The article aims to review the change in the security environment after the Cold War. This change led to the growing importance of the cultural element in warfare and its inclusion in the military planning This element reflects the increase in the importance of soft power in the current interpretation of state and military power and can be related to the expanded range of military operations. The first part discusses how the cultural element in modern warfare has become part of the military arsenal. More specifically, it discusses the influence of the security environment and the new war paradigms that explain this change. The second part analyses the changes in the concept of the soldier and the need for a soldier diplomat in modern warfare. This need reflects the establishment of the cultural element and of cultural competences of military personnel both in the scientific and the military context.
The article aims to review the change in the security environment after the Cold War. This change led to the growing importance of the cultural element in warfare and its inclusion in the military planning This element reflects the increase in the importance of soft power in the current interpretation of state and military power and can be related to the expanded range of military operations. The first part discusses how the cultural element in modern warfare has become part of the military arsenal. More specifically, it discusses the influence of the security environment and the new war paradigms that explain this change. The second part analyses the changes in the concept of the soldier and the need for a soldier diplomat in modern warfare. This need reflects the establishment of the cultural element and of cultural competences of military personnel both in the scientific and the military context.
The article aims to review the change in the security environment after the Cold War. This change led to the growing importance of the cultural element in warfare and its inclusion in the military planning This element reflects the increase in the importance of soft power in the current interpretation of state and military power and can be related to the expanded range of military operations. The first part discusses how the cultural element in modern warfare has become part of the military arsenal. More specifically, it discusses the influence of the security environment and the new war paradigms that explain this change. The second part analyses the changes in the concept of the soldier and the need for a soldier diplomat in modern warfare. This need reflects the establishment of the cultural element and of cultural competences of military personnel both in the scientific and the military context.
The article aims to review the change in the security environment after the Cold War. This change led to the growing importance of the cultural element in warfare and its inclusion in the military planning This element reflects the increase in the importance of soft power in the current interpretation of state and military power and can be related to the expanded range of military operations. The first part discusses how the cultural element in modern warfare has become part of the military arsenal. More specifically, it discusses the influence of the security environment and the new war paradigms that explain this change. The second part analyses the changes in the concept of the soldier and the need for a soldier diplomat in modern warfare. This need reflects the establishment of the cultural element and of cultural competences of military personnel both in the scientific and the military context.
This paper researches intercultural competence of soldiers, who were employed in foreign countrys. The aim is to measure and evaluat the level of expression of intercultural competences by soldiers, who participated in military cross- cultural education, with reference to a theoretical model of soldiers intercultural competence. By analizing academic literature was designed a model of soldiers intercultural competence and build an expression criteria. On the ground of these criteria by using a qualitative reasearch method, study data was analized and lack of military cross- cultural education detected. The research confirmed a hypothesis that, a lack of intercultural competence is a barrier for successful short- time integration of soldiers in to a different culture.
This paper researches intercultural competence of soldiers, who were employed in foreign countrys. The aim is to measure and evaluat the level of expression of intercultural competences by soldiers, who participated in military cross- cultural education, with reference to a theoretical model of soldiers intercultural competence. By analizing academic literature was designed a model of soldiers intercultural competence and build an expression criteria. On the ground of these criteria by using a qualitative reasearch method, study data was analized and lack of military cross- cultural education detected. The research confirmed a hypothesis that, a lack of intercultural competence is a barrier for successful short- time integration of soldiers in to a different culture.
The increasing need for communities and sociality is evidenced by more and more attention paid to them: on both political levels of the European Union and also on each of its member states the development of communities and the necessity to bring social services closer to local communities are emphasized. For this purpose it is necessary to reconsider the roles of social services providers, their functions and the competences required for this activity. Scientists state that the potential of social workers is not fully used for the purpose of activation, concentration and development of local communities. The purpose of the article is, based on the analysis of scientific literature, to highlight the elements of the competence of social workers for acting in a rural community. Based on the performed analysis of scientific literature, the article deals with the preconditions for formation of communities in rural areas, the specifics of social work in rural communities is analysed, the definition of the competence of the social workers for acting in a rural community is presented. The competence of a social worker for acting in a community consists of knowledge, skills and value attitudes. It is important for a social worker acting in a rural community to know potential models for solutions of community problems, the cultural context of the country community, the identity, and the strengths of the community and the specifics of facilitation process. For successful activity in a rural community the social worker shall have social skills, i.e., skills for establishment and maintenance of relationships, keeping the cultural dialog, analytical and technical skills, research performance, facilitation, activating people as well as community organization and mobilisation skills.
The increasing need for communities and sociality is evidenced by more and more attention paid to them: on both political levels of the European Union and also on each of its member states the development of communities and the necessity to bring social services closer to local communities are emphasized. For this purpose it is necessary to reconsider the roles of social services providers, their functions and the competences required for this activity. Scientists state that the potential of social workers is not fully used for the purpose of activation, concentration and development of local communities. The purpose of the article is, based on the analysis of scientific literature, to highlight the elements of the competence of social workers for acting in a rural community. Based on the performed analysis of scientific literature, the article deals with the preconditions for formation of communities in rural areas, the specifics of social work in rural communities is analysed, the definition of the competence of the social workers for acting in a rural community is presented. The competence of a social worker for acting in a community consists of knowledge, skills and value attitudes. It is important for a social worker acting in a rural community to know potential models for solutions of community problems, the cultural context of the country community, the identity, and the strengths of the community and the specifics of facilitation process. For successful activity in a rural community the social worker shall have social skills, i.e., skills for establishment and maintenance of relationships, keeping the cultural dialog, analytical and technical skills, research performance, facilitation, activating people as well as community organization and mobilisation skills.
In the current political, economic, cultural, education and training, and other discourses, the consequences of the processes of postmodernism and globalization are becoming increasingly pronounced. To quote J. F. Lyotard, the foundation of postmodernism is the diversity of thinking and its presentation by language, therefore, one has to learn to live by recognizing the said diversity. The vision of postmodernism includes multiplicity, the recognition and promotion of diversity, and the dialogue of differences. The notions of network society, global society, citizen of the world, intercultural education, and cultural integration have been used increasingly frequently. When one lives in a multicultural society, with one of its characteristics being a diversity of cultures, it is necessary to promote cultural exchange and collaboration: to get interested in one's own and other cultures and to together create a cohesive and democratic society based on intercultural relations and intercultural dialogue between representatives of different cultures or religions or individuals of a different social or economic status.
In the current political, economic, cultural, education and training, and other discourses, the consequences of the processes of postmodernism and globalization are becoming increasingly pronounced. To quote J. F. Lyotard, the foundation of postmodernism is the diversity of thinking and its presentation by language, therefore, one has to learn to live by recognizing the said diversity. The vision of postmodernism includes multiplicity, the recognition and promotion of diversity, and the dialogue of differences. The notions of network society, global society, citizen of the world, intercultural education, and cultural integration have been used increasingly frequently. When one lives in a multicultural society, with one of its characteristics being a diversity of cultures, it is necessary to promote cultural exchange and collaboration: to get interested in one's own and other cultures and to together create a cohesive and democratic society based on intercultural relations and intercultural dialogue between representatives of different cultures or religions or individuals of a different social or economic status.
Nowadays investment plays an especially important role. There is no person knowing about how to save money or invest since he or she was born. It is quite difficult process requiring experience, competences and knowledge. Every investment begins from the simple things. When people invest, companies or even countries can invest too. Investments might be successful or not. Today both people and companies invest to various things, because investment is the main engine in various spheres of life and probably is related to everything that surrounds us. It might be difficult to deal with finances in our everyday life, not to mention the larger and more important investments. There are many factors that are related to costs and investment risks and are needed to know, such as taxes, laws, security of personal property. The most common phenomenon these days are investments in foreign companies. It has a significant impact on economic growth both in investing country and in another country which gets investment. Many people leave their home countries and travel around the world or stay in a particular country in order to earn money. In this way, people do not contribute to the growth of their native countries. Another very popular phenomenon – when people work in their own native country, but in foreign-own enterprises. The reason is that foreign companies invest to foreign countries by creating and developing business, thus using foreign workforce. Such companies exist not only in the biggest European countries, but also in Lithuania. Europe has many various factories and companies, which capital comes even from distant countries. Such investments may be concentrated to money or to money plus infrastructure and these types of investment may affect economic growth either in investing country, or in the country getting the investment.
Nowadays investment plays an especially important role. There is no person knowing about how to save money or invest since he or she was born. It is quite difficult process requiring experience, competences and knowledge. Every investment begins from the simple things. When people invest, companies or even countries can invest too. Investments might be successful or not. Today both people and companies invest to various things, because investment is the main engine in various spheres of life and probably is related to everything that surrounds us. It might be difficult to deal with finances in our everyday life, not to mention the larger and more important investments. There are many factors that are related to costs and investment risks and are needed to know, such as taxes, laws, security of personal property. The most common phenomenon these days are investments in foreign companies. It has a significant impact on economic growth both in investing country and in another country which gets investment. Many people leave their home countries and travel around the world or stay in a particular country in order to earn money. In this way, people do not contribute to the growth of their native countries. Another very popular phenomenon – when people work in their own native country, but in foreign-own enterprises. The reason is that foreign companies invest to foreign countries by creating and developing business, thus using foreign workforce. Such companies exist not only in the biggest European countries, but also in Lithuania. Europe has many various factories and companies, which capital comes even from distant countries. Such investments may be concentrated to money or to money plus infrastructure and these types of investment may affect economic growth either in investing country, or in the country getting the investment.
Nowadays investment plays an especially important role. There is no person knowing about how to save money or invest since he or she was born. It is quite difficult process requiring experience, competences and knowledge. Every investment begins from the simple things. When people invest, companies or even countries can invest too. Investments might be successful or not. Today both people and companies invest to various things, because investment is the main engine in various spheres of life and probably is related to everything that surrounds us. It might be difficult to deal with finances in our everyday life, not to mention the larger and more important investments. There are many factors that are related to costs and investment risks and are needed to know, such as taxes, laws, security of personal property. The most common phenomenon these days are investments in foreign companies. It has a significant impact on economic growth both in investing country and in another country which gets investment. Many people leave their home countries and travel around the world or stay in a particular country in order to earn money. In this way, people do not contribute to the growth of their native countries. Another very popular phenomenon – when people work in their own native country, but in foreign-own enterprises. The reason is that foreign companies invest to foreign countries by creating and developing business, thus using foreign workforce. Such companies exist not only in the biggest European countries, but also in Lithuania. Europe has many various factories and companies, which capital comes even from distant countries. Such investments may be concentrated to money or to money plus infrastructure and these types of investment may affect economic growth either in investing country, or in the country getting the investment.
Nowadays investment plays an especially important role. There is no person knowing about how to save money or invest since he or she was born. It is quite difficult process requiring experience, competences and knowledge. Every investment begins from the simple things. When people invest, companies or even countries can invest too. Investments might be successful or not. Today both people and companies invest to various things, because investment is the main engine in various spheres of life and probably is related to everything that surrounds us. It might be difficult to deal with finances in our everyday life, not to mention the larger and more important investments. There are many factors that are related to costs and investment risks and are needed to know, such as taxes, laws, security of personal property. The most common phenomenon these days are investments in foreign companies. It has a significant impact on economic growth both in investing country and in another country which gets investment. Many people leave their home countries and travel around the world or stay in a particular country in order to earn money. In this way, people do not contribute to the growth of their native countries. Another very popular phenomenon – when people work in their own native country, but in foreign-own enterprises. The reason is that foreign companies invest to foreign countries by creating and developing business, thus using foreign workforce. Such companies exist not only in the biggest European countries, but also in Lithuania. Europe has many various factories and companies, which capital comes even from distant countries. Such investments may be concentrated to money or to money plus infrastructure and these types of investment may affect economic growth either in investing country, or in the country getting the investment.
The article presents the main data on the situation with the digitization of heritage and Lithuanian studies scientific data in Lithuania in 2011. The study was carried out at the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University when implementing the project Development of the National Network of Infrastructure of Lithuanian Studies Scientific Research and Heritage: the Design Phase financed by the Research Council of Lithuania. The digitization of cultural heritage and Lithuanian studies scientific data has been going on in Lithuania for already more than 15 years. During that time, near 100 different information infrastructures have been developed. Most of scientific data are digitized by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Vilnius University, Vytautas Magnus University and Kaunas University of Technology. From the quantitative point of view, the number of IS controlled by a memory institution is less, but this is determined by a higher concentration and level of strategic management in this sector, which is supervised by the Ministry of Culture. The environmental analysis has shown that the strategic priority given to the scientific research of Lithuanian studies, digitization of their scientific data, heritage data and the legal, political, financial, technological, institutional environment in Lithuania are favourable. There is no factor or reason to be singled out for its strongest influence on the development of infrastructures in Lithuania, because their development is determined by the totality of interrelated factors. When assessing systematically, it was established that the creation and development of the network of Lithuanian studies infrastructure would be most greatly influenced by institutional, technological and function distribution factors; legal and administrative factors would influence them less, while the influence of economic and social factors would be the least. An important source of problems in the digitization of heritage and scientific data of Lithuanian studies in Lithuania is the fact that these sciences, scientific institutions and their infrastructures are supervised by the Ministry of Culture and Science, whereas the memory institutions and information infrastructures of the most important sources (heritage) are in the competence of the Ministry of Culture. Therefore, the creation of specialized information systems and databases in research and memory institutions is almost non-coordinated, and the interoperability of created infrastructures is not ensured. In the existing infrastructures of Lithuanian studies scientific research and heritage, the accumulated digital and digitized content has a great social and cultural significance, but it could be accessed and used much more efficiently upon merging the resources stored in different infrastructures into one single network and upon implementing the strategic management tools in the sphere of digitization of scientific data and creation of research infrastructures.
