After a brief account of the origin of the Kosovo crisis & of the attempts made by the international community to bring it to a solution, in the present work, the Author starts analyzing the stands taken by States in relation to the declaration of independence issued on the 17 February 2008 by the Assembly of Kosovo. By weighing the validity of the arguments advanced in favour or against the independence of Kosovo, the Author first highlights the violation of the terms of the UN Security Council resolution 1244/99 by the unilateral declaration of independence & the contradictions & omissions inherent in the claim of uniqueness about Kosovo advanced by most of the States which have decided to recognize the new entity. The Author then claims that the independence of Kosovo cannot be characterized neither as an exercise of a (dubious) right to a remedial secession nor as a fait accompli. He therefore concludes that Kosovo does not qualify yet as a subject of international law, that the acts of recognition of the new entity adopted by several States are premature and, as such, illegitimate & that, notwithstanding it is resolutely denied in any official statement, the conduct of abovementioned States seems to be permeated by the philosophy of the remedial secession. Adapted from the source document.
Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto dei mercati europei e globali. Crisi, diritti, regolazione ; Il presente lavoro affronta il tema delle trasformazioni del diritto penale economico indotte dalla recente crisi economico-finanziaria, con l'intento di evidenziare come e in quale misura il contesto di crisi abbia influito sulle decisioni (legislative e giudiziarie, politiche e tecniche) di gestione, tramite pena, dei conflitti sociali. Passando per lo studio dei rapporti che storicamente intercorrono tra crisi e diritto, l'analisi si è sviluppata attraverso una sistematizzazione per tipologia dei fenomeni criminali associati alla crisi economico-finanziaria. Lo studio della risposta punitiva ai vari comportamenti criminali legati alla crisi, ossia i comportamenti crisis-related (le frodi finanziarie che s'inseriscono nella spiegazione multifattoriale della crisi), i comportamenti compulsati dalla crisi (in particolare, i reati d'obbligo in materia fiscale) e, infine, quelli incentivati (criminalità organizzata e criminalità del profitto in senso ampio) dalla crisi stessa, ha fatto emergere una caratterizzazione altamente congiunturale dell'intervento penalistico, segnato da un generale riorientamento dal fatto al fenomeno. Il lavoro ha altresì preso in esame, per operare un confronto e saggiarli nel contesto d'interesse, alcuni paradigmi penalistici di "crisi" già reperibili in dottrina (segnatamente, il diritto penale di transizione, d'eccezione e di lotta), anch'essi caratterizzati da congiunturalità e orientamento al fenomeno, finendo tuttavia col constatarne l'incapacità di spiegare compiutamente le torsioni subite dal diritto penale economico in relazione al fenomeno della crisi attuale. ; The aim of the present work is to analyse the impact of the latest global financial crisis of 2007-09 on the economic criminal law. In particular, I investigate whether and how the context of crisis has affected the various (legislative and judicial, political and technical) justifications behind the use of penalty as a tool to manage social conflicts. To this end, the analysis suggests a classification of the unlawful phenomena associated with the economic-financial crisis by making use of a criminological systematization. The use of penalty is thus observed as responding to criminal behaviours which are either crisis-related (financial frauds included in the multifactorial explanation of the crisis), crisis-compelled (in particular tax crimes) or, finally, crisis-incentivized (organized crime and "profit" crime in the broad sense). From this standpoint, criminal intervention shows a highly conjunctural characterization and appears to be much more phenomenon-oriented than fact-oriented. In the final part of the thesis, some classical criminal law paradigms of crisis were tested within the framework of the economic crisis (namely, the "transitional justice", the "criminal law of exception" and the "criminal law of fight" paradigms), also characterized by conjuncturality and orientation to the phenomenon. However, none of them seems able to fully explain the torsions undergone by economic criminal law in relation to the experience of the crisis.
Il presente contributo indaga due aspetti problematici dell'Unione Europea che emergono durante le crisi. Il primo riguarda il rapporto tra Stato e mercato, soprattutto con riferimento alla presenza della sfera pubblica nel mercato; il secondo, invece, si riferisce al ruolo che gli Stati membri riservano all'Unione Europea durante le emergenze. A tal riguardo, si prenderanno in esame, quali focus tematici: la crisi del debito greco, l'emergenza climatica e la crisi del Coronavirus. ; This paper explores two problematic aspects of European Union, which have emerged in the last few crisis. The first concerns the relation between the State and the market, referring specifically to the public intervention in the economy; the second one is related to the role reserved for the European Union by the Member States during the emergencies. In order to analyse these two issues, we'll take into consideration the greek crisis, the climate emergency and the Coronavirus crisis.
The essay shows the steps of the Italian policy for the broadband: they have been characterized by the difficult competitive interactions among the economic operators. This circumstance certifies the need for a proper activity of regulation, which is even more necessary in consideration of the decision of Agcm of 2020 regarding the private company Tim, who has been penalised for abuse of a dominant position. The invoked perspective is the collocation of the fast connection services among the universal ones, and this is extremely urgent when considering the extraordinary demand for digital services causedby the pandemic crisis. ; Il saggio ricostruisce le tappe della politica italiana per la bandalarga, che si sono finora caratterizzate per le difficili interazioni tra gli operatori sul piano delle dinamiche competitive: attestando l'esigenza di un'appropriata funzione di regolazione, tanto più necessaria dal momento che l'Agcm ha nel 2020 sanzionato la società privata Tim per violazione di abuso di posizione dominante. La prospettiva auspicata è quella di una più netta collocazione dei servizi di connessione tra quelli di natura universale, giustificata ulteriormente dalla crisi pandemica, che ha generato una consistente domanda di servizi digitali, a cui sempre più diffusamente va garantito l'accesso.
This paper looks at the recent debt crisis in Greece and argues that the crisis exemplifies a sequence of systematic mistakes made by International Financial Institutions, mistakes whose consequences had been clearly anticipated at the time of the first bail-out and could have been avoided. I will argue that the "original sin" of international creditors has been that of refinancing, rather than partially writing off, the debt. This mistake has led to excessively restrictive policies, and has ultimately to interventions of bail-out/in much larger than those which would have solved the problem at the outset, causing unnecessary pain to the economy and damaging both creditors' and debtors' interests.
La presente tesi indaga le potenzialità, in termini di criteri operativi di inserimento ambientale e procedure di intervento, che possono derivare dall'analisi dei fenomeni insediativi facendo riferimento ai concetti di 'transizione' e 'resilienza'. L'attuale periodo di crisi sembra scaturire dal disequilibrio di due fattori: le esigenze umane e l'ambiente. La contestualizzazione degli interventi, il graduale adattamento alle risorse ambientali locali e la valorizzazione dei processi "dal basso" sembrano consentire di riappropriarsi sia del valore identitario dei luoghi, dando risposta ai problemi di natura sociale evidenziati, sia della eco-compatibilità delle trasformazioni, del corretto utilizzo delle risorse energetiche e della gestione delle dinamiche economiche, in risposta ai problemi ambientali analizzati. Il prefigurare applicazioni pratiche del modello di trasformazione indagato alla scala edilizia, utilizzando tavole parametriche di analisi del costruito, viste d'insieme planivolumetriche ed elaborazioni di dati e immagini, può consentire la gestione di eventuali fasi di programmazione e di pianificazione da parte delle amministrazioni finalizzate a favorire e non ostacolare i presenti e futuri fenomeni di transizione. Particolarmente significativa appare l'analisi delle diverse tendenze di ricerca progettuale in atto, con riferimento a contributi caratterizzati da un'impostazione fenomenologica e tipo-morfologica, che dimostra l'attualità degli argomenti affrontati. La ricerca di Dottorato si conclude con l'applicazione dei criteri operativi di inserimento ambientale e delle procedure di intervento individuati ad uno specifico caso di studio. ; The thesis explores operational criteria and intervention procedures as derived from the analysis of settlement phenomena and related to the concepts of 'transition' and 'resilience'. The actual period of crisis seems to be originated from two unbalanced factors: human needs and environment. Fitting interventions in the 'context', gradually shifting to local sources, and empowering processes "from the the bottom" seem to offer both the possibility to regain place identity, answering to social problems, and to generate eco-compatible solutions, with the proper use of energy sources and the right management of local economic dynamics. Foreshadowing practical applications of the transformation model, through various tables, aerial views and architectural sketches, can help the government of the next stages of programmation and planning at urban scale, in order to facilitate and not to hinder present and future transition phenomena. One of the main chapter is dedicated to the various field of research characterized by the phenomenological and typo-morphological approach, demonstrating the actuality of the analyzed issues. In the last chapter criteria and procedures proposed for environmental integration are applied to a specific case study.
La storiografia incentrata sul tema della Cassa per il Mezzogiorno è molto ampia e si sviluppa in relazione non solo alle questioni generali riguardanti l'intervento straordinario, ma anche alle molteplici forme di articolazione settoriale e territoriale dell'iniziativa pubblica per la ripresa e lo sviluppo del Sud. Una ricostruzione puntuale delle vicende della Cassa, che per oltre un quarantennio– anche se con diversità di impostazione nelle varie fasi –ha operato come strumento delle strategie per lo sviluppo del Mezzogiorno, richiede un impegno molto approfondito. Tuttavia, anche senza effettuare una dettagliata cronistoria dell'attività dell'Ente, si può ricomporre una visione d'insieme, attraverso l'interpretazione di un modello di intervento pubblico collegato strettamente agli eventi economici concreti e all'andamento dei processi di industrializzazione che hanno interessato i territori meridionali.La scelta di una prospettiva di lungo periodo, imperniata sull'analisi dell'intervento straordinario nel suo complesso, ha permesso un giudizio più equilibrato su tutta l'epoca dell'azione "aggiuntiva" dello Stato per il recupero del divario meridionale, superando eccessive semplificazioni nella valutazione di quell'esperienza e confutando pareri sommari sui suoi risultati, spesso privi di fondamento. Al tempo stesso, una visione ampia ha fatto emergere un percorso in grado di associare il caso della Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, controverso e difficile, ma considerato anche un modello tra i più avanzati a livello internazionale, a un tema di grande importanza, come quello delle politiche di sviluppo adottate per affrontare i problemi dell'arretratezza economica e per avviare a soluzione i dilemmi del dualismo.L'analisi effettuata ha provato l'esistenza di un indiscutibile progresso economico nel periodo della golden age. Durante quell'epoca di prosperità non solo si realizzò un notevole avanzamento delle aree del Paese che già possedevano un'armatura industriale, ma si ottenne, contemporaneamente, il risultato, per nulla scontato, di una modernizzazione della struttura economica del Mezzogiorno –attraverso la politica delle opere pubbliche, prima, e dell'industrializzazione vera e propria, poi– nonché, di un recupero del divario accumulato con le regioni settentrionali. In questo modo, l'intervento straordinario, indirizzato verso obiettivi macroeconomici e guidato da una tecnostruttura come quella della Cassa, al tempo stesso autonoma e reattiva alle scelte strategiche del governo, si dimostrò lo strumento più efficace e innovativo per fare dell'Italia intera una potenza industriale. L'allontanamento da questi esiti, nella fase successiva dominata dalla crisi petrolifera e dalle politiche di ristrutturazione industriale, pur determinando una netta inversione di tendenza, non ha messo in discussione il valore dell'esperienza iniziale della Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, capace di aprire la strada alla crescita economica italiana negli anni del boom.Historiography focusing on the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno is indeed vast and developed not only in regard to the main issues concerning the extraordinary intervention, but also to the various sectorial and territorial articulations public interventions for the recovery of Southern Italy undertook. Achieving a punctual reconstruction of the goings-on of the Cassa, an istitution that, for more than forty years –despite some differences in planning during its various phases– operated as an instrument to implement the strategies focusing on developing Southern Italy, requires a very deep commitment. However, an effective overall view can be reconstructed by interpreting a public intervention model strictly linked to the concrete economic events and to the trends of those industrial processes implemented in Southern Italy, even without going through a detailed chronicle of this entity.The choice of a long-term perspective, focused on the analysis of the extraordinary intervention in its entirety, allowed for a more balanced evaluation of all the era regarding the "supplementary" actions the Italian State carried out to bridge the gap of its Southern regions, going beyond the exaggerated simplifications plaguing the evaluations of such an experience and confuting those hasty, often baseless, judgments on the results it achieved. At the same time, a wide viewpoint on the matter let a research path emerge, able to link the specific case of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, itself difficult and controversial, while being considered one of the most advanced models internationally, with a very significant theme, such as the development policies implemented to tackle the problems of economic backwardness and to begin solving the dilemmas brought by the dualism.The analysis which was carried out proved the existence of an unquestionable economic progress during the golden age. In that era of prosperity, not only did the areas in Italy already possessing a significant industrial presence experience significant advancement, all the while, the result, by no means granted, of a modernized economic structure in Southern Italy was achieved –first through a policy focused on public works and then by true forms of industrialization– and of a significant recovery of the gap the area had towards the Northern regions of Italy. Thus, the extraordinary intervention, focused on macroeconomic goals and driven by a technical structure such as the Cassa, itself autonomous and reacting towards governmental choices at the same time, revealed itself to be the most effective and innovative tool in turning the whole of Italy into an industrial power. The departure from such results in the following phase, dominated by the oil crisis and by the policies of industrial reconstruction, despite triggering a significant trend inversion, never questioned the value of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno's initial experience, which was able to open and show the way to economical growth, during the Italian boom years.
Five years after the beginning of the Libyan conflict, the political situation is swinging between the efforts for a diplomatic solution under the auspices of the United Nations and the possibility of a new international military intervention. The migratory dimension of the crisis and its increasing dynamics in connection with the Libyan civil war have now become one of the main argument in order to support the plan for a new military intervention in the country. Beyond the conflict, the chapter argues that Libya has continued to be mainly a country of destination despite any recurrent representation of Libya as a country of transit on the route toward Europe. In a context of crisis and state fragmentation, the policies for migrants' containment that Italy and the European Union have implemented in collaboration with the Libyan authorities unexpectedly reveal a process of institutional re-building from 2012 up to the resumption of the civil war in 2014. ; À cinq ans de distance du début du conflit en Libye, la situation oscille aujourd'hui entre les tentatives de médiation sous l'égide des Nations Unies et la menace d'une nouvelle intervention internationale. Précisément, la dimension migratoire de la crise, c'est-à-dire celle des flux liés de différente manière et en différentes directions au cycle de la guerre civile en Libye a fini par accéder au statut d'argument par excellence pour justifier l'hypothèse d'une nouvelle intervention dans le pays. Au-delà des logiques de guerre, le texte montre comment la Libye avait continué à être un pays de destination avant tout, contrairement aux représentations habituelles de ce pays comme simple terre de passage vers l'Europe. En ce sens, les différentes politiques italiennes et européennes mises en oeuvre en collaboration avec les autorités libyennes révèlent que, dans un contexte de crise et de fragmentation de l'État, les politiques migratoires et les intérêts stratégiques européens sont à la base d'un processus de reconstruction institutionnelle entre 2012 et 2014, avant l'escalade du conflit dans le pays. ; À cinq ans de distance du début du conflit en Libye, la situation oscille aujourd'hui entre les tentatives de médiation sous l'égide des Nations Unies et la menace d'une nouvelle intervention internationale. Précisément, la dimension migratoire de la crise, c'est-à-dire celle des flux liés de différente manière et en différentes directions au cycle de la guerre civile en Libye a fini par accéder au statut d'argument par excellence pour justifier l'hypothèse d'une nouvelle intervention dans le pays. Au-delà des logiques de guerre, le texte montre comment la Libye avait continué à être un pays de destination avant tout, contrairement aux représentations habituelles de ce pays comme simple terre de passage vers l'Europe. En ce sens, les différentes politiques italiennes et européennes mises en oeuvre en collaboration avec les autorités libyennes révèlent que, dans un contexte de crise et de fragmentation de l'État, les politiques migratoires et les intérêts stratégiques européens sont à la base d'un processus de reconstruction institutionnelle entre 2012 et 2014, avant l'escalade du conflit dans le pays.
The paper attempts to examine the recent events surrounding the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and their consequences. On one hand it gives an account of the institutional crisis unfolded since December 2016, which started with the suspension of the Grand Chancellor decreed by the Grand Master. However, following a direct intervention on the matter from the Holy See, the Grand Master resigned from his office and a new Lieutenant was elected in his place. On the other hand it points out the most predictable outcomes of the constitutional reform process launched after the resolution of this crisis, with a particular consideration for the role of the professed Knights in the government of the Order – an aspect which is strictly linked to the relation with the Holy See – and for the balance of powers between the Grand Magistry and the other executive bodies, especially the Sovereign Council.
This paper reports the data of an exploratory research conducted with a group of Roman citizens who were asked what they thought about the possibility of assessing the parenting of families considered at risk over the parental expertise. Citizens were interviewed and the interviews were submitted to AET, Emotional Analysis of the Text. Assessing parenting often involves families with internal conflicts. We think the conflict is not only there. Conflicts also cross the theoretical, legal, and political hypotheses, which base the opportunity to intervene within the issues involved in parental evaluation. They are also found in the relationship between families and services. Legal and sociological literature advise the presence of these conflicts and discuss the issues; whereas the psychological and psychiatric one is focused on the application of techniques, whether they are evaluation, psychotherapy, re-education. This perspective does not consider the conflicting complexity which founds the parental evaluation, but it is focused only on the family. We were interested in analysing, in this context, what is the citizens' perception of the evaluation of parenting, who are their potential customers and users; in particular, if and how these conflictual dynamics are perceived by them. After the analysis of the interview, the data outline three cultures. One proposes the traditional Italian family, the feminised family and designated to the care of members in difficulty within the home wall; family today in a strong crisis within processes of change. Another proposes the centrality of the court and the legal culture, founded on evaluations and resolving actions that often can result in child custody actions. These two cultures contrast: when the traditional family is missing, the court appears. There is no counseling which concerns the changes of the family. Psychological and neuropsychiatric counseling agencies do not appear in the data, except for social services, in any case subordinated to the court. A third culture proposes an "ideal" adult, who with balance and reflection skills, has to face a fearful context, but it is an isolated individual, without a relational context of reference. This culture seems to opposite the dissolution of relational contexts – state, organizations, family – to the idealized individual, self-determined and alone. The development of psychological function in the assessment of parenting concerns two aspects: the importance of studying the complexity of the social mandate and the intervention with the conflicting relationships of the family and of all the other actors involved.
Ambitions and cultural exploitations in response to the crisis. Discourses and urban metamorphosis in Cagliari. – This contribution reflects on how the cultural dimension is embedded in the "narrative" on the city (Cagliari) as a pos-sible answer to the problems of the current economic and social crisis. Our hypothesis is that the use of "miraculous" values of culture is the 'Trojan Horse' to legitimize neoliberal policies and actions on the city, where almost get confused public interventions of actual value but also speculative interests of private individuals. This hypothesis is argued by analyzing the speeches and achievements of some projects based on ex-plicit cultural and symbolic values, ambitions and/or exploitations. These also involve the ambition of a projection of the city on the international scene: from "Cagliari capital of the Mediterranean" to "Cagliari Europe-an Capital of Culture"
Il contributo si sofferma sulle nuove prospettive dell'intervento pubblico nell'economia alla luce della risposta dell'Unione europea alla crisi pandemica e dei suoi possibili riflessi sul piano costituzionale. L'analisi è svolta facendo riferimento ad alcune disposizioni della "Costituzione economica" italiana e, in primis, agli artt. 41 e 43 Cost. e si sviluppa considerando le recenti evoluzioni del c.d. "Golden Power" ; The essay focuses on the new perspectives of public intervention in the economy in the light of the European Union's response to the pandemic crisis and its impact on the Italian constitutional system. The analysis is carried out with reference to some provisions of the "Italian Economic Constitution" such as Articles 41 and 43 of the Constitution and is developed considering the recent evolutions of the so-called "Golden Power".
The paper delves into the Afghanistan crisis in a regional perspective. It frames the regional and international influences in the country emphasizing the interdependence between global and regional interferences. It argues that regional actors tend to gain more freedom of action in Afghan affairs when global actors – empires or superpowers – disengage from the country. Conversely, when global powers are intervening (as during the Great Game, the Soviet occupation or the US intervention since 2001), regional actors lose their sway. Accordingly, the paper investigates the recent crisis in Afghanistan identifying three phases starting from the US mission launched in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks: the G.W. Bush approach to the military campaign in Afghanistan (2001-2008); the Af-Pak Strategy implemented by the Obama administration (2009-2014); the years of international withdrawal (2015-2019). For each period, the analysis underlines the activism of regional actors in Afghanistan and how it becomes prominent when the global power tends to disengage.
Europe today is crossed by a strong demand for autonomy from the territories: on the one hand, to protect the identities of local communities and, on the other, for the growing demand for a wider representation of resident citizens. However, these requests can jeopardize the objectives of balance and integration between parts of the territory and between those who live in them, objectives that have always been at the center of reflection and proposals developed in the context of regional sciences. The recent crisis has heightened instability and widened economic and social gaps not only between regions, but also within the regions themselves. The North-South gaps in Italy have further increased and, in a post-crisis phase, this unstoppable process requires ever greater scientific and policy insights in terms of commitment and intervention capacity. If the economic growth of the past decade had found impetus in expanding the spaces of relationships and exchanges, the responses to the threats brought about by the crisis materialized in the closure of borders and in the defense of local levels of well-being. A particular specification of this theme also concerns the relationships between urban and rural territories and local systems, between plains and mountains as well as mountain areas, . The preface is therefore an acute reflection on issues of urgent relevance for Italy and of great interest for the regional sciences, accepting important scientific and policy challenges.
