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Expert advice played a pivotal role in shaping the COVID-19 policy responses of different countries. Such measures had wide ranging impacts beyond health, including education, economy, law, and other societal aspects. Thus, analysis of how expertise was utilised and adjusted to adapt to changes during the crisis can draw valuable insights into how to better prepare policy advisory systems to respond to future crises. Here we examine the dynamics of COVID-19 policy advisory systems in Belgium and Australia through interviews with 34 experts directly involved during the first two years of the crisis. We examine the temporal changes in how expert advice was sought, provided, and utilised for crisis decision-making, and the various expert groupings and their relationships over time. In both countries, there was policy learning and adjustment, signalled primarily by an expansion in the breadth of perceived relevant expertise as the scope was re-framed from a 'health' crisis to an all-encompassing socio-economic crisis. In Australia, policy responses were shaped by a relatively cohesive inter-governmental group of senior health bureaucrats who became gatekeepers of the evidence presented to state and federal government leaders in the National Cabinet. In Belgium, the more fragmented and changing array of advisory groups reflected tensions within crisis management arrangements, resulting in divergent expert opinions both within the formal advisory groups and in the public realm throughout the crisis. Our findings build on the policy advisory systems and policy learning literature and suggest that more adaptive frameworks and principles be developed for specific contexts.

"This volume presents the first thorough sociologically-informed legal analysis of the financial crisis which unfolded in 2008. It combines a multitude of theoretically informed analyses of the causes, dynamics and reactions to the crisis and contextualises these within the general structural transformations characterising contemporary society. It furthermore explores the constitutional implications of the crisis and suggests concrete changes to the constitutional set-up of contemporary society. Although the question of individual responsibility is of crucial importance, the central idea animating the volume is that the crisis cannot be reduced to a mere failure of risk perception and management for which individual and collective actors within and outside of financial organisations are responsible. The 2008 crisis should rather be understood as a symptom of far deeper structural transformations. For example contemporary society is characterised by massive accelerations in the speed with which societal processes are reproduced as well as radical expansions in the level of globalisation. These transformations have, however, been asymmetrical in nature insofar as the economic system has outpaced its legal and political counterparts. The future capability of legal and political systems to influence economic reproduction processes is therefore conditioned by equally radical transformations of their respective operational forms and self-understanding. Potentially the 2008 crisis, therefore, has far-reaching constitutional implications"--Provided by publisher

Contents: Foreword / Sirkku Juhola Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Farewell to the holocene city / Francisco Javier Carrillo -- Part I: Urban climate vulnerability 1. Unprecedented challenge: Implications for climate resilient urban planning / Anja Wejs -- 2. Insights and challenges from oxfam's disaster management work / Janice Ian Manlutac, Velina Petrova and Irene Guijt -- 3. Down scale agency / Lelani M. Mannetti -- 4. The impossibility of accelerated risk management possible pathways / Theresa Scavenius -- Part II: Pioneer movements in city preparedness -- 5. Directory of urban preparedness / Tatiana Schreiner -- 6. Local adaptation plans: Comparisons and lessons learned / Charlotte da Cunha and Elena Lioubimtseva -- 7. Can salutogenesis contribute to prepare cities for climate change? / Ruca Maass, Monica Lillefjell and Kirsti S. Anthun -- 8.competencies for viable subsistence / Danuta Kaźmierczak -- Part III: Indicators and benchmarking -- 9. Cities and climate change: A review of current metrics / Priscila Nesello and Ana Cristina Fachinelli -- 10. Knowledge city benchmarking and the makci experience / Blanca C. Garcia -- 11. Learnings from knowledge-based development metrics / Ana Cristina Fachinelli, Rafael L. Perini and Priscila Nesello -- 12. Capital systems for city preparedness: A framework / Omar Zermeño -- Part IV: Deep innovation and knowledge markets for city preparedness -- 13. Deep innovation / Thomas J. Burns -- 14. Knowledge markets regimes for the urban climate emergency / Francisco Javier Carrillo -- 15. The sharing cosmopolis: Prosperity without growth / Douglas Kelbaugh -- 16. Effective collaborative climate change governance in urban areas / Lorena Pasquini, Dania Petrik, Balbina Nyamakura, Kate Strachan, Meggan Spires, Sheona Shackleton and Gina Ziervogel -- Part V: Staying with urban trouble -- 17. Urban dysfunctionalities before the anthropocene / Ali Modarres -- 18. Bunkerization: Elite preparedness and retreat in the anthropocene / Daniel South and Nigel South -- 19. Climate change, migration, and preparedness / Stephan A. Schwartz -- 20. Relocation and climate migration / Immaculata Olu Omojola and Mike Boni Bazza -- Part VI: Urban futures -- 21. Urban autonomous zones and the mitigation of climate disasters / Oliver Kellhammer -- 22. Urban relational capital and new transaction regimes / Angel Eustorgio Rivera, Gibran Rivera and Francisco Javier Carrillo -- 23. Neo-medievalism: Self-governed sub national governments / Ravindra K. Srivastava -- 24. An object-oriented framework for subsistence assurance / Jose I. Icaza -- Part VII: Re-imagining the city -- 25. Political economies of 'the commons' / Gavin Keeney, Owen O'Carroll and David S. Jones -- 26. A youth perspective on green local urban futures / Joshua Amponsem, Nathalie Sänger and Marie-Claire Graf -- 27. Fostering resilient co-learning ecosystems in the city / Raphaële Bidault-Waddington -- 28. Regenerative urban development / Beth Schaefer Caniglia Conclusion to City Preparedness for the Climate Crisis / Cathy Garner -- Index.

This paper provides a formal assessment of the effectiveness of the use of fear and anger on the decision to initiate a crisis. The formalization employs the finding that fearful decision-makers are risk-averting across frames and make pessimistic risk assessments, and that angry decision-makers are risk-seeking across frames and make optimistic risk assessments. The work presented here employs a sequential decision analysis based on the two-sided incomplete information version of the Traditional Deterrence Game. The analysis shows when the use of the emotions of fear and anger is effective, ineffective, and counterproductive in altering the decision to initiate or not initiate a crisis. [Reprinted by permission; copyright Sage Publications Ltd.]

"In den letzten Monaten hat die französische Haltung gegenüber der europäischen Wirtschaftspolitik eine spektakuläre Wende vollzogen. Von Eurobonds und einer Banklizenz für den Europäischen Stabilitätsmechanismus ist in Paris keine Rede mehr, sondern nur noch von Haushaltskoordinierung und Schuldenbremse nach dem deutschen Modell. Diese konsensträchtigen Töne dürfen aber nicht vergessen lassen, dass in der französischen Öffentlichkeit die Meinungen zu diesem Thema weit auseinander gehen. Dabei werden zwei Fragen besonders kontrovers diskutiert: Wie können sich die EU-Staaten zu mehr Haushaltsdisziplin verpflichten, ohne gleichzeitig Wachstumsperspektiven zu gefährden? Und wie sollen die EU-Mitgliedstaaten auf Ungleichgewichte in der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und im Außenhandel reagieren?
Indem Alain Fabre die Notwendigkeit integrierter Finanzpolitik betont und die gemeinsame Steuerung nationaler Finanzpolitiken als eine neue Etappe politischer und wirtschaftlicher EU-Integration begrüßt, bringt er das neue Bewusstsein für die Schuldengefahr zum Ausdruck. Ermöglicht wurde der Fiskalpakt dadurch, dass sich Frankreich und die Mehrheit der europäischen Staaten dem deutschen Ziel der Haushaltssanierung angeschlossen haben. Das Gleichgewicht beider Länder sei nicht nur für die Dynamik des deutsch-französischen Duos entscheidend, sondern auch für eine weitere Vertiefung der ökonomischen Integration. Diese ist jedoch durch die unterschiedliche Gewichtung öffentlicher Ausgaben in beiden Ländern bedroht. Um dem entgegenzuwirken, müsse in Frankreich der Abbau des Haushaltsdefizits und der Schulden vorrangiges Ziel sein.
Für Arnaud Lechevalier hingegen ist die gegenwärtige Strategie der EU-Mitgliedstaaten zum Scheitern verurteilt. Abgesehen von der Finanzproblematik in Griechenland, sei die Krise der Eurozone in ihrem Ursprung keine Staatsverschuldungskrise, sondern sei vielmehr durch die übermäßige Verschuldung privater Akteure ausgelöst worden. Dieses Schlüsselproblem könne die Fiskalunion keineswegs lösen. Außerdem werde sich die Begrenzung des strukturellen Defizits nach dem Vorbild der deutschen Verfassungsreform langfristig negativ auf das Wachstum auswirken; diese Begrenzung müsste sich vielmehr auf die Ausgaben jenseits von Investitionen beziehen. Der Fiskalpakt, so Lechevalier, birgt weder für die Banken- und Finanzkrise, in der sich die der Staaten spiegelt, noch für das zentrale Problem der unterschiedlichen wirtschaftlichen Leistungen der EU-Mitgliedstaaten in den Bereichen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Außenhandelsbilanz eine Lösung." [Autorenreferat]

Abstract Brazil's Southeast region has been facing water supply challenges, especially concerning the metropolitan region of São Paulo, since 2014. We adressed the water crisis from the disaster's point of view, considering that one of the guiding features to characterize a disaster is the amount of affected people and the losses associated. In the situation under review, there are people directly affected, because of intermittent house water supply, and indirectly affected by the increase of prices for goods, since their production and manufacturing depend on the availability of water. We presented each of the stages of a disaster risk management: prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. The risk of water scarcity in São Paulo is only one aspect of the discussion involving the effectiveness of management processes and the need for investments in the area, especially in reducing wasteful distribution.

This is the thoroughly revised fourth edition of the widely-used and established standard text on public management reform. The new edition retains the historical perspective back to 1980, but now directly addresses the pervasive effects of the Global Economic Crisis of 2008 on public sectors in the three continents covered

Artykuł omawia najczęściej występujące w literaturze przedmiotu style kierowania pracownikami, a także próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie o optymalny styl kierowania w sytuacji kryzysu w przedsiębiorstwie. Sytuacja ta jest niezwykle trudna zarówno dla kadry kierowniczej, jak i pracowników. Często decydującą rolę odgrywa tu czas. Dlatego też menedżerowie powinni przyjmować styl kierowania adekwatny do zaistniałej sytuacji. Czasami będzie to styl demokratyczny, zdecydowanie częściej autokratyczny. W opracowaniu zawarto wyniki badań empirycznych przeprowadzonych wśród 138 przedsiębiorstw znajdujących się w kryzysie. ; This article discusses the most common in the literature staff management styles, and tries to answer the question about the optimal management style in a crisis situation in the company. This situation is a very difficult for both managers and employees. Often, time plays a decisive role. Therefore, managers should take the leadership style appropriate to the situation. Sometimes it will be a democratic style, far more autocratic. The paper contains the results of empirical research conducted among 138 companies in crisis situations.

Most of people have believed that corporate social responsibility (CSR) played a significant role in the 2008 global financial crisis. However, little research has been done to reflect on the underlying issues of CSR in connection to the financial crisis. This collection brings together leading scholarly thinking to understand why CSR failed to prevent the global financial crisis, how corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) contributed to the financial crisis, and how we may reframe CSR or improve CSR frameworks to help prevent or mitigate any future financial and economic crises. While the conventional CSR theories are identified as an implicit construction of alienated CSR, a new perspective of CSR, namely, an embedded CSR, is proposed in this volume. CSR involves a variety of issues and demands continuing and multidisciplinary explorations. As a pioneering research into embedded CSR, this volume concentrates on three key themes: A critical review of the role of CSR played in the financial crisis and its underlying theses; A unique understanding of the institutionalization of CSR in codified rules and the application of CSR into business and management; and An in-depth exploration of the future direction of CSR as post-crisis agenda.

Rawa Pening is an ecological system which plays an important social role for surrounding residents. Human activities which exploited it initiate crisis of fishery natural resources. Rawa Pening management could not ignore involvement of stakeholders if it is expected to be sustained. However, existing imbalance distribution of role among stakeholders, namely government and community directly depended on Rawa Pening has directed to unresolved conflicting situation and degradation of the resource. This research is intended to formulate strategic policy in managing lake based on co-management. Co-management sample determinated by purposive sampling method in four villages around Rawa Pening Lake. Analisys of the data includes stakeholders analysis, interpretative structural modelling, and co-management analysis. The research results confirm that community directly depended on the resource is the key stakeholders although they have insignificant influence on policy development and management. Co-management institution for managing the lake can be developed in order to empower community and enhance their role in managing lake's resources. Key words: lake, stakeholders, co-management

This paper investigates the role of governance dimensions in socio-economic transitions in line with degrowth, i.e., an equitable downscaling of the economy. Our focus is on experiences from the 2008 economic crisis in Latvia and Iceland. Although these cases are not in themselves examples of degrowth, we see them as important sources of empirical learning from major socio-economical transitions; furthermore, we see crises as possible starting points for future degrowth transitions. This paper applies a governance framework to explore the vast differences in management strategies and crisis outcomes in Latvia and Iceland. In Iceland, public resistance led to a shift in policy measures such that economic inequality and the negative social consequences of the crisis decreased. In Latvia, public resistance existed but had no strong influence. The outcome in Latvia included none of the elements of equitable downscaling found in the case of Iceland. These two cases show how differences in formal institutional arrangements, political culture and societal trust affect different governance dimensions during a time of crisis. The analysis illustrates the importance of institutional and governance dimensions in major socio-economical transitions, and demonstrates how they influence the kind of transition that can be realized.

Between 2002 and 2004 Spain was jolted by two big crisis scenarios with a very different nature but two common characteristics. On one hand, they required an immediate response of some magnitude and complex management. On the other, they both caused a very deep impact on Spanish society and politics. Such two characteristics made them especially interesting in order to analyzed multiple aspects related to decisionmaking and "first response" management as a reaction against catastrophes. We can also withdraw several lessons about which factors and criteria are employed by critical actors to evaluate crisis management and "first response" as successful. This article focuses on the lessons learned by analyzing two singular events occurred in Spain and partly associated to very Spanish civic culture keys and political dynamics. At the same time, both of them have similar features and iconic meaning to other more recent crisis occurred in other places around the world. The first case studied is the crisis provoked by the accident of the oil ship "Prestige", drawn in November 2002, 130 miles away from the Spanish coast in Galicia. It poured around 64.000 tones of oil in the Atlantic Ocean. It provoked a huge ecological disaster mainly in Galicia though to a great extent it reached 2.500Kms of coastal line, from the North of Portugal to the South of France. The second one is the terrorist attack of March 11th, 2004 in Madrid. A cell of Islamist terrorists linked to Al Qaeda made explode simultaneously ten bombs in train stations and suburban trains in four different locations. More than 1.600 people were injured and 191 were killed. The analysis of crisis management success criteria and factors is framed in two competitive research projects 1 . Three different qualitative research techniques are employed: (a) interviews to critical actors involved in crisis management; (b) semistructured questionnaires addressed to key informants; and (c) four workshops, composed by experts, managers and decisionmakers involved in Prestige Oil Spill and M11 crisis. The method used is an original and renewed version of the Nominal Group Technique (NGT). The application of these techniques was complemented with the information obtained out of other sources such as official reports, press releases, articles and specialized monographs and some results of the inquiries carried out by the Spanish Center of Sociological Research (CIS)

Attempting to create greater understanding of the political dynamics that influence domestic disaster relief and management (DRM) in Thailand, this article takes a closer look at these dynamics by outlining the main actors involved in flood-related DRM. It acknowledges the importance of international and military actors but emphasises the role of national and subnational authorities. The article then identifies the central issues of DRM governance as capacity and bureaucracy and discusses these through a chronological assessment of the flood crisis in Thailand in 2011, interweaving the colourful domestic politics with various political cleavages and dichotomies, and thereby distinguishing between three main dichotomies which it considers as the central drivers of the political dynamics and institutional development of DRM. These issues can be summarised as old versus new institutions, technocracy versus bureaucracy and centralised (but with direct people-orientation through greater channels of citizenry participation) versus decentralised bureaucracy with an indirect orientation towards people. (JCSA/GIGA)

OECD countries face a challenge in responding to the growing demand for doctors and nurses over the next 20 years. This arises in a world which is already characterised by significant international migration of health workers, both across OECD countries and between some developing countries and the OECD area.What combination of human-resource management policies and migration policies have OECD countries adopted? How do migration and other health-workforce policies interact with each other? How can destination countries build a sustainable health workforce? What are the consequences of emigration of doctors and nurses for origin countries? This book provides new evidence on each of these questions and identifies possible ways forward. It is the main outcome of a joint OECD-WHO project on the management of health-related human resources and international migration.