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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Cybernetics? -- 1.2 Evolution of Cybernetics -- 1.2.1 Cybernetics, Wiener 1948 -- 1.2.2 Engineering Cybernetics, Tsien 1954 -- 1.2.3 Cybernetics Specialization and Advancement -- 1.3 Agricultural Cybernetics -- 1.3.1 Evaluation from Mechanized to Smart Agriculture through Precision Agriculture -- 1.3.2 Control and Communication in Agricultural Production Systems -- 1.4 Outline of the Book -- Chapter 2: Mathematics, Statistics, and Representations for Cybernetic Systems -- 2.1 Mathematical Methods -- 2.1.1 Linear Algebra Methods -- 2.1.1.1 Orthogonal Vector and Orthogonal Matrix -- 2.1.1.2 Eigenvector and Eigenvalue -- 2.1.1.3 Singular Value Decomposition -- 2.1.2 Vector Calculus for Gradient -- 2.1.3 Optimization Techniques -- 2.2 Statistical Methods -- 2.2.1 Bayesian Analysis -- 2.2.2 Markov and Hidden Markov Processes -- 2.3 Information Entropy -- 2.4 Representations of Cybernetic Systems -- 2.4.1 Block Diagram Presentation of Cybernetic Systems -- 2.4.2 Mathematical Expression and Transformations -- 2.4.3 Presentations of Agricultural Cybernetic Systems -- 2.4.4 Basic System Configurations and Analysis -- 2.4.5 More Complicated Configurations -- Chapter 3: Control and Communication Characteristics of Agricultural Production Systems -- 3.1 Mathematical Expression of Agricultural Production Systems -- 3.2 Dynamics of Agricultural Production Systems -- 3.3 Systems Parameters and Measurements in Crop Production -- 3.4 Variations, Uncertainties, and Uncontrollable Factors in Crop Production -- 3.5 Controllable Windows of Crop Production Systems -- 3.6 Multi-Stage, Adaptive Control in Crop Production -- 3.6.1 A Raised Problem -- 3.6.2 Stage-Specific Windows of Control in Crop Production -- 3.6.3 Adaptive Control.

Special double issue: developing second order cybernetics - a collection of papers from the UK Cybernetics Society Guest Editor: Bernard Scott This special double issue is based on the presentations made at a conference with the theme "Second Order Cybernetics (SOC)", which had been organised by the UK Cybernetics Society in London in 2002.Previously published in: International Journal of Systems & Cybernetics, Volume 33, Number 9/10, 2004

Abstract Usability as a concept is well established, encapsulating the rich interaction between different kinds of users, information technology systems, and contexts of use. In the context of socio-technical systems, technology shapes societies and human interactions, and likewise technology itself is shaped by social, economic, and political forces. Therefore, the socio-technical landscape is constantly evolving. Usability professionals have developed new usability methods and processes in order to address these changes in the socio-technical landscape. Likewise, the very concept of usability has been evolving to better fit into this ever changing socio-technical landscape. The evolved and adapted concept of usability has been feeding back to its socio-technical environment, thus creating a feedback loop. This position paper reflects this feedback loop and the concept of usability as a means of communication and shared language between stakeholders in the socio-technical systems development context from the cybernetics perspective.

<p>Cybernetics is an interdisciplinary science that explores the way of control and relation in machines and animals. The relation is the largest and most key element in cybernetic systems without which monitoring and feedback will be meaningless. Information is the key element of relation. Thus, addressing the concept of information, information flow, and its influencing factors are the most important issues in cybernetics. This study aims to investigate the lack and deficiency in the information or the uncertainty from the perspective of cybernetics. It should be noted that risk increases positive entropy, system instability, leads it towards the maximum chaos and destruction. To avoid it, it needs to use the negative entropy or adding information to the network.</p>

1. Introduction -- 2. Movement -- 3. Models -- 4. Dynamic Systems -- 5. Signals -- 6. Control -- 7. Automatic Control -- 8. Optimal Control -- 9. Automata -- 10. The Computer -- 11. Adaptation -- 12. Games -- 13. Learning -- 14. Large Systems -- 15. Operational Control -- 16. The Brain -- 17. Organised Systems -- 18. Man and Machine -- 19. Outline of Future Prospects.

AbstractCybernetic concepts provide a bridge between the theories of management which have evolved so far. Homeostasis, the law of necessary variety, the relativity of time, the nature of growth, heuristics, holism, synergy and autopoiesis are a few of the ideas which assist managers to understand the nature of management. Applying general systems theoretic to managerial activities reveals opportunities for the development of intelligent machines; the automation of decision making and the advent, after wise systems, of systems which simulate 'style', apply common sense and evince emotionality. Only the present high costs of such machines inhibits their application. Large managerial systems are seen as autopoietic, as living systems: Perhaps with minds of their own using humans, only as a resource, to achieve their equifinality.