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There have been new facets of multilateralism, which have motivated the realignment of traditional power relations established globally, especially regarding the United States and China. This new strategic environment can be observed in changes made to the Brazilian National Defense White Paper (LBDN) of 2020, as well as in the dialectic between white papers of the United States (2017), and China (2019). To investigate these realignments and their possible impacts on the Brazilian defense sector, the analysis was carried out in two phases: (1) analysis of the general characteristics of the Defense White Papers by the USA and China; and (2) comparison of discourses conveyed in chapters on international cooperation in each Defense White Paper. Speech patterns were analyzed according to rationales of Lexical Semantics and Critical Discourse Analysis. As a result, elements of semantic fields, intertextuality and modality in discourse were pointed out as parameters that could contribute to the evaluation of cooperation and deterrence/dissuasion actions to be adopted by the USA and China in the 21st century.

Identity, development, and desire : critical questions / Jay L. Lemke -- Branding the self / David Machin and Theo van Leeuwen -- Identity work and transnational adoption : discursive representations of the 'adoptive-parent-to-be' in the satellite texts of a Danish TV documentary series / Pirkko Raudaskoski and Paul McIlvenny -- When (non) Anglo-Saxon queers speak in a queer language : homogeneous identities or disenfranchised bodies? / Maite Escudero Alías -- Multiple identities, migration and belonging : 'voices of migrants' / Michał Krzyżanowski and Ruth Wodak -- Mongrel selves : identity change, displacement and multi-positioning / Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard and Amelia Maria Fernandes Alves -- By their words shall ye know them : on linguistic identity / Malcolm Coulthard -- Cybergirls in trouble? Fan fiction as a discursive space for interrogating gender and sexuality / Sirpa Leppänen -- 'I'm good.' 'I'm nice.' 'I'm beautiful.' Idealization and contradiction in female psychiatric patients' discourse / Branca Telles Ribeiro and Maria Tereza Lopes Dantas -- Shifting identities in the classroom / Stanton Wortham -- Triple trouble : undecidability, identity and organizational change / Carl Rhodes, Hermine Scheeres and Rick Iedema -- Attempting clinical democracy : enhancing multivocality in a multidisciplinary clinical team / Debbi Long, Bonsan Bonne Lee and Jeffrey Braithwaite -- Embodying the contemporary 'clinician-manager' : entrepreneurializing middle management? / Rick Iedema, Susan Ainsworth and David Grant

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) reveals the relationship between power and ideology behind language by analyzing discourse. News as an important channel for people to obtain information in their daily life, its objectivity is self-evident, but the ideology contained in it is often ignored by readers. This paper reviews the development and characteristics of critical discourse analysis, and analyzes the critical discourse from four aspects: transitivity, modality, transformation and classification, to explore the ideological and political positions behind the text.

The article is devoted to formation and development of discourse analysis as an effective method to study functional aspects of political communication in global political space. It reports on main theoretical and methodological approaches to critical analysis of political discourse. Mainly, it deals with theoretical and methodological perspectives of three leading schools of critical discourse analysis: discourse analysis of N. Fairclough, that presents a relational approach to considering social problems in their relation to textual analysis; socio-cognitive theory of T.A. van Dijk, oriented to investigating relations between cognitive structures, discourse and social coordination; discourse analysis of R. Wodak, that uses historical approach to discourse and is aimed at description of powerful language of the elite that helps to maintain dominance in society. The paper characterizes some frameworks of critical analysis of political discourse, including the Duisburg School of Critical Discourse Analysis (S. Jäger, F. Maier), System-Functional and Social-Semiotic Theory (M. Halliday, T. van Leeuwen), and Mediated Discourse Analysis (R. Scollon, S. Scollon). It is stated that within its boundaries critical discourse analysis includes a variety of approaches, analytical tools and methodologies. The author underlines that scientific consideration of critical discourse analysis will demonstrate its potential and prospects for integrating this interdisciplinary qualitative methodology into a set of empirical tools of modern political science.

The aim of this article is to describe the genesis and activities of the Civic Council for Education project and to present it as an activity leading to the development and possible changes in the socialisation of Polish educational policy. The undertaken analysis concerns the reconstruction of knowledge of the society about the professional situation of teachers and their attitude towards current educational reality. The considerations were presented using critical discourse analysis. ; The aim of this article is to describe the genesis and activities of the Civic Council for Education project and to present it as an activity leading to the development and possible changes in the socialisation of Polish educational policy. The undertaken analysis concerns the reconstruction of knowledge of the society about the professional situation of teachers and their attitude towards current educational reality. The considerations were presented using critical discourse analysis.

Over a decade now, educational and socioeconomic developments in Nigeria have largely become trapped in a gap between language of truth and ideological use of the language in the discourses about (incessant) Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) strikes. The ideologies in the 2013 ASUU strike discourses in Nigeria seem to be the highest since the history of ASUU strikes in Nigeria. Earlier researchers have investigated some discourses relating to 2013 ASUU strikes but the analysis on the embedded ideologies has hardly been examined properly. This study therefore seeks to identify and analyse some ideological use of the language in the 2013 ASUU strike discourses in Nigeria. Data were collected mostly from the web pages of the Internet: Through van Dijk's (2001) models of critical discourse analysis (CDA), the paper identify some mental models (ideologies) of language use in the discourses. The paper therefore recommends that language of truth in discourses, appropriate language use in print media by political commentators and newspaper columnists, and peaceful dialogue between the government and ASUU is pivotal in averting future ASUU strikes in Nigeria. The result of this study can have immediate application to areas of education, and socioeconomic development in Nigeria and beyond. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2p435

This article examines the concept of power in the 2016 movie Hidden Figures. This true story portrays the lives of three mathematicians who prevailed over oppressive racial and gender relations (i.e. as African American women) while working at National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the early 1960s. The method driving this analysis is critical discourse analysis (CDA). The ultimate objective of this analysis is to expose the racial and sexist discrimination experienced by the main protagonists in the movie and, more generally, the inequalities that Black women faced in the post-Second World War era. Several key constructs are emphasized: racial discrimination, sexism and discursive power tools such as word connotations, social semiotics and suppression/lexical absence.

Constructivism today is a popular cognitive theory with important
implications on teaching and education. This paper promotes a form of
critical constructivism with the emphasis on social awareness and democratic
development of society. In this aspect, the paper discusses the basic
features of critical constructivism and its possible application in the
classroom. The aim is to show the characteristics of an open and critical
discourse as a distinctive mark of application of critical constructivism in
teaching and to analyze the practical implications of this theoretical
position on position and role of a teacher who is considered a key factor in
raising the quality of education. It is concluded that careful application of
this theoretical position in teaching process can be extremely fruitful as it
provides a unique incentive for diversity and inventiveness. It is determined
that the critical perspectives in education is especially important in terms
of preparing students for an active role of a citizen who participates in the
further democratization of his own community, as well as in terms of
preparation for life in the world full of uncertainties and diversities.

Critical Discourse Analysis is a theory that examines and analyzes power asymmetry in discourse. It primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. This paper applied this theory to legal discourse with the aim of exposing how the question-answer sequences of a direct and cross examination, turn-taking, objections, and other legal proceedings create unequal relationship among participants. It draws its motivation from the enormous works on legal discourse in western world that have brought radical changes in their justice system. The data of the study are audio recordings and personal observations of courtroom interactions; Supreme Court Quarterly Report 1990, from the High Court Library. From the data analysis, it was discovered that, evidentiary rules empower those who assume the examiner's role by placing them in control of topic choice and direction, and giving them the means to constrain the contributions of others. It was also learned that the Judge wields the ultimate power and dominates in the court. Witnesses are powerless participants in legal discourse and are subjected to various forms of control by examiners. The study concluded that there is an unequivocally legitimized inequality in the courtroom which manifests through language and that language is the most powerful natural weapon used to effectuate justice in societies.Key Words: Critical discourse analysis, courtroom, power, inequality, lawyers and Judges

This article offers an updated revision of the research field commonly known as Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). First, some sensitive aspects related to its multidisciplinary and dissident nature are clarified. Then a triangulated theoretical framework, which is based on the relationship among discourse, cognition, and society is presented. The ways in which hegemonic groups control text and context and, consequently, people's minds, and the macro and micro dimensions of social structures where such discursive control is embodied -being its most prominent forms of domination power abuse and social inequality- are addressed through this theoretical framework. Later, some researches of CDA on discourse and gender, discourse and racism, discourse and media, political, professional and institutional power are revised. The article concludes pointing to certain theoretical and methodological pending issues, which highlight the necessity to count on a manifest cognitive interface, and a suitable integration between linguistic and sociopolitical approaches, and a more explicit analysis of counter hegemonic or resistance discourses, among others. ; Este artículo proporciona una revisión actualizada de un campo de investigación conocido comúnmente como Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD). Primero se esclarecen algunos aspectos sensibles asociados con su carácter multidisciplinar y disidente. Luego se introduce un marco teórico triádico basado en la relación entre discurso, cognición y sociedad, con el cual se abordan los modos como los grupos hegemónicos controlan el texto y el contexto y, en consecuencia, la mente de las personas, las dimensiones macro y micro de las estructuras sociales donde dicho control discursivo se manifiesta, y sus formas de dominación más prominentes como son el abuso de poder y la desigualdad social. Después se repasan algunas investigaciones de ACD sobre discurso y género, discurso y racismo, y discurso y poder mediático, político, profesional e institucional. Se concluye apuntando ciertos pendientes teóricos y metodológicos, que enfatizan la necesidad de contar con una interfaz cognitiva manifiesta, una adecuada integración entre orientaciones lingüísticas y sociopolíticas, y una atención más decidida hacia discursos de contrapoder o resistencia, entre otros.