The Mexican Crisis and Intervention in Nicaragua
In: Current History, Band 25, Heft 6, S. 870-877
ISSN: 1944-785X
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In: Current History, Band 25, Heft 6, S. 870-877
ISSN: 1944-785X
In: American journal of international law: AJIL, Band 12, Heft 2, S. 312-337
ISSN: 2161-7953
The third part of the essay on the Hellenic Crisis, which has happily received a satisfactory solution, will deal with the incidents which are connected with the law of nations and inquire as to how far the European belligerents in their dealings with Greece, and the Greek Government in its relations with them, adhered to the tenets and usages of international law.The points to be here discussed are of a manifold character.First, it will be examined whether the serious charge made by the Entente Powers against Constantine, the ex-King of the Hellenes, that he violated the obligations arising out of the Treaty of Alliance between Greece and Serbia, by which the two states bound themselves to assist each other for the defense of their respective territories in case of attack by a third Power, and particularly by Bulgaria, is well founded according to the letter and spirit of the instrument of alliance.Secondly, whether the military occupation of portions of the territory of the Hellenic Kingdom by both sets of belligerents, the seizure of its war material and other public property, and particularly the coercive measures employed by the Entente Powers against the Government and people of Greece and their forcible intervention in the internal affairs of that country, can be justified either by reason of treaty stipulations or on account of the unneutral conduct of the then King and his government towards the Entente Allies. The first point to be examined is the obligation arising out of the treaty of alliance between Greece and Serbia.
• At a weekly luncheon of the health and sanitation committee of the chamber of commerce, the chamber pledged its moral support to City Health Officer John B. Anderson in heading off any epidemic of Spanish influenza in Spokane• Dr. J.G. Harbison, chairman, will launch a special committee on publicity and education to awaken the public to the necessity of preventive measures if an epidemic is to be averted• Dr. Anderson aid that the city was facing a serious crisis unless immediate measures were taken. He believes the coming of Spanish influenza is inevitable, although the city has so far escaped the malady• The committee passed a resolution expressing its willingness to support the health office in the necessary steps to head off the disease in Spokane. The committee urged that drastic measures be adopted by the health office ; Newspaper article ; 10
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Correspondence between Mr. L.V. Navarro, Director of the Navarro Publishing Co. of Los Angeles, CA., and Gen. Alvaro Obregón, in which L.V. Navarro sends Gen. Obregón his last teaching work. L.V. Navarro informs of having received the MANIFESTO TO THE NATION and offers to work in favor of his candidacy in the United States, where he has influence in various circles. L.V. Navarro informs of the good reception of his work MANIFESTO TO THE NATION in the American newspapers; reiterates his support of his candidacy and he puts himself at Gen. Obregón's disposal. L.V. Navarro sends Gen. Obregón reports about the attitudes of the American press, as well as a clipping of the interview that they did with Lansing, Secretary of Northamerican State, in Paris, on the possible Military Intervention of the United States in Mexico, "Lansing Says no Action by U.S. in Mexico". L.V. Navarro sends Gen. Alvaro Obregón clippings of American press in which they try to justify an armed intervention in Mexico denigrating our country and our political leaders: a) Mc. GRATH, Justin. "2 Nations to Back U.S. is New Rumor"; b) "Deny U.S. Plans Invasion of Mexico"; c) BRONNER, Milton. "Europe to Ask U.S. to Collect Mexico Claims"; d) "Woman who saw Tragedy to Testify". LOS ANGELES EVENING HERALD, Los Angeles, Cal. E.U.A. Jul.16, 1919. e) SEARS HENNING, Arthur. "Wilson gets Report on Mexican Situation", THE LOS ANGELES TIMES, Los Angeles, Cal. E.U.A. Jul.18, 1919. f) "New Data on Mexico goes to Capital". Navarro informs Gen. Alvaro Obregón that he interviewed with the head of the editorial section of the EXAMINER and that he seems to have convinced him to vary his policital ideas regarding both Mexico and Obregón; he offers Obregón to be an intermediary between him and the American press. Mr. L.V. Navarro sends Gen. Obregón a clipping of a newspaper in which the telegram sent by Gen. Obregón to President Venustiano Carranza is transcribed, offering his military services in case of a Military intervention by the United States: "Obregón Offers his Services". Mr. L.V. Navarro reiterates his confidence in what will be the administration of Gen. Alvaro Obregón. Clipping of an article titled: "Ligget Talks on Mex. Against Intervention". LOS ANGELES EVENING EXPRESS, Los Angeles, CA, US, Sept. 8, 1919; published an interview with Gen. Ligget, Commander of the Western Department, who assures that the border with Mexico is peaceful and that there is no reason to think of a military intervention. "New Crisis in Mex. Border Situation". LOS ANGELES EVENING HERALD, Los Angeles, CA, US, Sept 9, 1919; informs of various problems with crime and riots in Mexico, which urges the United States to take drastic measures. L.V. Navarro sends Gen. Alvaro Obregón a complementary article published in the American press in which they reproduced and commented on the Manifesto that Gen. Alvaro Obregón gave to the American people. "Gen. Obregon Protests U.S. Intervention", LOS ANGELES EXAMINER, Los Angeles, CA, US, Sept 13, 1919. / Correspondencia entre el Sr. L.V. Navarro, Director de la Navarro Publishing Co. de Los Angeles, Cal. y el Gral. Alvaro Obregón, en la cual L.V. Navarro envía al Gral. Obregón su última obra de enseñanza. Informa L.V. Navarro haber recibido el MANIFIESTO A LA NACION y se ofrece a trabajar a favor de la candidatura del Gral. Alvaro Obregón en los Estados Unidos, donde goza de cierta influencia en varios círculos. L.V. Navarro informa de la buena acogida que han dado los periódicos norteamericanos a su MANIFIESTO A LA NACION; le reitera su apoyo a su candidatura y de nuevo se pone a sus órdenes. L.V. Navarro envía al Gral. Alvaro Obregón informes sobre la actitud de la prensa norteamericana, así como un recorte de la entrevista que le hacen a Lansing, Secretario de Estado Norteamericano, en París, sobre posible intervención de los Estados Unidos a México, "Lansing Says no Action by U.S. in Mexico". L.V. Navarro envía al Gral. Alvaro Obregón recortes de prensa norteamericana en los que tratan de justificar una intervención armada en México denigrando a nuestro país y a nuestros gobernantes: a) Mc. GRATH, Justin. "2 Nations to Back U.S. is New Rumor"; b) "Deny U.S. Plans Invasion of Mexico"; c) BRONNER, Milton. "Europe to Ask U.S. to Collecto Mexico Claims"; d) "Woman who saw Tragedy to Testify". LOS ANGELES EVENING HERALD, Los Angeles, Cal. E.U.A. Jul.16, 1919. e) SEARS HENNING, Arthur. "Wilson gets Report on Mexican Situation", THE LOS ANGELES TIMES, Los Angeles, Cal. E.U.A. Jul.18, 1919. f) "New Data on Mexico goes to Capital". El Sr. L.V. Navarro informa al Gral. Alvaro Obregón que se entrevistó con el jefe de la sección editorial del EXAMINER y que parece que lo convenció de variar su política relativa tanto a México como a Obregón; ofrece al Gral. Obregón ser intermediario entre él y la prensa norteamericana. El Sr.L.V. Navarro envía al Gral. Obregón el recorte de un periódico en el que se transcribe el telegrama que envía el Gral. Obregón al Presidente Venustiano Carranza, ofreciendo sus servicios militares en caso de intervención armada de los Estados Unidos: "Obregon Offers his Services". El Sr. L.V. Navarro reitera su confianza en lo que será la administración del Gral. Alvaro Obregón. Recortes de periódico titulados: "Ligget Talks on Mex. Against Intervention", LOS ANGELES EVENING EXPRESS, Los Angeles, Cal. E.U.A. Sept. 8, 1919; publica una entrevista con el Gral. Ligget, Comandante del Departamento del Oeste, quien asegura que la frontera con México está en paz y que no hay razón para pensar en una intervención armada. "New Crisis in Mex. Border Situation". LOS ANGELES EVENING HERALD, Los Angeles, Cal. E.U.A. Sept. 9, 1919; informan de diversos problemas de criminalidad y desorden en México que obligarona los Estados Unidos a tomar medidas drásticas. L.V. Navarro envía al Gral. Alvaro Obregón un elogioso artículo publicado en la prensa norteamericana en el que reproducen y comentan el Manifiesto que el Gral. Alvaro Obregón dirigió al pueblo norteamericano: "Gen. Obregon Protests U.S. Intervention", LOS ANGELES EXAMINER, Los Angeles, Cal. E.U.A. Sept.13, 1919.
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Articles published by the NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE entitled intitulados "El fondo de los asuntos extranjeros", "La crisis mexicana obligó al Papa a cancelar sus vacaciones", "Obispo mexicano que envía a Obregón un reto pacífico", "La prensa mexicana ataca la opinión de Estados Unidos en relación con Nicaragua", "Otra crisis en un caso crónico", "El presidente de México encuentra distracción en las labores agrícolas", "Si las relaciones con los Estados Unidos terminan, Calles confía en el ejército", "México firme en su propósito de hacer cumplir las nuevas leyes petroleras" y "Los Estados Unidos reciben con agrado la noticia de que habrá cambios en la ley del petróleo" about the opinions by Catholics and politicians on the religious conflict in Mexico. A confirmation that the Pope suspended his vacations due to the religious conflict in Mexico and the Knights of Columbus' Convention where they will define their position in the conflict. Archbishop José Mora y del Río request Gen. Obregón to repeal the Bolshevik constitution. The EXCELSIOR AND EL UNIVERSAL newspapers opposition to the American government policy against Nicaragua. Disapproval of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' administration due to his provisions against foreigners. The unveiling of Gen. Calles' farming activities in his hacienda. Statements about the Mexican government getting ready to confront a military intervention and the firm goal to enforce the new oil law despite a possibility to reach an agreement. / Artículos publicados en el NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE intitulados "El fondo de los asuntos extranjeros", "La crisis mexicana obligó al Papa a cancelar sus vacaciones", "Obispo mexicano que envía a Obregón un reto pacífico", "La prensa mexicana ataca la opinión de Estados Unidos en relación con Nicaragua", "Otra crisis en un caso crónico", "El presidente de México encuentra distracción en las labores agrícolas", "Si las relaciones con los Estados Unidos terminan, Calles confía en el ejército", "México firme en su propósito de hacer cumplir las nuevas leyes petroleras" y "Los Estados Unidos reciben con agrado la noticia de que habrá cambios en la ley del petróleo", informando acerca de: los argumentos de católicos y políticos en el conflicto religioso de México; la notificación sobre la suspensión de las vacaciones del Papa por el conflicto religioso mexicano y la Convención de los Caballeros de Colón para definir su posición en el conflicto; la declaración del Arzobispo José Mora y del Río solicitando al Gral. Alvaro Obregón la eliminación de la constitución bolchevique; el ataque de los periódicos EXCELSIOR y EL UNIVERSAL a la política norteamericana contra Nicaragua; los ataques al gobierno del Gral. PEC por la legislación hacia los extranjeros; la revelación de las actividades agrícolas del Gral. Calles en su hacienda; las declaraciones de que el gobierno mexicano se está preparando militarmente para enfrentar cualquier conflicto y sigue firme en su propósito de hacer cumplir las nuevas leyes petroleras aunque no se descarta la posibilidad de una negociación.
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• The following circular was issued to physicians yesterday by Dr. John B. Anderson, City Health Officer:• "The local profession has loyally assisted the health department in the past and no valid reason can be advanced why that stanch [sic] support will not be continued. As long as time exists men capable of independent thinking will be more or less individualistic in their ideas as to methods of effectually developing fundamental problems. However, the potential of action in unity has been handed down through the experience of ages, and had become an axiomatic principle of democratic government. As a result of the prevalence abroad of the so-called Spanish influenza the health officer is taking such precautions to safeguard the health of the city as are indicated by conditions and the apparent nature of the malady. Doctor, you may have laudable convictions as to methods of fighting a crisis like the present at variance with the routine established by those now in authority. However, our mutual aim is identical-suppress the flu, save life. To that end we request during the period of this present epidemic of influenza, that you treat every case of cold coming to your attention as influenza until the contrary is established, at least to the extent of insisting on the same exacting requirements, to wit. Keep the patient isolated; deny visitors to his presence; and have him remain isolated from the public for at least three days after the temperature shall have been normal; inform your patients that the only thing new about 'Spanish Influenza' is the adjective; that it is none other than the old fashioned familiar influenza, alias is grippe, doiled up in a new dress"…. "The state board of health has made influenza a reportable disease, as well as pneumonia, both broncho and lobar. In reporting pneumonia, please state whether or not the primary cause was thought to be influenza. With pneumonia report include name, address and age of patient. In reporting influenza, total daily number of new cases is the information desired. Instruct your office attendant to look after this detail." ; Newspaper article ; 9
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