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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of social assistance to the elderly in crisis. The scientific novelty of the study lies in а need to create the concept of «social assistance to the elderly in terms of social risks and threats to life and health» as a new area of research that will summarize developments in the social sciences and humanities. The concept will help reduce the level of social and vital threat to the benefit of life, overcomes the crisis and a new organization of own vital activity, by the state – effective social policy and social protection for vulnerable elderly, by civil society – a system of volunteering and mutual assistance. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study bases on an interdisciplinary approach, which relies on the concepts of philosophy, law, psychology, sociology, and other sciences. The system approach as a methodology allows studying the «system of social assistance to the elderly» as a complex system that includes a set of connections, relations between government agencies, and non-governmental organizations whose activities aim at providing social services; «mechanisms for providing social assistance to the elderly» – as a set of practical measures, methods, forms, methods, principles, tools through which social policy implements in the system of social services. Conclusions. The changing social reality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is challenging the social and welfare security of the elderly. The need for social assistance is increasing, and the possibilities of using its traditional forms in lockdown conditions are narro­wing. In a pandemic, the system of providing social services at the recipients' place of residence is of great importance, which increases the requirements for developing an effective mechanism to provide assistance in united territorial communities and to develop new forms of work, especially digital, in emergencies that threaten the lives and health and social ...

International management research seems to be victim of a identity crisis. It is not clear whatmakes international management different enough to regard it a separate research field. Inthis paper it is argued that this has to do with the tendency in international managementresearch to adopt a methodology akin to the logical-empiricism of the natural sciences (theword 'methodology is used here to refer to the ontological and epistemological assumptionson which research is based). If the challenges formed by the unique character of the field ofinternational management are thought through radically, this leads to a turn away from thelogical-empiricist model, and towards a methodology which does justice to the fundamentalproblems of bridging distance which are typical for international management. This distancecan be of a geographical, social, political, economic, cultural or linguistic nature. The problemof bridging distances exists for practitioners of international management, as well as forresearchers in this field. Hermeneutics, in which the problem of bridging the distance betweenan interpreting subject and the phenomena to be interpreted is given a central position, isdiscussed as a particularly fruitful methodology for international management research. As anexample, a hermeneutic reading of a number of clinical studies of international joint venturesis presented.

The article discusses the research methodology of Uzbek language syntax and its problems. Linguistics is inextricably linked with sciences such as philosophy, logic, and political science, and the relationship between language and thought has been one of the main issues of both linguistics and philosophy. Even when language and thought are taken separately, they become the object of study of linguistics and philosophy. Thinking and ideology are interdependent phenomena that require each other. This is also based on the fact that their terms are etymologically related. When it comes to the commonality of language and thought, their interconnectedness requires that they be in contact with the concept of ideology at the same time.

The paper explores the development of the methodology of criminology research, the object of the research is to conduct a global systemic crisis, the aim of this work is methodological aspects criminology research to achieve this goal, solved the following tasks: study of the crisis as part of political and socio-economic process; explore the concept of crisis, sources, mechanism of development and a mechanism for crisis management; development of methodology of the science of crises and effective management anticrisis; the article presents the classification of crises, the crisis is considered as an element of the development process, which has its own specific functions and methods of resolution. It is proved that for effective management of the crisis requires further development of the methodology of crisis management in the science of crisis management, the object of which is the crisis of various organizations, justified, that psychology of crisis research and crisis management can be considered as a factor capable to reduce or increase the effectiveness of crisis research and crisis management in the organization.

The COVID-19 pandemic forced national governments and administrations to seek flexible solutions to deal with the emergency. Thus, the main purpose of the current study is to design a model of a flexible methodology based on detailed flexible methodologies to make decisions and measures connected to COVID-19 pandemic to be effectively applied without the loss of meaning and within a short time. For the creation of the methodology, we used comprehensive desk research based upon a literature review in the period May 2021–November 2021. As a result, an expandable set of relevant methodologies for crisis management and flexible methodologies was identified, modeled, and formalized using a broad literature review and an innovative model of a flexible methodology for crisis management was created in accordance with standardized concepts, transforming them into secondary use models. Furthermore, an algorithm for taking measures and decisions in crisis conditions was designed. The next step is to implement the methodology, which is planned for future empirical research. The findings provide an innovative model of a flexible methodology that could be used by academic and business representatives, public institutions of central and local government, and private stakeholders.

Ekoinovācijas iniciatīva tika izstrādāta kā viens no galvenajiem stūrakmeņiem ilgtspējīgai, viedai un integrētai izaugsmei kā atbildes reakcijas uz finansiālo lejupslīdi un arvien jaunām sociālām problēmām. Tomēr eksperti arvien biežāk norāda, ka viena svarīga saikne joprojām iztrūkst – kamēr, galvenokārt, visa uzmanība tiek koncentrēta uz tehniskajiem jauninājumiem un apkārtējās vides aizsardzību, sociālie aspekti pārsvarā netiek ņemti vērā. Šie sociālie aspekti ietver cilvēkus, ekonomikas, politikas, organizatoriskās un citas mijiedarbības sistēmā. Apvienojot šīs trīs jomas – sociālo, tehnisko un apkārtējās vides – autore pētīja tā saucamās sociotehniskās sistēmas. Pašlaik izpēte, izmantojot sociālos un tehniskos aspektus, lai studētu pārejas procesus, ir sadrumstalota, gan starp dažādām gadījumu izpētēm, gan dažādām izmantotajām metodēm, gan zinātnes jomām. Jo īpaši enerģētikas izpētes jomā lielākā daļa pētniecības darbu aplūko sistēmu tehnoloģiski ekonomiskos aspektus, līdz šim tikai dažos darbos ir mēģināts iekļaut arī sociotehniskās perspektīvas. Ir konstatēts, ka trūkst skaidras holistiskas metodoloģijas, tāpēc šī darba galvenais mērķis ir saistīt inženierzinātņu un sociālo zinātņu izpētes jomas, lai radītu šādu holistisku modelēšanas pieeju. Tāpēc promocijas darbs fokusējas uz metodoloģijas veidošanas gaitu. Kā gadījuma izpētes objekts šajā darbā ir izmantots mājsaimniecību sektors. Laika gaitā tika attīstīta izmantoto metodiku sarežģītība, lai atbilstu pieaugošās sarežģītības pētniecības jautājumiem. Autore šajā darbā apskata sociotehniskos pārejas procesus, raugoties no dažādu nozaru, piemēram, enerģijas izmantošanas, pārveides un pārvaldības, inovāciju difūzijas un citu Pārejas procesi tika aplūkoti arī no dažādu izmantoto metodiku skatupunkta, pētot šo metodiku kombinācijas. Un pēdējais, bet ne mazāk svarīgais – darbā pārejas procesi tiek aplūkoti no dažādu zinātnes nozaru – gan inženierzinātņu, gan sociālo zinātņu – viedokļa. Promocijas darba pamatā ir sešas tematiski vienotas zinātniskās publikācijas, kas publicētas dažādos zinātniskajos žurnālos, pieejamas zinātniskajās informācijas krātuvēs un ietvertas starptautiskās datubāzēs. Šo publikāciju mērķis ir pārnest un aprobēt sociotehniko pāreju izpētes ietvaru. Šis darbs sastāv no ievada un trīs nodaļām. Darba ievads definē tā mērķi un uzdevumus, apraksta darba struktūru un sniedz īsu pārskatu par promocijas darba aprobāciju (publikācijas un līdzdalība starptautiskajās zinātniskajās konferencēs). Pirmā nodaļa izklāsta pētījumos risinātos jautājumus attiecībā uz katru no definētajiem pētījuma segmentiem. Otrā nodaļa apraksta metodiku, kas tiek izmantota sociotehnisko pāreju pētījumos, savukārt izvēlēto metožu izmantošanas rezultāti ir apkopoti darba trešajā nodaļā. Iegūtie secinājumi ir apkopoti darba noslēgumā.

Indigenous Research Methodology (IRM) and its embedded engagement with Indigenous Epistemology rises above and lives beyond the reach of the subjugating colonial project of epistemicide, the colonial intention to eradicate Indigenous ways of knowing and being, or epistemologies and ontologies. This paper offers a lens through which I make visible where, when and how particularly situated Indigenous epistemologies continue to thrive. I have selected two documents to provide critical context for the colonial and genocidal intentions of epistemicide, and to purposefully demonstrate the endurance of Waponahki epistemology, and through such evidence of presence, deliberately point out its critical relevance in contemporary schooling. Waponahki refers to the Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, Mi'kmaq and Abenaki peoples who live in Maine and the Maritime Provinces of Canada and have formed a post-contact political alliance, the Wabanaki Confederacy. In this work I discuss the concept of epistemicide from a lived understanding of Indigenous research as a way of life; a way of knowing derived from many years of accumulated experiential knowledge. In an embodied and material way, I am a part of that thread of intergenerational knowledge and both benefit from and contribute to that knowledge and empirical process. My poetic renditions appear in the paper and attempt to provide further insight into the discussion. Given the Waponahki people's continued engagement with the living Gluskabe, a spirit being and teacher in Penobscot culture, epistemicide remains an incomplete colonial project. Gluskabe's encounters with epistemicide are those very places wherein I identify or bring to light the ongoing vitality of Indigenous epistemology, which I identify as Red Hope. ; peer-reviewed

Editorial Editorial Welcome to this special doctoral workshop on Research Methodology which forms part of what is now a well-established support mechanism for researchers in the discipline of the Built Environment and more particularly construction management. The ARCOM doctoral series, around now for some seventeen years, has addressed many of the diverse research areas that PhD researchers in the discipline have chosen to focus on in their doctoral journey. This doctoral workshop has as an aim to offer an opportunity to explore and share research and the theoretical underpinnings facing PhD researchers within the construction and engineering sectors where the focus is on not just the topics of research but on the research approach underpinning that work. This workshop provides the opportunity for AEC researchers to come together in an environment where support for their approach to their research enquiry is offered by way of creating the correct conditions to share and discuss their journey. There is evidence to suggest there are many PhD students who would benefit from an environment where they can share their research phenomenon and this workshop session will allow for discourse and interaction to enable 'learning to take place' together. In these proceedings are the seven final papers selected from some fourteen abstracts presented for review. It is important to recognize that the papers selected offer the opportunity for participants to learn from each other but also learn from the guidance of academics in the community who have a depth of knowledge around different methodological approaches. The process of selection for the workshop, while closely aligned with the ARCOM conference proceedings, is such that it is aimed at selecting papers within the scope of the topic but very much directed to allowing doctoral researchers' the opportunity to present work in progress where formative and developmental review can be offered through a constructive support mechanism. The context of each paper is diverse which has added to the richness of this edition of the doctoral workshop series. All papers have been peer reviewed and each author has had the opportunity to receive feedback and update/ improve their paper. Alqatawneh's paper research through design as an approach to investigate design fiction insights and sees focuses on design fiction (DF) as an approach to speculation about the future using a combination of prototyping and storytelling, a type of scenario story telling if you like. They unpack the notion of DF through a link to its five criteria and principles, bringing together the notion of design - the capacity to imagine and make concrete products not yet in existence, and services for everyday life. This research employs research through design approach to investigate the functionality of fiction in design. Further, to explain the notion of design fiction and arising from using fiction in both design practice and design research the author defends the use of this methodology. Alqatawneh argues that the outcome knowledge is utilised to adapt and present fictional objects that suggest pathways to possible futures and sues the example of Self-Driving Vehicles to exemplify this.-.The author argues that DF offers the potential to consider far-reaching questions concerning the consequences of technological development while drawing attention to the social aspects and implications of techno-scientific solutions. Colley and Scott address the philosophical positioning of functional contextualism as an approach to research conflict of interest in the real estate sector in Ireland. In examining the research question of good practice for managing conflict of interest in the real estate valuation process within Ireland a number of research methodologies were engaged with and considered. The author's proffer that once a review of literature in the field has been accomplished a central question arises for the researcher, that of a philosophical position so that the research can be addressed in what they suggest is the 'correct way'. They offer an overall pragmatic approach to the central issues of the formation of an individual's ethical viewpoint and behaviours, the nature of the ethical challenges faced within the real estate 3 valuation process and the possible frameworks that may influence an individual's behaviour going forward. Within the pragmatic realm they argue for a more focused lens of Functional Contextualism. Functional contextualists they suggest seeks to predict and influence events using empirically-based concepts and rules and this they contend addresses the research question suitably. Emphasis is placed on highlighting the areas of the approach that fit and also those that require omission due to their lack of suitability to the subject under investigation. Overall they make the case for using the most appropriate methodological position through correct grounding with research methods that allow the researcher to progress without 'conflict'. Kelly in his paper addressing the impact of human cogitative behaviour and tacit judgement on the development and accuracy of cost estimates for pharmaceutical projects in Ireland and makes the strong case for researching this topic through the lens of 'more thoughtful research design'. He contends that 'more thoughtful research design' would get to the real reasons for cost overruns rather than using the convenient 'default responses' that continuously point in the wrong direction. He makes the case for a 'paradigm shift' towards the general use of the newer non-traditional types of building project contract price forecasting models and there is evidence that this has not been generally achieved. In considering his roadmap through the research topic he suggests the challenge with this proposed research is the adoption and justification of the research methodology. He argues for mixed-method research, methods that require positivist and interpretevist methods as well as multi-paradigm and multi-strategy approaches. The challenges, he contends, include the many different conflicts. For example how the researcher sees the world and the epistemological commitments needed which may cause confusion with the stated committed rules the research might follow and that will impact on the use of both positivism and interpretivism paradigms as well as qualitative and quantitative information. Mdaanayka and Egbu in their paper explore innovative solutions in consideration of exploring the possibilities for improving the utilisation of digital technologies via integrating BIM, Big Data Analytics and Internet of things (together aka BBI )which has the potential to give organisations the long awaited competitive advantage. The study follows a mixed methodological approach which leads to investigate the critical factors that impact on effective implementation and exploitation of BBI for competitive advantage and thereby develop a strategic framework for improved understanding of such critical factors at play. They argue for mixed methods based on epistemological, ontological and axiological perspectives. The factors associated with the research, they argue, fall in to four main themes inter alia; organisational size, culture, structure and skills-knowledge-training needs. The latter will be demonstrated as a separate skill-knowledge-Inventory (SKI). Their philosophical stance is a combination of interpretivist and positivist. They argue for an approach that holds a mixture of inductive and deductive means in different stages as the study starts from literature review to develop the strategic framework consisting of critical factors. Their data collection methods in this study will be the use of semi-structured interviews in pilot study phase and questionnaire surveys in the main study phase. Focus group approach is intended to be employed to validate the framework and SKI. They make the case for mixed methods as the multidimensional constructs/ variable implications demand such methods. O'Cleirigh deals with research within the construction industry which is primarily based on qualitative and quantitative methods but has the potential to include studies that combine both methodologies. The research review considers and outlines the various methods and the differing views of the purists from both traditions, while re-examines the 'war' between them 4 and thus proffers the arguments for and against using mixed-methods. O'Cleirigh also demonstrates that some commonalities and a relationship exist between quantitative and qualitative approaches to social science research and that his research explores that relationship in context to the construction industry. The author resolves to position mixed methods as a bridge between traditional qualitative and quantitative research. Discussion, he commends, centre on implications arising from the observation that, models upon which qualitative and quantitative methods are based, have differing philosophical views of real world research and consequently differing views of the research subject. O'Cleirigh strongly argues this positioning will aid advancement of industry knowledge by adapting methods used in academia through providing a robust framework, for construction managers, for designing and undertaking mixed methods research. He makes the point that mixed methods research will become increasingly successful as more construction managers study, use and spread the underpinning philosophy. Opiya and Chan, address the topic of the need for affordable housing and make the point that it has in recent times become a prominent policy issue for countries across the world. Among various challenges to affordable housing sector is the failure of supply to keep up with this growing demand. Consequently, they argue it is unsurprising to find a wealth of studies that focus on supply-side concerns of accommodating increasing demand for affordable housing. Through their research they have found studies tended to emphasize the role providers such as developers, contractors and government institutions can play to improve capacity and capability in the production of affordable housing. The point they do make, because of such emphasis has meant the relative neglect on the demand side. In their review, consideration of the problem of 'demand' to identify fresh perspectives on understanding the challenges associated with affordable housing is called for. They make the case for opening the complexities of studying 'demand' by researching a range of disciplines. The case for inter- disciplinary research aimed to understand a complex problem. They make the point that from an economic perspective, 'demand' is often framed in quantitative terms where balancing supply and demand results from rational, technological choices made by individual actors in the marketplace. They go on to make the point that a linear approach to 'demand' runs counter to a sociological understanding, where the realization is produced by complexes of social practices. They exemplify this making reference to a linguistic turn, the etymology of 'demand' stems from the Latin phrase de mandare, which means 'to formally order'. They proffer from this 'demand' is not simply defined by exogenous forces of the market, but also raises questions as to how society is brought to order. Relating this position to the context of affordable housing, they make the case understanding 'demand' also raises the need to examine ways in which vulnerable segments of society are excluded from formally ordering their requirements. In this review, we will reflect on various perspectives of 'demand' to raise questions about power relations and the problem of building a more inclusive society through housing. While the methodological approach is partly addressed in the paper the authors argue for a methodology that can be adaptable to deal with the complexity that surrounds the various perspectives of 'demand'. Abiodun and Egbu in their paper, Implementation of building information modelling (BIM) on construction projects, is increasing gaining global acceptance as government from various countries are becoming the driving force for its adoption. The purpose of this paper is to present the research methodology and method to be adopted for this research. They present the aim and the objectives of the research, a set of research questions and then propose an approach to move towards methodological positioning. The paper discussed the various 5 research paradigms and philosophical positions available to all researcher and position the research on one considered to be most suitable to achieve the stated aim and objectives of the study. The argument around their justification is well made and the paper further discussed the various research approaches, methods and strategies available. In each case, a position was adopted for the research and attempts were made to justify the position adopted. Abiodun and Egbu conclude by proposing a research design method to be followed that allows the researcher achieve the research aim and objectives but that is fit for purpose. The authors of the papers are to be commended for taking the courageous step in sharing their methodological and philosophical positioning, particularly as novice researchers it can be daunting to 'put on work out there'. It is a pleasure to be associated with this important aspect of the work of ARCOM and the continued support for this type of 'scaffolded experience' for the novice researchers, as they make their own personal research journey, should be supported into the future! Finally, there is a need to address the gaps in methodological approach and allow researchers flourish and blossom by allowing them the opportunity to experiment within their chosen research domain. "It is often necessary to take a decision on the basis of knowledge sufficient for action, but insufficient to satisfy the intellect." Attributed to Kant 1724 - 1804 Professor Lloyd Scott, 09th March 2018

The objective of the research paper is to contemplate the issues, assumptions, and new parts of the scholastic examination in regards to the elements of the worldwide changes in all circles of scholarly life. It additionally means to help researcher's admittance to the globalizing research fields, just as to add to improvement researcher's chances for a free decision and respectable work and the research acknowledgment. For this reason, a group of our researcher's s directed an enormous scope inside and out examination, applying up to the advanced world principles quantitative and subjective techniques. Inside the research, a ton of experimental data was gathered, organized, and investigated, the principle part of which is introduced in this research. The got discoveries could be carried out in shaping of the information base on research issues, improving the philosophy for gathering factual data by research qualities, just as for planning an exploration strategy bookkeeping of the particular highlights of ordinary research and formal research, which might be carried out by both legislative and non-administrative examination associations. The idea of this research paper was drafted and determined through a progression of conversations and completing of the principle speculations. After a point-by-point investigation of theories, distributions, and accessible examinations on the subject, the fundamental exploration speculations have been figured.

This report presents the final policy recommendations for EU Kids Online Deliverable D7.2: Final recommendations for policy, methodology and research to the European Commission Safer Internet Programme (October 2011). It has been produced by Brian O'Neill, Sonia Livingstone and Sharon McLaughlin with members of the EU Kids Online network (Annex 1), as advised by the International Advisory Panel (Annex 2).

The EU Kids Online project aims to enhance knowledge of European children's and parents' experiences and practices regarding risky and safer use of the internet and new online technologies, and thereby to inform the promotion of a safer online environment for children. The project is coordinated by the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), with research teams and stakeholder advisers in each of the 25 countries and an International Advisory Panel. The network has been funded by the European Commission's Safer Internet Programme in order to strengthen the evidence base for policies regarding online safety.

This article explores some theoretical and methodological problems concerned with scale in education research through a critique of a recent mixed-method project. The project was framed by scale metaphors drawn from the physical and earth sciences and I consider how recent thinking around scale, for example in ecosystems and human geography might offer helpful points and angles of view on the challenges of thinking spatially in education research. Working between the spatial metaphors of ecology scholars and the critiques of the human geographers, for example the hypercomplex social space in Lefebvre's political-economic thinking and the fluid, simultaneous, multiple spatialities of Massey's post-structuralism, I problematize space and scale in education research. Interweaving these geographical ideas with Giddens' structuration and Bourdieu's theory of practice, both of which employed what might be termed scale-bridging to challenge social science's entrenched paradigms, leads me to reconsider what is possible and desirable in the study of education systems. Following the spatial turn in the social sciences generally, there is an outstanding need to theorise multi-scale methodology for education research.

peer-reviewed ; This is the pre-print version ; This case study reflects on the lessons learned during a 15-month "insider research" project on the management of international branch campuses. The research project was a qualitative investigation into the "lived experience" of senior managers running international branch campuses of UK universities. The UK universities presently operating international branch campuses are all public universities with a history of being state-funded and politically regulated. The international branch campuses are, in contrast, private for-profit subsidiaries of the UK university, often jointly owned by local partners, which function within an alien cultural, legislative, and political environment-for example, the United Arab Emirates, China, and Malaysia are the most important host countries for branch campuses. While the challenges of managing such campuses are clearly manifold, insider research offers a unique insight into the way these challenges are seen through the eyes of the senior managers involved. This case study explores the strengths and weaknesses of insider research as a qualitative methodology and highlights some of the practical lessons learned during the course of the project. ; SUBMITTED ; Peer reviewed

The main problems of crisis research methodology are considered. Logical, general scientifi and special methods used by political scientists are considered.In modern political science different methods are used. Gabriel Almond and David Easton used system approach. Easton's principal research interest was in elaborating a systems analytical approach as a central means of understanding how political systems operate.Structural functionalism is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms. This approach looks at both social structure and social functions. Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements; namely norms, customs, traditions and political institutions. A common analogy, popularized by Herbert Spencer, presents these parts of society as organs that work toward the proper functioning of the whole body. In the most basic terms, it simply emphasizes the effort to impute, as rigorously as possible, to each feature, custom, or practice, its effect on the functioning of a supposedly stable, cohesive system. For Talcott Parsons, structural-functionalism came to describe a particular stage in the methodological development of social science, rather than a specifi school of thought. The structural functionalism approach can be considered as macrosociological analysis, with a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.Ilya Prigogine developed a synergetic one for political crises research. Synergetics is an interdisciplinary science explaining the formation and self-organization of patterns and structures in open systems. In the last few decades political crises have been studied not only in Western countries, but also in post-Socialist ones. The Polish scientist Piotr Sztompka explains the factors and consequences of crises and revolutions ; В статье рассматриваются проблемы методологии исследования кризисов в политической системе в контексте новейших тенденций развития социально-гуманитарного знания. Рассмотрены общелогические, общенаучные и специальные методы, используемые политологами для исследования данных явлений. Доказано, что системный подход существенно расширил горизонт политической теории, поскольку вывел на первый план проблемы взаимодействия структуры общества и политических институтов, социальной среды и центров принятия решений. Показан эвристический потенциал синергетической методологии при исследовании политических кризисов ; У статті розглядаються проблеми методології дослідження криз у політичній системі у контексті новітніх тенденцій розвитку соціально-гуманітарного знання. Розглянуто загальнологічні, загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи, які застосовуються політологами для дослідження даного явища. Доведено, що системний підхід істотно розширив обрії політичної теорії, оскільки вивів на перший план проблеми взаємодії структури суспільства та політичних інститутів, соціального середовища та центрів прийняття рішень. Показано евристичний потенціал синергетичної методології при дослідження політичних криз

The possibility of a defined Indigenous Research Methodology is exciting to indigenous and non-indigenous scholars alike, though probably for different reasons. Present assumptions suggest that such a methodology would determine standards for authenticity of indigenous research, and would enable a more effective critique of research dealing explicitly with indigenous reality. The question of who should participate in the development of an indigenous research methodology is critical since every scholar who has any connection with indigenous research topics or indigenous people will feel directly impacted. Responses to the question will indicate the form or quality of interactions between indigenous and non-indigenous scholars grappling with the political, social, and personal issues that assuredly will arise in any discourse of an indigenous research methodology. Such a concept might be perceived as a threat to existing forms or models of knowledge and knowledge creation. While indigenous scholars must be aware of such reactions, they will nonetheless experience themselves as the "active-centre" in the process of any indigenous research which they choose to live through. They are a piece of the heart in the body of growing indigenous knowledge. Indigenous research methodology is and has always been the central structure of support for the creation of indigenous knowledge. There are some principles which underlay most indigenous research - where this is understood to mean research conducted by indigenous people. Moving however to a discourse which includes indigenous and non-indigenous participants in an academic focus on indigenous research methodology might profitaby include a consideration of such principles as (a) the interconnectedness of all living things, (b) the impact of motives and intentions on person and community, (c) the foundation of research as lived indigenous experience, (d) the groundedness of theories in indigenous epistemology, (e) the transformative nature of research, (f) the sacredness and responsibility of maintaining personal and community integrity, and (g) the recognition of languages and cultures as living processes.