Suchergebnisse

Contemporary attitudes in affluent Western societies are characterised by a growing emphasis on individual freedom. What, then, does this commitment to liberty entail for our openness to diversity; and ultimately for liberal democracy? Previous research on popular attitudes, for example by Ronald Inglehart, tends to assume that valuing freedom entails an encouragement of a plurality of life-styles. This thesis, by contrast, argues that there are several ideals of freedom in public opinion; ideals that may have opposing consequences for our permissiveness towards ways of life that differ from our own. The introductory essay in this book suggests that Isaiah Berlin's theory of positive and negative freedom provides a fruitful analytical framework, which helps theorise and empirically nuance our picture of popular ideals of freedom. Essay I goes on to present a novel, psychological, interpretation of Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty. This essay also suggests that Berlin was critical not only of enlightened ideals of positive liberty, but also of romantic ones, which might be even more widespread today. Essay II then applies Berlin's framework to contemporary survey data. Through confirmatory factor and regression analyses, this essay demonstrates that Berlin's negative-positive distinction does in fact hold also in popular opinion; and that the two dimensions have rather different effects on moral and legal permissiveness. Essay III, finally, revisits a recent example of disrespect in the name of liberty: the Danish cartoon controversy. This essay develops the concept of 'romantic liberalism', thereby deepening our knowledge of romantic ideals of positive liberty, and their particularly disrespectful tendencies. Drawing on Isaiah Berlin, and his critique of positive liberty, the essays in this thesis together suggest that it is crucial for liberal democracy to recognise the existence of treacherous liberties: ideals that lead their supporters to ridicule, condemn, or even prohibit ways of life that differ from their own – all in the name of liberty. ; The Impact of Religion

The current paper thematised the institutionalisation of cultural protection and thereby draws a chronological arc from the ancient world wonder catalogue over first modern codifications up to the UNESCO-World Cultural Heritage nomination. The contribution focuses on development and establishment of cultural protective initiatives and programmes in the (right) historical context. By reference to regional specific examples, transformations as well as rivals between national, supranational and individually initiated patterns of action will be shown. Apart from the internationally organised protection of cultural heritage, there is an increasing establishment of new trade systems on the basis of globally operating, national trusts. The commitment of the US-American J. Paul Getty Trust by restoration and conservation of outstanding cultural heritage like the Buddhist Mogao Caves shows exemplarily how the practice of global cultural preservation can become a component of foreign-policy efforts. Among political instrumentalization, economic value added will also be discussed as well as plebiscitary proceedings. This begs, among other, the question of the cultural protective character of privately initiated activities such as the Internet poll about the 'New Seven Wonders of the World' (2000-2007). ; Rad se bavi institucionaliziranom zaštitom kulture kronološki prateći nastojanja na tom polju, od popisa sedam svjetskih čuda antike preko prvih modernih sistematizacija sve do nominacija za Listu svjetske kulturne baštine UNESCO-a. U središtu je analize process osnivanja i razvoja inicijativa za zaštitu kulture u povijesnom kontekstu. Referirajući se na specifične regionalne primjere, prate se transformacija i svojevrsna konkurencija između nacionalnih, nadnacionalnih i individualnih obrazaca djelovanja na tom polju. Osim međunarodno organizirane zaštite kulturne baštine sve je prisutnija i uspostava novih sustava na temelju globalnih i nacionalnih zaklada. Ugovorna obveza američke Zaklade "J. Paul Getty" u zaštiti i obnovi iznimnih kulturnih blaga poput budističke spilje Mogao pokazuje kako praksa globalne zaštite kulture može postati sastavni dio vanjskih politika. Rad se bavi i ekonomskom dodanom vrijednosti kao i plebiscitarnim aktivnostima u očuvanju globalnih kulturnih elemenata. Postavlja se i pitanje o značaju privatno pokrenutih akcija za zaštitu kulturne baštine, poput internetskoga glasovanja pri izboru "Novih sedam svjetskih čuda" (2000. – 2007.).