Estimating seemingly unrelated regression models from incomplete cross-section/time-series data
In: Rapporter 81,33
In: Rapporter 81,33
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 72, Heft 1, S. 7-30
ISSN: 0020-577X
This study has developed a tool for explaining why employees fail to speak up with regard to work related criticism; there is a hidden policy of silence that teaches employees to remain silent. This hidden policy is here designated as the "Curriculum Silentium" and is described in detail on the basis of empirical and theoretical data. After identifying a gap between the intentionally and experienced policy for employees freedom of speech in organizations I suggest that there are on-going unofficial, partially hidden learning processes in the organizations. The overall research question is; How does the Curriculum Silentium; the hidden policy of silence among employees, look like? I make an analytic construction of the hidden policy as if it were planned policy, using the didactic categories applicable to organizations. These didactic categories are: goals, content, teaching strategies and the motivation of employees. The empirical data was collected in three different organizations: an elementary school, a home for the elderly and a factory in the process industry, using qualitative methods such as interviews and observation. The theoretical foundation of the study is taken from existing theory within the field of work life research and educational science. The study is not a comparative study of the three organizations, but does involve a comparison of whether and how the Curriculum Silentium is expressed in three such different organizations. The challenge of examining hidden relationships in organizations was met through the development of guidelines for an analytical approach called a critical didactic relations analysis. The study concludes that a hidden policy of silence resembling that presented here exists in organizations where employees fail to voice working life related criticism.
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This book presents wide-ranging video research in pedagogical contexts that have previously received little notice. Video research is, and can be employed for, so much more that standing in a classroom and filming with a camera. That is what we hope to achieve with this book – to demonstrate the inherent flexibility in video, that it can serve as one tool among many and be utilized in a variety of settings in several different ways. We want to emphasize the fact that you don't need a professional lab with lots of equipment to do quality video research. All you need is a camera, a microphone, and a good plan for what you can, and cannot, capture in your project.
Video Research in Educational Settings: Diverse Video Data in Pedagogical Research and Development is written primarily for other researchers, including those who are just beginning their research activities (such as master students and PhD candidates) and are interested in discovering how flexible, applicable and creative data collection can be with the help of video, and how rich the data material one obtains can be. The chapters represent a broad cross-disciplinary approach, yet with one common denominator: the use of video in different educational arenas, not only for data collection, but also for stimulating reflection, learning and greater expertise. - Denne boken presenterer en bredde i videoforskning innen pedagogiske kontekster som tidligere ikke har fått så stor oppmerksomhet. Med andre ord, videoforskning er, og kan brukes til, så mye mer enn å bare stå i et klasserom og filme med et kamera. Det er det vi ønsker å gjøre med denne boka – vise fleksibiliteten i bruk av video og hvordan video er ett verktøy blant mange, men som kan brukes til flere ulike problemstillinger og på flere ulike måter. Vi ønsker å løfte frem det aspektet at du ikke trenger en stor videolabb med en masse utstyr for å få til god videoforskning. Du klarer deg med et kamera, en mikrofon og en god plan for hva du kan og ikke kan fange opp i ditt prosjekt.
Videoforskning på ulike læringsarenaer: Mangfoldig videodata i pedagogisk forskning og utvikling er primært for andre forskere, men også andre som er på vei inn i forskningsaktivitet, eksempelvis masterstudenter eller ph.d.-kandidater som er interessert i å oppdage hvor fleksibel, brukbar og kreativ datainnsamling med hjelp av video kan være, og hvor rikt datamateriale man kan skaffe seg. Boka presenterer en bred tverrfaglighet, men som uansett har en felles nevner: bruk av video på forskjellige læringsarenaer, både for å samle inn data til forskning og for å stimulere til refleksjon, læring i utdanning eller kompetanseutvikling.
Why do we focus on the internal arrangements of the contractual process from a leadership perspective? Through empirical research where we have asked questions about the internal organizational arrangements, what kind of knowledge the organization need, and how institutional arrangements affect the contract process, we have tried to answer the main research question. We have also carried with us a question of if the organization's attachment to the public or private sector affects the arrangements. I have conducted a comparative case study where data has been generated from two public sector organizations, The National Road Administration, Helsebygg Midt-Norge, one private sector organization, Siemens, and one hybrid organization, NTE. Data was primarily generated from the governance system of the different organizations, and informant interviews. The analysis was carried out by two steps; first an empirical analysis, then a theoretical analysis, based on contractual theory, of the empirical findings. The empirical analysis shows that the organizations share the same thoughts on how to organize the contractual work; the division between the line and the project organization, the distribution of decision-making authority, and the institutionalization of a specific governance system. The organizational processes are formalized, and the governance system gives the clear recommendation on desired actions. The empirical data gives a clear understanding that the contract process is dominated by one profession — the engineers. Regarding the question on knowledge, I found the organizations to be interested foremost on problem solving competencies (engineering competencies). Other competencies, for example economic or legal competencies, where viewed as support competencies. We also found that personal skills in handling the complex and difficult processes and attitude toward ethics seemed to be of importance. On the question on how institutional elements in the organizational environment affected the contract process, we found that the overall interest of the organizations was stability and predictability. We also found that the market mechanisms cause the organizations some worry. In the end, the empirical findings did not give us any strong reasons to differentiate between public sector organizations and private sector organizations in how to deal with contractual work processes. The theoretical analysis has been carried out within classical and relational contract theory. The analysis shows that the empirical findings, to a great extend, can be explained through classical contract theory. It also gives us some ideas on what areas of the theory, especially relational contract theory that should be improved. Regarding the main research question, the conclusions indicate a need to establish a comprehensive approach to the contract process, to ensure a good balance between different partial processes. There also seem to be necessary to work on improvements on contract theory to increase the applicability of the theory, especially the relational contract theory.
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In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 72, Heft 4, S. 431-452
ISSN: 0020-577X
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 71, Heft 1, S. 7-28
ISSN: 0020-577X
This thesis studies three major reforms in the public sector of Norway. The sectors studied are the police, higher education, and primary schools. The main motive for studying these reforms are of a theoretical nature, the reason to study them is to produce general knowledge about reforms. The study aims to answer two main questions. One is about the possibilities and limitations contained in using reforms to change organizations. The second is about how organizations can promote the ideals of representative democracy. In its efforts to attain answers to these questions the thesis blends empirically-oriented research with aspects of organization theory and political theory. The thesis is divided into four different parts. First, there is a descriptive presentation of the three reforms. Secondly, there is a discussion of various theories of reforms and organizations. The primary aim of this analysis is to illuminate and explain the empirical data, but this discussion should also provide its own answers to the main questions asked in the thesis. Thirdly, these theories are applied to analyze data from the three reforms. And finally, the study concludes with a summary of what general insights about the reforms we are left with after studying the Quality Reform, The Police Reform 2000, and the Knowledge Reform. The study shows that reforms have both policy and content aspects, and that it is important to distinguish between the two in order to analyse and understand them. The policy aspect is that reforms are a strategy for change - they are tools for implementing change in organizations. The content aspect is that reforms have a specific content - they have certain objectives that they want to realize. The study concludes that in order to understand this complex and fascinating phenomenon, we need to understand reforms both as instrumental tools, institutional adaptations and symbols.
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This book is about possibilities for, challenges for and knowledge about local cultural work among young people. It describes cultural work at a municipal level but shows also how this work is aiming to reach goals that it has in common with national cultural policy: quality, participation, inclusion, diversity and democracy. Using the municipality and town of Drammen as a vantage point, the book investigates how different parameters effect local cultural work, and how cultural policy at a municipal level is, by necessity, pragmatic, practical and sometimes prosaic. This topic is dealt with through a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The empirical data presented and discussed in the book is a combination of qualitative case studies and quantitative survey data. The survey data shows variations and patterns in the cultural consumption of an age cohort in the municipality, and the case studies show different ways of effectuating and organizing cultural work at this level. Finally, the book discusses the complex interplay between means and ends when a municipality is working to make culture matter for young people. - Denne boken handler om muligheter, utfordringer og kunnskap i lokalt kulturarbeid blant barn og unge. Den beskriver kulturarbeid på kommunalt nivå, men viser også hvordan dette arbeidet tar sikte på å nå nasjonale kulturpolitiske mål som kvalitet, deltakelse, inkludering, mangfold og demokrati. Med Drammen som et utsiktspunkt, undersøker boken hvordan ulike faktorer påvirker lokalt kulturarbeid, og hvordan kulturpolitikken på kommunalt nivå nødvendigvis er både pragmatisk og prinsipiell, praktisk og prosaisk. De empiriske dataene som presenteres og diskuteres i boken er en kombinasjon av kvalitative casestudier og kvantitative surveydata. Surveydataene viser variasjoner og mønstre i det kulturelle forbruket blant en hel aldersgruppe, og case-studiene viser ulike måter å gjennomføre og organisere kulturarbeid på dette området. Boken drøfter også det komplekse samspillet mellom midler og mål som er involvert når en kommune arbeider for å gjøre kultur betydningsfullt for unge mennesker.
This article explores the diffusion of trust-based management (TBM) and how trust-based management affects trust between managers and employees, as well as organizational results. The idea of trust-based management stems from reforms in Copenhagen municipality in 2012 and has since spread to the public sector in Norway and Sweden. Trust-based management is perceived by many as an innovation and as different from traditional governance and control. There have recently been some studies of trust-based management in Denmark and Sweden, but so far there are few empirically based studies of trust-based management beyond case studies. This analysis uses survey data from 143 managers and employees in public sector organizations in Norway and the article is the first analysis of the diffusion of trust-based management and its impact on organizational performance in Norway. The results indicate that there has been little change in trust-based management in recent years, and municipalities seem to have more trust-based management than central government organizations. Multivariate analyses with PLS-SEM show that increased trust-based management is positively related to organizational performance directly as well as positively related to organizational performance via trust, as expected from theory. ; Denne artikkelen utforsker utbredelsen av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse (TBSL) og hvordan tillitsbasert styring og ledelse påvirker tillit mellom ledere og ansatte og organisasjoners resultater i offentlig sektor i Norge. Idéen om tillitsbasert styring og ledelse springer ut fra reformer i København kommune i 2012 og har siden spredd seg til den offentlige sektoren i Norge og Sverige. Tillitsbasert styring og ledelse blir av mange oppfattet som en innovasjon og forskjellig fra tradisjonell styring og kontroll. Det er nå kommet en del studier av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse i Danmark og Sverige, men det er så langt få empirisk baserte studier av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse utover case-studier. Analysen bruker spørreskjemadata fra 143 ledere og ansatte i offentlig virksomhet, og dette er den første analysen av utbredelsen av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse og dens virkninger i Norge. Resultatene viser at det har vært lite endring i tillitsbasert styring og ledelse de siste årene, og kommunene hadde mer tillitsbasert styring og ledelse enn statlige organisasjoner. Multivariate analyser med PLS-SEM viser at økt tillitsbasert styring og ledelse har en direkte positiv sammenheng med organisasjonsresultater så vel som en positiv indirekte sammenheng med organisasjonsresultater gjennom tillit, som forventet fra teorien.
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In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 73, Heft 1, S. 51-77
ISSN: 0020-577X
Etter at Tyrkia i 1999 fikk status som sokerland til EU og forhandlinger om medlemskap startet i 2005, har tyrkerne lovet a imotekomme EU-krav om demokratisering av landet og en losning av det 'kurdiske problemei'. En demokratiseringsprosess forutsetter imidlertid kritiske og frie medier. Men bade Tyrkias vestlige allierte og folk flest i landet er bekymret for dagens situasjon, der journalister, forfattere og folkevalgte politikere fengsles for sine ytringer som av myndighetene er oppfattet som formidling av propaganda som kommer den kurdiske frigjoringsbevegelse (PKK) til gode. Basert pa intervjuer med personer med ekspertkunnskap fra Tyrkia og et utvalg av avisartikler og kommentarer fra tyrkiske papiraviser, utforskes det hvordan tyrkiske medier styres i forhold til det kurdiske opproret i Tyrkia, samt hvorvidt det regierende Rettferdighets-og utviklingsparti (AKP) kan bidra til a demokratisere landet. Analysen viser at under Erdogan og hans AKP har medienes handlingsrom med hensyn til kurderkonflikten, og for orvrig ogsa generelt, ikke blitt saerlig bedre enn under hans forgjengere When Turkey was granted candidate status to EU membership in 1999 and negotiations started in 2005, hopes were high that the country would meet EU requirements for democratization and that a solution would be found to the so-called 'Kurdish problem'. However, a democratization process implies a critical and free media. Turkey's citizens and Western allies are now following recent developments with concern. Journalists, writers and elected politicians have been imprisoned for their work, some held on terror-related charges or propaganda and others for allegedly participating in antigovernment plots. With this as a backdrop, to what extent is Erdogan and his ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) democratizing the country? My aim in this article is to answer the question and explore the extent to which media censorship and control is occurring, in particular regarding Kurdish insurgency in Turkey. I make use of primary and secondary data, including interviews with media experts in Turkey and a selection of newspaper articles from six Turkish newspapers. The Turkish government already exercises a tight hand over Turkey's traditional media, yet, as the analysis reveals, under Erdogan the government controls of freedom of expression and press (in particular concerning the Kurdish conflict) are tightening further. Adapted from the source document.