Suchergebnisse

The Slovenes and Central Europe In the 1980s, a few years before Slovenia became an independent country, many intellectuals – including writers, politicians, sociologists and historians – were trying to answer the question about the cultural area in Europe to which Slovenia belonged. Most of them identified themselves with the concept of Central Europe, which was a reference to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the period between the 1860s and the First World War. The Monarchy was perceived as a supranational state that allowed all nations to develop and respected the diversity of cultures, which gave rise to a creative and multicultural intellectual atmosphere. This utopian vision was created to balance the domination of the communist ideology in the Eastern Bloc countries.The idea which underlied Slovenian considerations of Central Europe was that of an imagined border of Europe, whereby the latter is seen as an intellectual concept and identified with Western Europe. The Slovenian territories were a part of the southern provinces of Austria-Hungary and then, after the First World War, they became the northwesternmost republic of Yugoslavia. In both cases they were peripheral in cultural and political terms. In the period that this paper is concerned with, the concept of Central Europe which was most popular in Slovenia excluded the Balkan countries. Słoweńcy i Europa ŚrodkowaW latach 80. ubiegłego wieku, na kilka lat przed uzyskaniem przez Słowenię statusu niezależnego państwa, wielu intelektualistów – pisarzy, polityków, socjologów i historyków – próbowało znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, do jakiego kręgu kulturowego przynależy Słowenia. Większość identyfikowała się z koncepcją Europy Środkowej, odwołującej się do monarchii austro-węgierskiej z okresu od lat 60. XIX wieku do I wojny światowej. Była ona postrzegana jako państwo ponadnarodowe, które umożliwiało rozwój poszczególnych narodów i respektowało różnorodność kultur, co przyczyniło się do powstania kreatywnej, wielokulturowej atmosfery intelektualnej. Była to utopijna wizja, stworzona, aby zrównoważyć dominację ideologii komunistycznej w krajach bloku wschodniego.Ideą znajdującą się u podłoża sposobu postrzegania Europy Środkowej przez przywoływanych słoweńskich humanistów była wyobrażona granica Europy jako pojęcia intelektualnego odpowiadającego Europie Zachodniej. Słoweńskie ziemie były częścią południowych prowincji Austro-Węgier, a po I wojnie światowej stały się najbardziej wysuniętą na północny zachód jugosłowiańską republiką. W obu przypadkach były peryferyjne w wymiarze kulturalnym i politycznym. W badanym okresie najbardziej popularna w Słowenii koncepcja Europy Środkowej wykluczała z jej ram państwa bałkańskie.

This paper examines the relationship between digitalization and sustainable development and presents the composite index used for measuring the digital competitiveness of nations – the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). Today's environment is highly dependent on technological capabilities. Tracking contemporary technological development is becoming crucial at both micro and macro level. One of the major revolutions in modern business is switching from traditional to digital business models for achieving higher competitiveness level. Digitalization is one of the primary impetus of today's development. To accept and implement these changes, it is important to highlight the macromarketing role in this process. It is necessary to have concrete measures for identifying the shortcomings, good practices, and track the development. For this purpose, European Commission developed DESI to measure digital performance of European Union countries. This paper examines the DESI methodology and observes how the digital performance of EU affects main sustainable development components: economic, social, and environmental. Thus, the paper explores the correlations of DESI and other composite indices that measure sustainability components. Besides, the research examined the relationships between Hofstede's cultural dimensions and digital performance. The paper highlights the importance of digitalization as another crucial component of society's sustainable development. ; Rad istražuje vezu između digitalizacije i održivog razvoja društva te analizira kompozitni indeks koji se primjenjuje za mjerenje digitalne konkurentnosti nacije – Indeks digitalne ekonomije i društva (Digital Economy and Society Index – DESI). Današnje okruženje je visoko zavisno o tehnološkim sposobnostima. Praćenje suvremenog tehnološkog razvoja postaje izrazito važno kako na mikro tako i na makro nivou. Jedna od glavnih promjena u modernom poslovanju je prelazak od tradicionalnog načina poslovanja prema digitalnom poslovanju kako bi se dosegnula viša razina konkurentnosti. Digitalizacija je jedan od glavnih pokretačkih sila suvremenog razvoja. Kako bi se prihvatile i implementirale promjene koje se dešavaju u društvu potrebno je naglasiti ulogu makro- marketinškog sagledavanja cijelog procesa promjena. Važno je imati konkretne mjere za identificiranje nedostataka, dobrih praksi i praćenja razvoja. S tim ciljem, Europska komisija razvila je DESI indeks kako bi mjerila i pratila digitalne performanse država članica Europske unije. Rad istražuje DESI metodologiju i promatra kako su digitalne performanse EU država povezane s glavnim komponentama održivog razvoja: ekonomskim, društvenim i okolišnim. Dakle, rad istražuje korelacije između DESI indeksa i ostalih kompozitnih indeksa koji mjere komponente održivog razvoja društva. Pored navedenoga, istraživanje obuhvaća i povezanost Hofsteadovih dimenzija kulture i digitalnih performansi. Rad naglašava važnost digitalizacije kao ključnog elementa održivog razvoja društva.

Although social anthropologists have mostly abandoned the essentialist view of "culture" and "tradition", these static notions are still frequently used in Serbian public discourse regarding women's rights. I believe that analysing the production of cultural meaning and knowledge among different social actors and the state is important when exploring the implementation, transformation and protection of women's rights at a local level. In this article, I shall investigate how "culture" and "tradition" are being constructed and used by certain right wing groups, political leaders, intellectuals and by the Serbian Orthodox Church. On one side, arguments of "culture" and "tradition" are used in order to "preserve the national identity" and save it from "imposed Western norms" and "Western imperialism", while on the other, they are used to explain the cultural obstacles regarding the effective protection of women's rights. "Tradition", often constructed as a linear project of inherited "cultural" and "moral" values and practices, stands in opposition to the EU; therefore, it calls to be nurtured and protected or changed and abandoned. Consequently, I see women rights issues trapped into a pro-EU or against EU, pro-traditional values or pro-liberal values discourse. I conclude that women rights in Serbia are and probably will be affected more by the use and abuse of different concepts of "culture" and "tradition".

The aim of this paper is to outline the history of the concept of Orientalism in the field of New musicology and to point out that musicological discussions of Orientalism significantly changed disciplinary profile of musicology in the direction of interdisciplinary or contextual musicology. The area of Postcolonial studies has been recognized by New musicology as a possible starting point for theorizing the new issues related to the questions of music, race, ethnic and national otherness, and European colonialism. In 1991, with the publication of Ralph P. Locke's text "Constructing the Oriental 'Other': Saint-Saëns's Samson et Dalila" in Cambridge Opera Journal, the musicological research of the European professional music tradition from the aspects of postcolonial theories has been institutionalized and the concept of Orientalism has been introduced into the field of research objects of musicology. What is present as the common aspects of all musicological studies that address the issue of musical representations of the Orient are interdisciplinarity and contextuality. Contrary to the reduction of the complex Western European music practices to the idea of an autonomous work of music devoted to an aesthetic enjoyment, postcolonial musicology proposed poststructuralist analytical models of text and discourse and affirm the interest in the context of work of music. In that manner, musicology has been updated as a discipline that autocritically approaches Western European professional music practice by seeing it/ self as only one of the possible historical formations of culture/knowledge in which there are visible clusters, conflicts, and aspirations to present (Western) European capitalist patriarchal politics as a universal economic, political and cultural power. ; Cilj je ovog teksta skicirati povijest koncepta orijentalizma u polju nove muzikologije i ukazati na to da su muzikološke problematizacije orijentalizma u glazbi znatno izmijenile disciplinarni profil muzikologije u smjeru interdisciplinarne ili kontekstualne muzikologije. Predstavnici nove muzikologije prepoznali su područje postkolonijalnih studija kao moguću polazišnu točku novih pitanja i problema koji su se ticali odnosa između glazbene, rasne, etničke i nacionalne drugosti te europskog kolonijalizma. Objavljivanjem teksta Ralpha P. Lockea "Constructing the Oriental 'Other': SaintSaëns's Samson et Dalila" u časopisu Cambridge Opera Journal 1991. godine, institucionalizirano je polje muzikološkog istraživanja elitne, kanonizirane europske glazbene tradicije sa stajališta postkolonijalnih studija, a koncept orijentalizma uveden je u krug objekata istraživanja aktualne muzikologije. Ono što se iskazuje kao zajednički aspekt svih muzikoloških istraživanja koja dotiču pitanje glazbenih reprezentacija Orijenta jest interdisciplinarnost i kontekstualnost. Nasuprot teorijskom svođenju složenih zapadnoeuropskih društvenih glazbenih praksi na idealnost autonomnoga glazbenog djela namijenjenog bezinteresnom estetskom uživanju, i feministička muzikologija i postkolonijalna muzikologija predložile su poststrukturalističke analitičke modele teksta i diskursa te afirmirale zanimanje za kontekst glazbenog djela. Time je aktualizirana muzikologija kao disciplina koja autokritički pristupa zapadnoeuropskoj profesionalnoj skladateljskoj praksi time što je/sebe vidi kao tek jednu od mogućih povijesnih formacija kulture/znanja u kojima su vidljivi rascjepi, sukobi i težnje za predočavanjem (zapadno)europske kapitalističke, patrijarhalne politike kao univerzalne ekonomske, političke i kulturalne moći.

The object of analysis in the text are "energy cultures" in the member states of the European Union (EU-28). The text attempts to verify the legitimacy of the statements pointing to the possibility of grouping the European Union member states according to a special kind of energy use practices. In order to elaborate the research problem the text features the following research questions: (1) Is it legitimate to claim that within the EU-28 there are special "energy cultures"?, (2) If the claim of the existence of special "energy cultures" is legitimate, what features determine the division among the EU-28 countries? These questions should be associated with the intention to establish the existence of the division of the EU-28 states into "clean" and "dirty" energy cultures. Such a division can be substantiated by individual features of the EU-28 member states, related to energy production, consumption and conversion, e.g. GHG emissions and the commitment to the coal sector. For the adopted premises to be verified, the analysis employed one of the agglomerative methods (i.e. the Ward's method) and one of the methods for optimising a given group of objects (i.e. the k-means method). Besides, with the aid of individual tests, the differences in the level of parameters between the isolated clusters of countries were analysed. Furthermore, with the aid of the principal component method groups of independent factors were isolated, and the scope of essential differences in the level of the isolated factors between the grouped EU-28 member states was determined. ; Przedmiotem analizy w tekście są "kultury energetyczne" państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej (UE-28). W tekście podjęto próbę zweryfikowania zasadności twierdzeń, które wskazują na możliwość pogrupowania państw Unii Europejskiej według szczególnego rodzaju praktyk użytkowania energii. W celu uszczegółowienia problemu badawczego w pracy przedstawiono następujące pytania badawcze: (1) Czy zasadne jest twierdzenie, że w UE-28 mamy do czynienia ze specyficznymi "kulturami energetycznymi"? (2) Jeżeli zasadne jest twierdzenie o istnieniu specyficznych "kultur energetycznych", to w związku z jakimi cechami następuje podział między państwami UE-28? Postawione pytania należy związać z zamiarem stwierdzenia istnienia podziału państw w UE-28 na "czyste" i "brudne" kultury energetyczne. Za podziałem tym przemawiają poszczególne cechy państw członkowskich UE-28, które związane są produkcją, konsumpcją i transformacją energii, np. emisja GHG i zaangażowanie w sektor węglowy. Do weryfikacji założeń przyjętych w analizie posłużono się jedną z metod aglomeracyjnych (czyli metodą Warda) i jedną z metod optymalizacji danego grupowania obiektów (czyli metodę k-średnich). Ponadto, za pomocą poszczególnych testów, podjęto się analizy różnic w poziomie parametrów pomiędzy wyodrębnionymi skupieniami państw. Dodatkowo, wyodrębniono grupy niezależnych czynników metodą głównych składowych oraz wskazano zakres istotnych różnic w poziomie wyodrębnionych czynników między pogrupowanymi państwami UE-28.

While they have been increasingly debated, the differences and implications of multiculturalism and interculturalism for cultural policies at city level have been poorly studied. The Intercultural Cities Index, promoted by the Council of Europe, includes just a few aspects of cultural policies in the intercultural lens dimension. In the light of this gap, this paper proposes a more comprehensive set of indicators to evaluate interculturalism in local cultural policies. The indicators are designed according to an analytical scheme that considers how two possible approaches to cultural diversity (multicultural and intercultural) are embedded in three dimensions of local cultural policies (discourse, governance and cultural contents). Because they focus more on the explicit dimension of cultural policies, dealing with cultural heritage and consecrated forms of artistic expression, the proposed indicators could also be extendable to the implicit definition of culture intended as a way of life. The 12 proposed indicators are applied to conduct a comparative analysis of the degree of interculturalism attained in three Croatian cities (Rijeka, Osijek, and Pula) as they underwent the process of candidature to become European Capitals of Culture. This European programme serves as comparative ground to study the changes of a city's cultural policies under the same conditions and pressures. First, the study of these cities emphasizes the strict interrelation between the different dimensions of local cultural policies. Even if it is strongly present in the discourse dimension, interculturalism has not been fully attained without a governance aspect that promotes the creation of shared cultural contents. Second, the results evidence the recurrence of gastronomy as a sector for experimentation with multicultural and intercultural approaches. The crucial role of food in promoting cultural encounters stresses the necessity of taking into consideration a broader spectrum of the ways of life, traditions, and customs when studying multiculturalism and interculturalism in local cultural policies. ; Iako se o utjecaju multikulturalnosti i interkulturizmu sve više raspravlja, razlike između tih dvaju pojmova te njihov utjecaj na gradske kulturne politike ne istražuju se dovoljno. Vijeće Europe nastoji promicati Intercultural Cities Index (Interkulturni indeks gradova), no taj instrument sagledava samo neke aspekte kulturnih politika iz interkulturne perspektive. S obzirom na to, u radu se predlažu sveobuhvatniji indikatori koji bi mogli procijeniti razinu interkulturizma u lokalnim kulturnim politikama. Indikatori slijede analitičku shemu kojom se nastoji utvrditi kako su dva moguća pristupa kulturnoj raznolikosti (multikulturalnost i interkulturizam) ugrađena u tri dimenzije lokalnih kulturnih politika (dimenzije diskursa, upravljanja i kulturnih sadržaja). Indikatori se odnose na eksplicitniju dimenziju kulturnih politika koja se bavi kulturnim nasljeđem i oblicima umjetničkog izražaja, no mogu se također primijeniti na implicitnu definiciju kulture kao načina života. Predlaže se dvanaest indikatora pomoću kojih su autori usporedili razine interkulturizma u tri hrvatska grada (Rijeci, Osijeku i Puli) tijekom razdoblja njihova statusa grada kandidata za Europsku prijestolnicu kulture. Ovaj europski program nudi uvjete za usporedbu promjena gradskih kulturnih politika pod istim uvjetima i pritiscima. Kao prvo, pregled tih triju gradova naglašava snažnu međusobnu povezanost različitih dimenzija lokalnih kulturnih politika. Čak i kada je nedvojbeno prisutan u dimenziji diskursa, interkulturizam se ne može u potpunosti postići bez upravljačke dimenzije koja potiče stvaranje zajedničkih kulturnih sadržaja. Kao drugo, podaci govore o povratku gastronomije kao sektora koji eksperimentira s ultikulturnim i interkulturnim pristupima. Ključna uloga hrane u promicanju kulturnih susreta ističe potrebu za razmatranjem širega spektra načina života, tradicija i običaja prilikom proučavanja multikulturalnosti i interkulturizma u lokalnim kulturnim politikama.

Svaki je povijesni grad turistička destinacija par excellence. To proizlazi iz definicija turizma i turista. Kao turistička destinacija, svaki povijesni grad svim turistima ne predstavlja isto. Cilj i svrha turistički usmjerenog razvoja nekog povijesnog grada mora se razlikovati od turističkog razvoja drugih turističkih destinacija. Često povijesno bogati gradovi privlače mnoge posjetitelje, ali se oni kratko zadržavaju. Ovo potiče neka ekonomska pitanja i dileme o tome kako pomiriti trošak očuvanja i održanja povijesnih spomenika s koristima od potrošnje turista koji dolaze i kratko borave u tim gradovima. Postavlja se i pitanje politike samog turističkog razvoja: što je potrebno dodati turističkoj ponudi kako bi se zadržalo posjetitelje dulje, a bez narušavanja sklada i ljepote povijesnog grada. Često je to pitanje suživota novog i starog na istome mjestu, pitanje etike, tradicije, kulture, arhitekture itd. kao i pitanje ekonomske prirode. Ovaj rad postavlja više pitanja nego što daje odgovora, ali također pokušava osvijetliti i problem s teoretske strane. ; Every single historical city is par excellence a tourism destination. This derives simply from the definition of tourism and of the tourist. As a tourist destination, every historical city does not carry the same meaning to all tourists. The aim and purpose of tourism oriented development of a historical city must be different from tourism development of other tourism destinations. Very often the cities with very rich history attract many visitors, but they do not stay in them long. This situation raises a number of economic questions and dilemmas of how to reconcile the costs of preserving and maintaining the historical monuments with the benefit of tourist consumption made by visitors who come and stay in such cities albeit just for a short time. This is a question of tourism development policy itself: how to expand a tourism offer in order to keep the visitors longer, without damaging the harmony and physical environment of historical cities. Very often it is the matter of old and modern coexisting at the same place, of ethics, tradition, culture, architecture etc., as well as of economic concerns. The paper raises more questions than it will give answers, but it attempts to highlight the problem from the theoretical side.

Der Kolonialismus hat unsere Welt nachhaltig verändert. Asymmetrische Strukturen aus der Zeit des expansiven Handelskapitalismus haben sich etabliert, und Bilder und Auffassungen aus dem ursprünglich kolonialen Kontext wirken in der Geisteswelt nach. Die Region Sønderjylland-Schleswig gehörte während der Epoche des neuzeitlichen europäischen Kolonialismus aufeinanderfolgend zu gleich zwei verschiedenen Kolonialstaaten: Als ehemaliges Herzogtum Schleswig im dänischen Gesamtstaat während der Blütezeit der Handelskompanien und später als preußische Provinz des deutschen Kaiserreiches in der Phase des Hochimperialismus. Der vorliegende Band präsentiert nun erstmals eine Spurenlese kolonialer Bezüge in der deutsch-dänischen Grenzregion. Die Beiträge bringen dabei längst Vergessenes zum Vorschein oder werfen ein neues Licht auf bereits bekannte Phänomene.

"With the popularity of such reality TV shows as So You Think You Can Dance, dance has become increasingly visible within contemporary culture. This shift brings the ballet body into renewed focus. Historically both celebrated and critiqued for its thin, flexible, and highly feminized aesthetic, the ballet body now takes on new and complex meanings at the intersections of performance art, popular culture, and even fitness. The Evolving Feminine Ballet Body provides a local perspective to enrich the broader cultural narratives of ballet through historical, socio-cultural, political, and artistic lenses, redefining what many considered to be "high art." Scholars in gender studies, folklore, popular culture, and cultural studies will be interested in this collection, as well as those involved in the dance world."--

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the open access culture and its impact on the use of Open Educational Resources (OER). There are many examples of using the term "open access culture", but without giving an explicit description of it. The aim of this research is to offer conceptualization of the open access culture, identify its main components, and determine the impact of this variable on the intention to use and the actual use of Open Educational Resources by the members of public higher education institutions in Croatia. The sample consisted of 427 respondents. Keeping in mind that culture has a significant impact on the behaviour of an individual, but it also manifests itself through this behaviour, the research model will be proposed. The variable "open access culture" will be observed on a personal, professional and organizational level and it will include attitudes, perception, norms and politics towards open access to scientific and educational content and knowledge sharing. For the purpose of this study a questionnaire was prepared. Each part of the variable "open access culture", as well as the intention to use and the actual use of OER, has been tested using a set of statements with answers on a 5-degree Likert type scale. The respondents have expressed a moderate open access culture. The actual use of OER, as well as the intention to use OER, is also in the middle of measurement scale. In order to achieve the aim of this research, three main hypotheses have been proposed. The results of multiple regression analysis show that the proposed model with predictor variable "open access culture" has a significant prognostic value on the intention to use and the actual use of OER, with a stronger influence on the intention to use OER. Considering the individual influence of the components of the predictor variable, the open access culture at a professional level has the strongest influence on the intention to use and the actual use of OER. ; Svrha rada je pridonijeti razumijevanju kulture otvorenog pristupa i njenog utjecaja na korištenje otvorenih obrazovnih sadržaja (OER). Postoje mnogi primjeri upotrebe pojma "kultura otvorenog pristupa", ali bez eksplicitnog objašnjenja što se pod time podrazumijeva. Cilj ovog rada je rasvijetliti tumačenje kulture otvorenog pristupa, identificirati njene glavne komponente i odrediti utjecaj ove varijable na namjeru ponašanja i stvarnu uporabu otvorenih obrazovnih sadržaja kod članova visokoškolskih institucija. Uzorak su činila 427 ispitanika. Imajući na umu da kultura ima značajan utjecaj na ponašanje pojedinca, ali se manifestira kroz to ponašanje, predložen je model istraživanja u kojem se testira utjecaj kulture otvorenog pristupa na namjeru korištenja i stvarno korištenje otvorenih obrazovnih sadržaja. Varijabla "kultura otvorenog pristupa" promatra se na osobnoj, profesionalnoj i organizacijskoj razini, a uključuje stavove, percepciju, norme i politiku prema otvorenom pristupu znanstvenim i obrazovnim sadržajima i razmjeni znanja. Anketni upitnik izrađen je za potrebe ovog istraživanja. Svaki dio varijable "kultura otvorenog pristupa" testiran je pitanjima kojima su ispitanici izrazili svoju razinu slaganja na ljestvici Likertovog tipa. Ispitanici su iskazali umjerenu kulturu otvorenog pristupa, a namjera i stvarna uporaba OER-a je također u sredini ljestvice mjerenja. U skladu s ciljem istraživanja predložene su tri glavne hipoteze. Rezultati višestruke regresijske analize pokazuju da predloženi istraživački model s prediktorskom varijablom "kultura otvorenog pristupa" ima značajnu prognostičku vrijednost za namjeru i stvarnu uporabu OER-a, a jači utjecaj prediktorska varijabla ima na namjeru korištenja OER-a. Gledajući pojedinačni utjecaj komponenti prediktorske varijable, kultura otvorenog pristupa na profesionalnoj razini ima najveći utjecaj na namjeru i stvarnu uporabu OER-a.

Undertakings in difficulty, having exhausted all market options, may resort to State aid to rescue and/or restructure its operations in order to return to viability. the author looks closer into the opportunity for such undertakings to change within so as to abandon practices which may have represented at least one of the roots of the deficiencies leading them to difficulties. The stringent rules of rescue and restructuring of firms in difficulties provide a second chance to restore their business, account of debts, take stock of actions and potentially rise again. Yet, the overall restructuring given as a second chance by the State aid and the role of the state, should not present a carte blanche for old policies and approaches to be repeated with the taxpayers' money. The restructuring should also be a stock-taking opportunity, an internal scrutiny where the corporate culture and the governance of the undertaking changes as well. There should be room to (re)consider corporate governance and audit of corporate culture as elements of restructuring process as well as restructuring plans, to prevent the undertaking on the receiving end of State aid to lapse again. Being given a second chance, applying practices and exercising behaviour that (may) have lead the undertaking to its difficulties, is not a guarantee of successful restructuring and return to viability but may, indeed, represent an internal subjective peril to the objective restructuring goals to be achieved. Hence, the author explores whether non-tangible elements such as an enhanced corporate governance and change of corporate culture, should be introduced as mandatory in the course of undertaking restructuring. The author does not probe into corporate governance and corporate culture as such, but perceives them as welcoming factors to achieve the desired outcome of restructuring aid, namely a successful return to viability using restructuring aid. ; Poduzetnici u poteškoćama, nakon što su iscrpili sve tržišne opcije, mogu se podvrgnuti državnim potporama kako bi spasili odnosno restrukturirali svoje poslovanje u cilju vraćanja održivosti. U posezanju za ovom mogućnošću, autorica pobliže ispituje mogućnost takvog poduzetnika da provede promjene iznutra kako bi napustio onu praksu koja je možebitno bila jedan od korijena manjkova koji su doveli do poteškoća. Stroga pravila spašavanja i restrukturiranja poduzetnika u poteškoćama pružaju priliku za davanje druge šanse u obnovi svog poslovanja, sagledavanje dugovanja, analizu potrebnih koraka i potencijalni novi rast. No, cjelokupno restrukturiranje kao druga šansa koju daje državna potpora te uloga države, ne predstavljaju carte blanche za nastavak stare prakse i pristupa koji će se ponoviti s novcem poreznih obveznika. Restrukturiranje bi trebalo analizirati cjelinu, obuhvatiti internu analizu pri čemu se korporativna kultura i upravljanje također podvrgavaju promjenama. Autorica vjeruje da postoji prostor za razmišljanje o korporativnom upravljanju i analizi korporativne kulture kao elementima procesa restrukturiranja i planova restrukturiranja kako bi se spriječilo poduzetnika koji prima državnu potporu, da ponovno posrne. Dobivanje druge šanse, primjenom onih ponašanja koji su doveli poduzetnika u poteškoće, nije jamstvo uspješnog restrukturiranja i povratka održivosti već, uistinu, može predstavljati subjektivnu opasnost ostvarenju objektivno postavljenih ciljeva. Stoga, autorica istražuje ne bi li neopipljivi elementi poput korporativnog upravljanja i promjene korporativne kulture bili prepoznati kao obvezni elementi procesa restrukturiranja. Autorica ne zahvaća dubinski korporativno upravljanje i korporativnu kulturu već ih sagledava kao dobrodošle faktore doprinosa željenom cilju potpore za restrukturiranje – uspješan povratak održivosti korištenjem državne potpore. ; Unternehmen in Schwierigkeiten können nach Erschöpfung aller Marktmöglichkeiten auf staatliche Beihilfen zur Rettung und Umstrukturierung von Unternehmen in Schwierigkeiten zurückgreifen, um die Rentabilität wiederzuerlangen. In diesem Beitrag befasst man sich detaillierter mit der Möglichkeit der Veränderung innerhalb des Unternehmens, beispielsweise mit der Möglichkeit der Beseitigung von Verhaltensweisen, welche wenigstens eine der Wurzeln der Mängel darstellen, die diese Schwierigkeiten verursacht haben. Die strengen Regeln der Rettung und Umstrukturierung von Unternehmen in Schwierigkeiten geben ihnen eine zweite Chance, ihre Rentabilität wiederherzustellen, sich die Schulden anzuschauen und die notwendigen Maßnahmen sowie auch potentiellen Wachstum zu analysieren. Aber die ganze Umstrukturierung als die vom Staat gegebene zweite Chance und die Rolle des Staates stellen keine Carte blanche für die Fortsetzung mit der alten Praxis und dem Ansatz dar, welche sich auf das Geld der Steuerpflichtigen stützen werden. Die Umstrukturierung sollte die Ganzheit analysieren und eine interne Unternehmensanalyse darstellen, bei welcher sowohl die Unternehmenskultur als auch die Unternehmensführung verändert werden. In diesem Beitrag vertritt man die Ansicht, dass es Raum für Überlegungen gibt, die Unternehmensführung und die Analyse der Unternehmenskultur als Elemente des Umstrukturierungsprozesses und –planes anzusehen, um zu verhindern, dass das Beihilfe empfangende Unternehmen wieder stolpert. Falls das Unternehmen bei der zweiten Chance die Verhaltensweisen, dank welchen es in Schwierigkeiten geraten ist, wiederholt, kann erfolgreiche Umstrukturierung und Wiedererlangung der Rentabilität nicht gewährleistet werden, sondern eher eine subjektive Gefahr für die Erreichung objektiver Ziele darstellen. Deshalb wird in diesem Beitrag untersucht, ob immaterielle Elemente wie Unternehmensführung und Änderung der Unternehmenskultur als obligatorische Elemente des Umstrukturierungsprozesses anerkannt werden können. Dabei werden die Unternehmensführung und –kultur nicht detaillierter bearbeitet, sondern nur als willkommene Beiträge zur erfolgreichen Wiedererlangung der Rentabilität durch die staatliche Beihilfe, dem gewünschten Ziel der Umstrukturierungsbeihilfe, angesehen. ; Gli imprenditori in difficoltà, dopo avere esaurito tutte le opzioni del mercato, possono sottoporsi agli aiuti di stato al fine di salvare ovvero di ristrutturare la propria attività con l'intento di ripristinarne la sostenibilità. Nel cogliere tale possibilità, l'autrice indaga nel dettaglio circa la possibilità di tale imprenditore di portare a termine tale cambiamento dall'interno, al fine di abbandonare quella prassi che probabilmente rappresentava una delle radici delle lacune che hanno portato alle difficoltà. Le rigorose regole per il salvataggio e la ristrutturazione dell'imprenditore in difficoltà offrono l'opportunità per dare una seconda chance nel rinnovamento dell'attività, nella valutazione dei debiti, nell'analisi dei passi necessari e nella potenziale nuova crescita. Tuttavia, l'intera ristrutturazione quale seconda opportunità concessa dagli aiuti di stato, come anche il ruolo dello Stato, non danno carta bianca per il proseguimento della vecchia prassi ed approccio che si ripeterebbero con il denaro dei contribuenti. La ristrutturazione andrebbe analizzata nell'intero, ricomprendendo l'analisi interna e con ciò la cultura aziendale e la corporate governance andrebbero altresì soggette a cambiamenti. L'autrice crede che esista spazio per ripensare alla corporate governance e per l'analisi della cultura aziendale quali elementi del processo di ristrutturazione e dei piani di ristrutturazione al fine di evitare che l'imprenditore, che si avvalga degli aiuti di stato, vada nuovamente in crisi. Ricevere una seconda opportunità, mettendo in essere quei comportamenti che hanno trascinato l'imprenditore nelle difficoltà, non rappresenta la garanzia di una buona ristrutturazione e di recupero della sostenibilità, ma può rappresentare un pericolo soggettivo nella realizzazione dei fini postisi. Pertanto, l'autrice valuta se degli elementi impalpabili quali la corporate governance e la cultura aziendale non debbano divenire elementi obbligatori del processo di ristrutturazione. L'autrice non entra in profondità nella corporate governance e nella cultura aziendale, bensì li osserva quali fattori ben accetti nell'apporto al raggiungimento del fine del sostegno alla ristrutturazione – un ritorno di successo alla sostenibilità mediante l'uso degli aiuti di stato.

Since the election of Narendra Modi in India in 2014 and Donald Trump in the USA in 2016, political analysts and commentators around the globe have increasingly used the concept of fascism to capture the rise of new right-wing authoritarianism in various countries. Activists and academics in Europe are much more reluctant to use the word fascism, for several reasons. One reason is that - because of the alarming associations which fascism evokes in German - the term was often instrumentalized, and used to discredit political opponents, without a sound theoretical analysis. There is also a big reluctance to transfer the term to countries outside Europe, especially to the countries in the South - because it would further relativize the concept. Walden Bello is a prominent voice who started using the concept of fascism since early 2017 for the new regime under Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines. He repeated his analysis of Duterte as a "fascist original" and his regime as "creeping fascism" at the International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS) in July 2017 as well as in recent articles (Bello, 2017). In October 2017, Bello was among the founding members of a new group, the Laban ng Masa coalition to combat the "fascist" policy of Duterte (Villanueva, 2017). In his most recent paper in the Journal of Peasant Studies, he broadened his analysis and compared the rise of Fascism in Italy in the 1920s with the establishment of the New Order under Suharto in Indonesia in 1964/1965, Chile at times of the coup d'état in 1973, Thailand in 1976, and the Philippines today (Bello, 2018). With his articles and his political campaigns, he opened a new chapter of academic discussion and political activism on fascism in the South. Walden Bello is currently a professor of sociology at the State University of New York at Binghamton and senior research fellow at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies of Kyoto University in Japan. He served as a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 2009 to 2015, during which he was chairman of the Committee on Overseas Workers Affairs. In our interview conducted in December 2017, we discussed theoretical problems in dealing with the concept of fascism as well as strategic challenges for political activism.