применения