Odlučivanje podrazumijeva odabir između nekoliko mogućih alternativa koji za cilj imaju donošenje odluke. Te alternative ovise o situacijama i tipu problema o kojem se odlučuje kao i interakciji s relevantnim utjecajnim čimbenicima pri donošenju odluke. Donošenje kvalitetne odluke uzima u obzir sva ograničenja u odlučivanju kako bi donositelji odluka izvršili racionalan izbor. Na odlučivanje utječu unutarnji i vanjski čimbenici. Unutarnji čimbenici podrazumijevaju osobni utjecaj pojedinca, emocije, stavove i razmišljanja dok vanjske čimbenike predstavljaju roditelji i obitelj, prijatelji i poznanici, država i institucionalne potpore, ekonomska situacija te utjecaj partnera. U proces racionalnog donošenja odluka potrebno je uključiti i vanjske i unutarnje čimbenike jer je njihova sinergija nužna za analitičko usklađenje racionalnog i intuitivnog razmišljanja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je analiza i sistematizacija svih tih utjecajnih čimbenika u situacijama donošenja odluka na primjeru opće populacije i beskućnika. Navedene hipoteze u ovom radu nastojati će se povezati s teorijskim postavkama s područja odlučivanja i racionalnosti te protumačiti eventualne različitosti ili odstupanja očekivanja od rezultata. ; Decision-making involves choosing between several possible alternatives which have decision-making as the goal. These alternatives depend on the situation, the type of problem and the interaction with the relevant influencing factors in the decision-making process. The process of making a quality decision considers all the limitations in the decision-making process so that the decision makers are able to make a rational choice. Decision-making is influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors include the individual's personal influence, emotions, attitudes and reflections while external factors include parents and family, friends, state and institutional support, economic situation and the influence of one's partner. The process of rational decision-making needs to involve both external and ...
Odlučivanje podrazumijeva odabir između nekoliko mogućih alternativa koji za cilj imaju donošenje odluke. Te alternative ovise o situacijama i tipu problema o kojem se odlučuje kao i interakciji s relevantnim utjecajnim čimbenicima pri donošenju odluke. Donošenje kvalitetne odluke uzima u obzir sva ograničenja u odlučivanju kako bi donositelji odluka izvršili racionalan izbor. Na odlučivanje utječu unutarnji i vanjski čimbenici. Unutarnji čimbenici podrazumijevaju osobni utjecaj pojedinca, emocije, stavove i razmišljanja dok vanjske čimbenike predstavljaju roditelji i obitelj, prijatelji i poznanici, država i institucionalne potpore, ekonomska situacija te utjecaj partnera. U proces racionalnog donošenja odluka potrebno je uključiti i vanjske i unutarnje čimbenike jer je njihova sinergija nužna za analitičko usklađenje racionalnog i intuitivnog razmišljanja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je analiza i sistematizacija svih tih utjecajnih čimbenika u situacijama donošenja odluka na primjeru opće populacije i beskućnika. Navedene hipoteze u ovom radu nastojati će se povezati s teorijskim postavkama s područja odlučivanja i racionalnosti te protumačiti eventualne različitosti ili odstupanja očekivanja od rezultata. ; Decision-making involves choosing between several possible alternatives which have decision-making as the goal. These alternatives depend on the situation, the type of problem and the interaction with the relevant influencing factors in the decision-making process. The process of making a quality decision considers all the limitations in the decision-making process so that the decision makers are able to make a rational choice. Decision-making is influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors include the individual's personal influence, emotions, attitudes and reflections while external factors include parents and family, friends, state and institutional support, economic situation and the influence of one's partner. The process of rational decision-making needs to involve both external and internal factors because their synergy is necessary for the analytical alignment of rational and intuitive thinking. The goal of this research is to analyze and systematize all these influencing factors in decision-making situations based on the example of the general population and the homeless people. The hypotheses stated in this paper will try to connect to theoretical postulates in the areas of decision-making and rationality in order to interpret possible differences or deviations of the expectations from the results.
Rad pokazuje stanje istraživanja unutarstranačke demokracije u Hrvatskoj te nudi analizu participacije običnih članova u unutarstranačkim procesima stvaranja politika. Istražuju se formalna i stvarna razina participacije običnih članova u hrvatskim strankama kako bi se dobila slika o unutarstranačkoj distribuciji moći. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo osam stranaka: HDZ, HNS, HSU, HSS, HSLS, IDS, Most i SDP nakon parlamentarnih izbora 2016. godine. U prvoj fazi analizirani su statuti stranaka, a u drugoj su provedeni intervjui s visokorangiranim stranačkim dužnosnicima. Rezultati su pokazali kako je razina unutarstranačke demokracije i participacije običnih članova u procesu donošenja odluka o politikama izrazito niska. Također, analiza je otkrila visok stupanj koncentracije moći u rukama uskog kruga ljudi okupljenog oko predsjednika stranke u gotovo svim relevantnim strankama. ; The paper presents a contemporary study on intra-party democracy in Croatia and offers an analysis of the participation of ordinary members in the internal policy-making processes. Formal and actual participation of ordinary members in the Croatian parties are explored in order to get an insight of the intra-party distribution of power. The study included eight parties: HDZ, HNS, HSU, HSS, HSLS, IDS, Most and SDP in the period following the 2016 general elections. In the first stage, party statutes were analyzed, while in the second stage interviews were conducted with high-ranking party officials. Results show that the level of intra-party democracy and participation of ordinary members in the decision-making process on party policies is exceptionally low. The analysis also revealed a high level of concentration of power in the hands of a small circle of people gathered around the party president in almost all relevant political parties.
Analizira se suradnja javne uprave i organizacija civilnog društva u procesu odlučivanja. Snaženje koncepta regulacijske države mijenja ulogu javne vlasti u procesu odlučivanja. To se posebno očituje kroz širenje broja akera koji sudjeluju u izradi politika i odluka. Europska unija razvija mogućnosti i načine putem kojih razne organizacije civilnog društva imaju priliku dati svoje mišljenje o donošenju određene odluke. Republika Hrvatska pokušava slijediti taj trend definiranjem odredbi o postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću i uspostavljanjem mehanizama suradnje s organizacijama civilnog društva i drugim akterima na izradi zakona, drugih propisa i akata. Također se analiziraju formalne mogućnosti i stvarna participacija civilnog društva u postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću te odnos s javnom vlasti u izradi odluka. Analiziraju se instrumenti savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću u EU-u i Hrvatskoj. Upozorava se na određene probleme u regulaciji i provedbi instrumenta te se predlažu rješenja za poboljšanje. ; The strengthening of the regulatory state concept in recent decades has changed the role of public authorities in the decision-making process, rendering them just one of the many different participants involved in policy-making and the decision-making process. As regulation became their primary function, public authorities began to emphasise the quality of the decision-making process and the decisions it engenders in order to encourage the establishment of a suitable environment for economic development. Therefore, supranational organisations and many countries are implementing regulatory reforms in an attempt to create better regulation, and in the context of these reforms they are using instruments of civil society participation in decision-making. As a result of various circumstances, creating relations with civil society based on cooperation and partnership is often a relatively slow and gradual process, yet progress is notable. The European Union is constantly evolving opportunities and ways in which various civil society organisations can convey their opinions about the adoption of certain decisions at the EU level. Croatia has also, particularly over the last seven years, tried to follow this trend by defining the legal provisions and procedures of public consultations, and by establishing mechanisms for cooperation with civil society organisations and many other stakeholders in the drafting of laws and other regulations. The paper analyses the role of civil society and the opportunities for public consultations in the European Union and Croatia. The analysis results indicate progress as well as problems. The author suggests improvements with regard to the cooperation between civil society and public administration in public consultations.
Polazeći od društvene okoline upravne organizacije, autor analizira poboljšanje odnosa uprave s građanima kao najrelevantnijim dijelom društvenom okoline. S obzirom na to da taj odnos najsnažnije dolazi do izražaja u jedinicama lokalne samouprave, kao slučaj za analizu uzima se Grad Zagreb i poboljšanje odnosa gradskih upravnih tijela s građanima. S obzirom na odnos prema građanima, poslovi gradskih upravnih tijela klasificiraju se u dvije osnovne skupine. Na jednoj su strani poslovi kojima se građanima pružaju određene javne usluge pa se građane percipira kao korisnike tih usluga. Druga kategorija poslova su poslovi strateškog odlučivanja za koje su građani subjekti demokratskog procesa zainteresirani za utjecaj na ishod pojedinih javnih politika. Kao doktrinarno-teorijski temelj koristi se koncept javne vrijednosti i koncept upravljanja odnosima s korisnicima, a kao metodološki pristup koristi se analiza relevantnih propisa i podataka o kontaktima građana i uprave, kao i analiza sadržaja relevantnih web stranica ; The author uses social environment of an administrative organisation to analyse the improvement of public administration's relations with citizens, who are the most relevant part of social environment. Considering that the relations in question are best visible in local self-government units, the author has analysed the City of Zagreb and the improvement of the relations between the city's administrative bodies and citizens. The functions of the city's administrative bodies are divided in to two main groups with regard to relations with citizens. In the first group, there are the functions through which citizens receive certain public services, and are perceived as service users accordingly. The second group comprises the functions of strategic decision-making where citizens are perceived as the subjects of a democratic process interested in the out comes of different public policies. The author used the concepts of public value and user-relation management as a doctrinary-theoretical basis. The analysis of the relevant legislation, information on the contacts between citizens and public administration, and the analysis of the relevant web pages are used as a methodological approach.
Ovaj rad ispituje hipotezu prema kojoj je vanjsko djelovanje EU (koje prema Lisabonskom ugovoru kao važećem ugovornom okviru EU objedinjuje vanjske odnose EU kao zbirni naziv za eksternalizirane unutarnje politike EU i vanjsku politiku EU) neuspješno na Mediteranu zbog nekonzistentnosti u vanjskopolitičkom procesu, i zbog nekoherentnosti u sadržaju/ciljevima triju mediteranskih politika EU (Euro-mediteransko partnerstvo - EMP, Europska susjedska politika – ENP i Unija za Mediteran - UFM). U tom smislu prvi cilj disertacije je pokazati razloge neuspjeha vanjskog djelovanja EU spram mediteranske regije, a drugi je ukazati na šire implikacije tog neuspjeha za ambicije EU kao globalnog aktera. Korištene istraživačke metode analiza sadržaja primarnih i tercijarnih izvora podataka u kombinaciji sa diskurzivnom analizom primarnih i sekundarnih izvora, potvrdile su sljedeće. Vanjsko djelovanje EU spram mediteranske regije je neuspješno kroz sve tri faze vanjskopolitičkog procesa. (1) U fazi formuliranja mediteranskih politika zbog neusklađenosti/nekonzistentnosti između institucija EU (Europskog vijeća i Europske komisije) u definiranju mediteranske regije kao strukturnog konteksta mediteranskih politika EU, svrhe EMP-a i prioriteta EMP-a i ENP-a. (2) U fazi odlučivanja/usvajanja mediteranskih politika EU zbog nekompatibilnost/nekoherentnost ciljeva vanjske politike EU i većeg broja eksternaliziranih unutarnjih politika EU između EMP, ENP i UFM, pri čemu je najveća nekoherentnost postojala u razdoblju od 2004.-2008. između EMP i ENP po pitanju vanjske politike, JHA, trgovine i energetike, a od 2009. stanje se između trenutno aktivnih ENP i UFM nije bitno promijenilo jer su ostale nekoherentne vanjska politika, JHA i energetika, dok trgovinska politika nije sastavni dio UFM-a. (3) U fazi implementiranja mediteranskih politika EU zbog neusklađenosti/nekonzistentnosti u bilateralnoj implementaciji multilateralnih instrumenata mediteranskih politika EU na vanjskopolitičkom području i u JHA od strane južno-mediteranskih partnera unatoč činjenici da su ove instrumente zajednički usvojili sa državama članicama EU. Nekonzistentnost u vanjskopolitičkom procesu i nekoherentnost u sadržaju/ciljevima između triju mediteranskih politika EU slabe mogućnosti EU (shvaćene kao sposobnost formuliranja, usvajanja i implementiranja politika). Ove mogućnosti zajedno sa neiskorištenim prilikama (shvaćenima kao prilike za suradnju EU kako sa južno-mediteranskim partnerima kroz uzimanje u obzir i njihovih interesa, te sa drugim regionalizirajućim akterima koji jednako kao EU djeluju u mediteranskoj regiji) kao dva analizirana elementa akterstva EU, pokazuju da je EU tek (regionalni) akter u nastajanju i da još uvijek ne može bez problema koji proizlaze iz njezine kompleksne prirode pretendirati na ulogu vanjskopolitičkog aktera u globalnim razmjerima. ; This paper examines the hypothesis that EU external action (which, according to the Lisbon Treaty as the relevant EU framework agreement, encompasses EU external relations as a collective term for externalized EU internal policies and EU foreign policy) has been unsuccessful in the Mediterranean region due to the inconsistency of the foreign policy process and incoherence of the aims of three EU Mediterranean policies (Euro-Mediterranean Partnership–EMP, European Neighborhood Policy–ENP, and Union for the Mediterranean–UFM). In that context, the first objective of this dissertation is to provide the reasons as to why the EU external action has failed in the Mediterranean region. Secondly, it will point at the wider implications of this failure in terms of EU aspirations to be a global actor. Research methods used in empirical analysis that included content analysis of primary and tertiary sources, combined with discourse analysis of primary and secondary sources, has resulted in the following. EU external action in the Mediterranean region has been unsuccessful in all three stages of the foreign policy process. (1) In the stage of formulating Mediterranean policies due to inconsistency between EU institutions in defining the Mediterranean region as a structural context of EU Mediterranean policies, EMP's purpose and EMP's and ENP's priorities. (2) In the decision making stage of EU Mediterranean policies due to the incoherence of aims of EU's foreign policy and many EU's externalized internal policies between EMP, ENP and UFM, whereby this incoherence was most prominent between 2004-2008 regarding foreign policy issues, JHA, trade and energy between EMP and ENP. Since 2009, the situation concerning the currently effective ENP and UFM has not changed significantly, since foreign policy, JHA and energy policy have remained incoherent, while trade policy is not part of the UFM. (3) In the implementation stage of EU Mediterranean policies due to the inconsistency in bilateral implementation of multilateral instruments of EU Mediterranean policies in the foreign policy field, and in the JHA from the side of south-Mediterranean partners, despite the fact that they have adopted these instruments jointly with EU Member States. Inconsistency of the foreign policy process and incoherence of the aims between the three EU Mediterranean policies are weakening the EU capabilities (the ability to formulate, adopt and implement policies). These together with unutilized opportunities (for cooperation with south Mediterranean partners through taking into consideration their interests, and interests of other regionalization actors in the Mediterranean region) as the two analyzed elements of EU actorness, are demonstrating that the EU is still an emerging (regional) actor that is yet unable to assume the role of a foreign policy actor on a global level due to its complex nature.
One of the most significant results of European convergence is an increase in the number of channels for the "European" policy activities of subnational actors. These actors are no longer limited to bilateral political relations & national i.e. state actors, but are to cooperate & communicate with different actors in different arenas of decision-making & make use of various channels of influencing the European policy process. The question of subnational mobilization has become extremely significant in the theory of European convergence, particularly following the major reform of the EU cohesion policy of 1988 & the introduction of the partnership principle. In that sense, the mobilization of subnational actors is closely linked to the evolution of the EU cohesion policy. Tt should be noted that despite this, the EU cohesion policy is primarily the essential catalyst of subnational mobilization & thus not "exclusively" linked to the public policy realm; it has increasingly become a prominent feature of other public-policy areas. And finally, hand in hand with the elaboration of the common cohesion policy (related to subnational mobilization) the concept of the so-called multilevel governance was formulated in the context of the European integration, in the sense of identifying the environment in which the processes of the formation & the implementation of common European policies are today taking place. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.
Being of the theoretical approaches to the study of the EU, the goal of the analysis of policy networks is to identify the policy process actors, both governmental & non-governmental, & the structure of their interaction in order to describe, explain & predict the outcomes of the European public policy. Many authors claim that the exceptionally rapid development of this approach in the last thirty years (& its intensive EU application since the 1990s) can be attributed to the changes in the contemporary practice of governance. Namely, although public policy is above all related to the accountability of authorities in securing public goods, the tasks are increasingly allocated to a growing number of non-governmental actors, especially in the EU. In its analysis of policy networks the paper offers the typology of the actors & an array of the concepts which define the structuring of their interaction (in the policy literature the term policy network is used generically & also when referring to the EU). It also outlines the continuum of the types of EU policy networks which as independent variable affect the outcomes of the European public policy. The paper identifies which approach within the analysis of policy networks the application to the EU belongs to. In the EU research policy networks are understood as an instrument of the policy analysis that explains the decisions shaping public policy at the subsystem level of decision-making, which makes it necessary to combine it with other theoretical approaches for the other levels of decision-making, which makes it necessary to combine it with other theoretical approaches for the other levels of decision-making & for the other types of decisions to grasp the entirety of the manner in which public policy in the EU is shaped. The policy network analysis contributes most to improving the understanding of everyday events in the process of creating European public policy, the events the change the environment in which key decisions are made as well as the actors' perceptions of their own interests. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.
Game theory as a theory of interactive decision making formalizes the modeling of social processes by creating an analytical basis for analyzing decision making in circumstances of risks, & the actors' cooperation or noncooperation. The core concepts -- Nash & Stackelberg's equilibrium, stochastic & differential games, transferable utility, cooperative & noncooperative games -- illustrate the scope of issues in the international economy that are applicable to the game theory. The author analyzes several instances of game theory in the international economy: various national tariff policies & the creation of tariff unions; international cartels; extraction of the resources of joint property; coalitions; & international negotiations. The author presupposes a smattering of knowledge of the game theory technique; as far as possible, the analysis is carried out nontechnically. 30 References. Adapted from the source document.
The successive stages of development of constitutional democracy in the USA, in particular the experience of "judicial supervision paradox," show us that the U.S. Supreme Court performed at least two different functions: (1) norm enforcement, & (2) policy-making through re-examination & interpretation of the Constitution & the laws in cases brought before the Court. Dissent among American legal experts related to this & other matters prove that debates on judicial activism are not a thing of the past. Still, both advocates & critics of judicial activism share the view that judges have been an important part of the American constitutional process since its inception. The Marbury v. Madison case (1803) affirmed the institution of judicial supervision & denoted a gradual shift of judicial power into the field of public law. Thus further expansion & transformation of judicial power was made possible. In this article, the author establishes a connection between judicial activism & judicial supervision, & adheres to the standpoint that the "judicializing aspect of modern liberalism" deserves as much attention as any other aspect of democratization. Adapted from the source document.
This paper describes an attempt of a new methodological approach to the studying of the power structure in organizations. The first part comprises critical remarks directed to the most extensively used method of graphs of control based upon the examined subjects' perception of the existing power structure, (a) A small dispersion of results about some values is not necessarily an indicator of the validity, but perhaps of the generally accepted stereotype, (b) Perception also depends on a series of factors of social position and psychological state of examined subjects. Tending to avoid the disadvantages of the method of graphs of control, and to retain, however, a high degree of standardization, we have tried to create a method which would comprise these qualities. The research work has been carried out in two stages. The first stage consisted of a project based upon the observation with specially prepared forms as persons who contributed in the meetings of workers' councils. Objective data for all the respective persons were collected. In this way a complete picture of activity within the forum with prerogatives of bringing all the key decisions was obtained. However, even if this method offers a very detailed picture of the examined phenomenon, it is not fully satisfactory. As first, it is concentrated upon a fragment (segment) of a continuous process of decision making. Second, this method does not allow the identification of informal groups in organization which might have the key influence upon the decision making. Due to these reasons we have then created an instrument tending to cover the complete process of the decision making (including both formal and informal levels), allowing identification of all the key groups within organization, formal and informal, and being also maximally standardized. The first stage in the obtained scheme refers to the preparation of the decision making which comprises the overall social process before the formal act of the decision making. The second stage refers to the decision making itself. As last, there might appear the control, consisting of the initiative for the control implementation and the implementation itself. It is assumed that in all these various stages of the decision making process it is possible to identify persons actively participating in it. We are, however, primarily concerned with the following — which are the groups whose interests these persons represent. We will also try to analyse goals, strategies and effects of activity. In order to follow directly the overall process through which the decision making passes, we have relied upon the informants, well informed about respective organizations. Therefore this method represents a kind of a »key-men« technique, as we tried to reach persons who had such positions, this primarily through the industrial psychologists already extensively employed in industry and various other organizations. Obviously, there is always a problem of objectivity of such informants. This can be avoided in two ways: by requesting the informants to provide information only and by trying to maximally eliminate their evaluation, and also by the engage meant of several informants from the same organization.
Since its declaration of independence Kosovo has clearly postured itself towards Euro-Atlantic integration with NATO, keeping its door open towards Western Balkan states. This integration process faces major challenges stemming from different dimensions: NATO's internal unity and its stance towards Kosovo's political status having direct impact in consensual decision making processes; current geopolitical tensions from a global perspective, particularly between the West and Russia; and Kosovo's ability to fulfil NATO's standards and criteria. These challenges might prove very difficult to overcome at least in the current global political and security environment. The objective of this paper is to discuss from legal and geopolitical perspectives the relations between Kosovo and NATO and the challenges, dynamics and perspective of NATO opening a formal integration process for Kosovo. ; Since its declaration of independence Kosovo has clearly postured itself towards Euro-Atlantic integration with NATO, keeping its door open towards Western Balkan states. This integration process faces major challenges stemming from different dimensions: NATO's internal unity and its stance towards Kosovo's political status having direct impact in consensual decision making processes; current geopolitical tensions from a global perspective, particularly between the West and Russia; and Kosovo's ability to fulfil NATO's standards and criteria. These challenges might prove very difficult to overcome at least in the current global political and security environment. The objective of this paper is to discuss from legal and geopolitical perspectives the relations between Kosovo and NATO and the challenges, dynamics and perspective of NATO opening a formal integration process for Kosovo.
The paper depicts various orientations, methodological approaches & insights into the three dominant types of electoral process research: political/sociological, focusing on the position of the individual within the structure of society; political/psychological, focusing on the party identification & the structure of attitudes; & political/economical, focusing on the rational choice process. By distinguishing between the substantial & the procedural rationality, these approaches are not considered to be rival or mutually exclusive, but complementary, enabling us to understand individual electoral decisions through their interaction. 21 References. Adapted from the source document.
This article deals with the issue of the peace-building process in countries with long-standing civil wars and the factors that might influence such processes. Based on my analysis, I identify two types of factors that might influence the peace process: power-sharing arrangements as an institutional factor, and attitudes of internal actors of the peace process as an agency factor. In this article I analyze the peace-building process in the West African country of Liberia. The peace-building process is analyzed through the study of the two main peace treaties signed to end the Liberian civil war in the 1990s: the Treaties of Abuja and Accra. In the analysis, I focus mainly on the extent to which the peace treaties incorporate the elements of power-sharing as well as the motivations, decision-making, and behavior of internal actors involved in the peace building process during the implementation of the peace treaties. The goal of this analysis is to reveal which dominant factor influenced the stability of the peace-building process in Liberia. Adapted from the source document.
