Suchergebnisse

This article is devoted to a detailed analysis of death causes in Mexico during the Revolution and Civil War period. Our study is based on the death registration records in six government-controlled municipalities in Veracruz State which promoted registration accuracy. A total of 2 876 records from 1918 were analyzed, most of which contained information about the causes of death. The main objectives of the study were to determine the main causes of death, to identify territorial, age and gender differences, to establish the time and extent of the spread of the Spanish flu epidemic and the overall mortality rate in 1918. The 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), developed by the World Health Organization, was used as a basis for coding the causes of death. Thus, the causes of diseases that led to the death of the inhabitants of Veracruz were divided into eight main classes: infectious; respiratory; related to pregnancy or childbirth; those caused by difficulties in the perinatal period of fetal development; external violent reasons; unclassifiable, those associated with infancy and childhood; the unclassifiable; and finally, the missing. The analysis revealed registration problems, especially in the agrarian regions, caused by the poor development of medical infrastructure and aggravated by wartime conditions. Based on the analysis of individual level data on the causes of death, the authors identified the 161 diagnostic options found in the sources, identified the main ten death causes for each of the six cities of Veracruz, determined the level and accuracy of registration and the age characteristics of the spread of certain classes of fatal diseases. The most common cause of death was infectious diseases, particularly children from one to five years old suffered from these. The rate of respiratory diseases was also high, the proportion of deaths from these rose sharply in the last quarter of 1918, which was caused by the spread of the Spanish flu. The analysis of the nominative data made it possible to refute the official statement of the Mexican government about the cessation of influenza at the end of 1918. The high mortality rate from various respiratory diseases in December 1918 among young men suggests that the flu pandemic was hidden behind various other concepts. ; Исследование посвящено анализу причин смертности в Мексике в ходе гражданской войны за независимость. В качестве источника использованы записи о регистрации смертей в шести муниципалитетах штата Веракрус, находившихся под контролем правительства, что обеспечило аккуратность ведения регистрации. Всего было проанализировано 2 876 записей, датированных 1918 г., большая часть которых содержала информацию о причинах смерти. Основными задачами исследования было определение основных причин смерти, выявление территориальных и половозрастных различий, установление времени и степени распространения эпидемии «испанского гриппа» и общего уровня смертности в 1918 г. Для кодирования причин смерти в качестве основы была использована международная классификация, разработанная Всемирной организацией здравоохранения, — IDC-10. В соответствии с поставленными задачами все варианты записей, в которых были указаны или не указаны причины заболеваний, приведших к смерти, для удобства анализа были распределены по восьми основным классам: инфекционные; респираторные; связанные с беременностью или родами; вызванные осложнениями в перинатальный период развития плода; внешние насильственные причины; не поддающиеся классификации, связанные с младенческим и детским возрастом; не поддающиеся классификации; без указания причин. Проведенный анализ выявил проблемы регистрации, особенно в аграрных областях, вызванные слабым развитием медицинской инфраструктуры, усугуб­ленные условиями гражданской войны. На основе анализа индивидуальных данных о причинах смерти, авторы выявили 161 вариант диагнозов, встречающихся в источниках; определили основные десять причин по каждому из шести городов Веракруса, выявив территориальные особенности; определили уровень и аккуратность регистрации, а также возрастные особенности распространения отдельных классов смертельных заболеваний. Наиболее частой причиной смерти жителей Веракруса являлись инфекционные заболевания, в особенности от них страдали дети в возрасте от года до пяти лет. Высок был также уровень респираторных заболеваний, доля смертей от которых резко возросла в последней четверти 1918 г., что было вызвано распространением испанского гриппа. Проведенный анализ номинативных данных позволил опровергнуть официальное утверждение правительства Мексики об остановке гриппа в конце 1918 г. Высокий уровень смертности от различных респираторных заболеваний в декабре 1918 г. именно в среде молодых мужчин позволяет предположить, что за различными наименованиями скрывался именно грипп.

The boulevard is viewed in historical perspective, from the late 18th to the 20th century. The article points out the change in the cultural functions of the boulevard and in the rituals of human behavior. It features the flanerie phenomenon. The authors link the destruction of bourgeois culture with democratization of the society and development of transport in the first half of the 20th century. They give grounds for criticism of the contemporary design of boulevards. Revitalization of boulevards involves searching for new forms corresponding to contemporary culture. ; Бульвар рассматривается в исторической перспективе – от конца XVIII – начала XIX веков до XX века. Подчеркивается изменение культурных функций бульвара и ритуалов поведения людей. Описывается феномен фланёрства. Уничтожение бульварной культуры авторы связывают с демократизацией общества и развитием транспорта в первой половине ХХ века. Подвергается обоснованной критике современная практика проектирования бульваров. Возрождение бульваров связано с поиском новых форм, соответствующих современной культуре.

In this article the question about the influence of the natural sciences on the philosophical concepts of Arthur Schopenhauer and Vladimir Solovyov was raised. The influence of Kantian transcendental criticism on Schopenhauer's philosophy was studied. It was shown that this influence manifested itself very vividly in the Schopenhauer concept of «will to live». It was established that the ontological status of man as a «phenomenon» had an impact both on Schopenhauer's concept of death and on his ethics of compassion. It was emphasized that the natural world plays an important role in Soloviev's philosophical concept. According to Soloviev the nature of a person is determined by three needs: «animals, mental and heart», while the ontological basis of all these three needs is life, that is, the ability to «exist». It was indicated that the moral feelings of a person justified by Soloviev – shame, conscience, pity, and reverence – are a kind of human «response» of a rational being to its natural instincts and needs. The parallels between the philosophical views of Schopenhauer and Solovyov were drawn. On the basis of this parallels it was concluded that, despite the significant differences in the worldview of these two very different thinkers in nature, their approach to philosophy was largely identical and was characterized by scientific objectivity, interdisciplinarity, the skill of argumentation, the sharpness of the mind, the desire to give reasonable answers to the «last questions» of philosophy.

Paper refers to the origin, the formation of the historic and the development of the institution of the death penalty, as it at present.

The question of the most adequate naming of the «philosophy of the common cause» of N.F. Fedorov in modern philosophical concepts is considered. The object of the analysis includes areas common today directly related to the problem of death / immortality, such as immortology and thanatology. A comparative analysis of Fedorov's attitude towards death and those «death discourses» taking place in modern immortology and thanatology is carried out. The moral core of the relationship of N.F. Fedorov to death, which is significantly different from his teachings and the above areas, is revealed. N.F. Fedorov's doctrine with his philosophy of death as a «moral challenge» is characterized as one of the most striking incarnations and manifestations of the ethical-centric essence of Russian philosophy.

Extremely large ethical importance of ascertaining death based on neurological criteria sets the highest benchmark for the accuracy, speed and security of diagnostics. In most cases, the clinical picture of the death of brain is complicated by face injuries, spontaneous or induced automatisms, inability to carry out an isolation test safely. The modern trendis to use additional confirmatory tests in difficult cases. A significant reduction of the observation time or complete rejection of the re-examination are discussing in the world literature. With the increased number of donor centers and the growing sense of ethical and economical unreasonableness of a futile resuscitation, modern, evidence-based legislative scheme of brain death diagnosis is very important. ; Чрезвычайно большая этическая важность констатации смерти на основании неврологических критериев задает высочайшую планку для точности, быстроты и безопасности диагностики. В большинстве случаев клиническая картина смерти мозга осложняется наличием травм лица, спонтанными или индуцированными автоматизмами, невозможностью безопасно провести разъединительный тест. Современная тенденция состоит в использовании в сложных случаях дополнительных подтверждающих тестов. В мировой литературе обсуждается значительное сокращение времени наблюдения либо полный отказ от повторного осмотра. В условиях увеличения количества донорских центров и все большего понимания этической и экономической нецелесообразности бесполезной реанимации современная, основанная на доказательной медицине законодательная схема диагностики смерти мозга приобретает очень большую важность.

The aim of this article is to study the linguistic representation of the
"pseudo-healing" anticoncept by means of various figures of speech on the material of Russian translations of the poem "Death and Doctor Hornbook" by Robert Burns performed by S.Ya. Marshak, N.N. Novich (Bakhtin) and S. Sapozhnikov. The urgency of this study is demonstrated by the attention of scientists to the existing bioethical problem of pseudo-healing in modern world, and particularly the attention of linguo-conceptologists paid to the issue of linguistic analysis of the phenomenon of the anticoncept. The novelty of this is seen from the fact that the value component of the "pseudo-healing" anticoncept, expressed with the help of figures of speech in Russian translations of the poem "Death and Doctor Hornbook" by Robert Burns, has not been an object of special linguistic analysis yet. The authors of the article conduct a deep analysis of the notional component of the anticoncept
"pseudo-healing" and provide a detailed description of the explication of the axiological component of the "pseudo-healing" anticoncept in the texts of Russian translations. The article concludes that metaphor, hyperbole, antithesis, sarcasm, grotesque, expressive colloquial-reduced and evaluative repressive words as the means of secondary/indirect nomination are dominant in verbalization of the "pseudo-healing" anticoncept in the texts of Russian translations of the poem "Death and Doctor Hornbook". To achieve the aims of the research, the authors turned to such linguistic methods as conceptual analysis, axiological analysis, contextual analysis and analysis of dictionary definitions. The results of this research can be used for further study of linguistic verbalization of anticoncepts on the material of Russian translations of other foreign writers' works. The practical value of this research lies in the possibility to implement its results in courses of cognitive linguistics, stylistics and text interpretation, in special courses of linguopoetics and linguoconceptology.

Neurotransmitters are found not only in animals, but also in other living organisms, including plants. They are found in other living organisms, including plants. However, the data on the functions of these compounds in the plant world are far from being comprehensive. In particular, the issue concerning their impact on plant cell death still awaits further research. In the present work, the effects of neurotransmitters on programmed cell death and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants were tested. Programmed cell death was estimated from the destruction of cell nuclei, and ROS was determined using 2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorofluorescein. Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine and its synthetic analog acetylthiocholine were used. The catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine at concentrations of 0.01-1 mM suppressed the destruction of guard cell nuclei in the epidermis of pea leaves, which was caused by KCN. Serotonin and acetylcholine at a concentration of 1-3 mM, on the contrary, increased the destruction of nuclei that was induced by KCN. Histamine and acetylthiocholine had no effect on KCN-dependent destruction of nuclei at concentrations of 0.01-3 mM. Acetylthiocholine at a concentration of 3 mM, in contrast to natural neurotransmitters, caused the destruction of guard cell nuclei in the absence of KCN. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reduced the formation of ROS in the epidermis of pea leaves, which was induced by menadione. Histamine, acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine did not have a similar effect. The results demonstrate that dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin have antioxidant properties in plants. In addition, dopamine and norepinephrine can prevent cell death.

The article is devoted to the current state of the image of Queen Louise of Prussia, its actualization in connection with the 200th anniversary of the events of the beginning of the XIX century and the gradual forgetting of this symbolic figure. In addition to a brief analysis of the transformation of the image of Queen Louise in the historical memory of the Germans, the article based on modern media attempted to identify the features of the use of the symbolic figure of Queen Louise and the memory space in which this figure exists today. ; Статья посвящена современным особенностям образа королевы Луизы Прусской, его актуализации в связи с 200-летними юбилеями событий начала XIX века и процессу постепенного забывания этой символической фигуры. Помимо анализа трансформации образа королевы Луизы в исторической памяти немцев, в статье на основе современных медиа-материалов сделана попытка выявить особенности использования символической фигуры королевы Луизы и пространства памяти, в котором на сегодняшний день существует эта фигура.

В статье рассматривается специфика употребления вакхической лексики, в частности, определяется коннотативное наполнение лексемы «вино». Актуальность работы обусловлена ее вхождением в круг исследований, связанных с изучением авторского идиостиля, а также с определением оценочных свойств ситуации винопития в романе. Новизна исследования видится в том, что анализируются индивидуальные особенности автора в интерпретации ситуации винопития. Цель работы - выделить особенности индивидуально-авторской репрезентации семантического фрагмента винопитие и определить языковые средства его воплощения в романе Д. С. Мережковского «Смерть богов. Юлиан Отступник». Основным методом исследования является метод семантического и лингвостилистического анализа. Выявлено, что в романе «Смерть богов. Юлиан Отступник» слово «вино» обладает в основном положительной коннотацией. Отмечается, что «вино» включается в ряд слов, эстетизирующих процесс винопития, что влечет за собой выделение дополнительных его характеристик. Определяется роль частносубъективной оценки, которая преобладает над общей оценкой. При анализе компаративных тропов, включающих слово «вино», показано, что оно сравнивается как с хорошей поэзией, так и с высокими чувствами человека (любовью) и Божьим наказанием. Вино выполняет сакральную функцию: вовлекается в языческие ритуалы.
The article discusses the specifics of the use of Bacchic vocabulary, in particular, the connotative content of the lexeme wine is determined. The relevance of the paper is due to the study of the author's idiostyle, as well as the determination of the evaluative properties of the wine drinking situation in the novel. The author sees the novelty of the study in the fact that individual characteristics are analyzed in the interpretation of the situation of wine drinking. The purpose of the study is to highlight the peculiarities of the individual author's representation of the semantic fragment of wine drinking and to determine the linguistic means of its embodiment in the novel by D. S. Merezhkovsky "The Death of the Gods. Julian the Apostate". The main method of research is the method of semantic and linguistic and stylistic analysis. It is revealed that in the novel "Death of the Gods. Julian the Apostate" the word wine mostly has a positive connotation. It is noted that wine is included in a number of words that aestheticize the process of wine drinking, which entails the allocation of its additional characteristics. The role of the individual subjective assessment, which prevails over the general assessment, is determined. When analyzing comparative tropes involving the word wine, it is shown that it is compared both with good poetry and with high human feelings (love) and God's punishment. Wine performs a sacred function: it is involved in pagan rituals.

The purpose of the article is Dusinsky I. I., who graduated from the Novorossiisky University at the beginning of the 20th C. , and who had been serving as a library assistant at the University library for a long time. Being left by the Historical-philological department for preparing an academic degree, he gradually moved from common literary activity to publicistic work, and became the author of a number of acutely political articles, where the ideas of Russian foreign policy were freely expressed on the eve of the historical cataclysms. As a result of using the biographical method of investigation, i.e. studying personality in the historical context, the author of the article applied the archive materials, stored in the State Archives of Odesa Region and re-published archival investigation files from the archives of the Security Service of the Odessa region, as well as the materials on the history of the Novorossiisky University, stored in stocks of Scientific library of Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University.In result of studying of life and activities of a famous geopolitician, political publicist and pan-slavist, a fate of a single talented person in the conditions of a totalitarian regime is shown. The practical value of the work is oriented, in particular, at the historians of science, at the historians of political doctrines in Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University. ; В статье показана трагическая судьба старшего помощника библиотекаря библиотеки Новороссийского университета И. И. Дусинского, известного современному читателю как русский геополитик, политический публицист и панславист, который в начале XX в., в преддверии мировых войн, указал всем нам на настоящее и естественное место России в конгломерате политических интересов разных государств. Погиб в застенках ЧК в мае 1919 г. ; У статті показана трагічна доля старшого помічника бібліотекаря бібліотеки Новоросійського університету, відомого сучасному читачеві як російський геополітик, політичний публіцист та панславіст, який на початку XX ст., напередодні світових воєн вказав усім нам на сьогодення і природне місце Росії в конгломераті політичних інтересів різних держав. Загинув у застінках НК в червні 1919 р.