Suchergebnisse

What does it mean to make a decision? Does a decision theory exist? How can we understand decision making? By using the traditional literary form of the "dispute", the authors explore the various approaches to the theoretical and empirical issue of decision making. Each of the three fictional characters represent a different way to approach the problem, each one showing, through a lively debate and dialogue, a specific point of view on what decisions are and how they can be understood. But this dispute is not just about decision making in itself. The characters also represent very different views about what an enterprise is, what rationality is, what are freedom and reality.

The article highlights the decline of the duty to state reasons both in administrative acts and judicial decisions. Essentially, albeit not exclusively, case law plays a key role in depreciation of the general duty to state reasons for administrative acts. This happens through different manifestations (lack of reasoning, implicit statement of reasons, sufficient or posthumous statement of reasons) and concerns even discretionary administrative acts. Likewise, the duty to state reasons for judicial decisions is going through a process of progressive emptying, both by legislature initiatives and case-law. Even in this case, the phenomenon is general and transversal, covering both administrative courts and civil courts decisions. It has different manifestations, such as simplified statement of reasons or statement of reasons per relationem. The decline of the duty to state reasons leads to a return to the past, when all that matter was the decision. The statement of reasons relates instead to legitimization and rationalization of public power. The lack of the statement of reasons is the essential means of arbitrary exercise of power.

This essay outlines the role that the national parliaments of federal and regional states can play in the context of the multilevel governance of the EU.The methods of coordination between national parliaments and sub-state territorial bodies areanalysed. They express a bilateral process that moves as much on the European side as on the internal one, potentially giving life to a system that can significantly contribute to the process of European integration, andthat appears to be one of the essential tools to make up, at least partially, to the"democratic disconnect"of the European Union.

COVER; quartino; INDICE; Premessa; HANS KELSEN'S GOD AND THE STATE: THE THEORY OF POSITIVE LAW AS METHODOLOGICAL ANARCHISM; "UGUAGLIANZA": QUANTIFICATORE UNIVERSALE?; DWORKIN, COLEMAN E L'IDEA DI "CONVENZIONE"; 'TO RESTORE A COMPLEX UNITY ... RICOEUR WITH AND BEYOND DWORKIN'; LEGAL SHAPES AND EFFECTIVENESS; BIBLIOGRAFIA

Several legal systems use algorithms (even non-deterministic ones) to take administrative decisions although in some of them there are not specific legislative provisions admitting "not-human" decisions. Principles and rules related to administrative procedures have been elaborated having regard to human interactions and decisions while new legal implications arise from automated decision-making processes. Italian constitution and EU primary and secondary law (GDPR) require an ad hoc legal basis to allow a public body to take an algorithmicbased decision. Such a legal basis should also properly safeguard citizens' rights in connection with "not-human" decision-making processes. ; Gli algoritmi, anche di tipo non deterministico, sono già utilizzati nell'assunzione di decisioni amministrative sebbene manchi in alcuni ordinamenti una norma di legge che ammetta espressamente tale possibilità. I principi e le regole che disciplinano il procedimento sono stati costruiti intorno alla decisione "umana", mentre dalla decisione algoritmica derivano questioni giuridiche nuove e del tutto peculiari. I principi costituzionali e il diritto europeo primario e derivato (GDPR) impongono che sia una norma di legge ad ammettere la decisione amministrativa algoritmica prevedendo anche adeguate garanzie per gli interessi dei cittadini dinnanzi alla nuova realtà.

L'articolo espone alcuni itinerari attraverso i quali il principio costituzionale della partecipazione, pensato dal Costituente con maggiore attenzione all'attività politica, si è gradualmente esteso anche all'attività amministrativa, a misura che l'evoluzione dell'ordinamento italiano ha tolto centralità alla mediazione partitica e al circuito rappresentativo. L'articolo si sofferma brevemente su alcune forme di partecipazione all'attività amministrativa, evidenziando come non sempre essa dia luogo al pieno dispiegamento del principio democratico. ; The article shows the route through which the constitutional princile of participation, once mainly referred to political activity, has gradually involved the administrative process too, to the extent that the centrality of political parties and representative legitimacy have decreased. The article also shortly considers some types of administrative participation and highlights that they do not always imply a full development of democratic principles.

The aim of this work is to analyse the most relevant issues related to the topic of the automation of administrative decisions. This phenomenon is, indeed, the result of the process of technological development that has recently begun to affect the traditional way of understanding the organization and the action of the public authorities. In particular, thanks to the spread of increasingly sophisticated computer systems, nowadays public administrations have the opportunity to adopt administrative acts using appropriate algorithms. In fact, although heterogeneous in structure and functions, these tools allow public action to achieve levels of efficiency and speed difficult to achieve through the ordinary conduct of administrative procedures. In the awareness of the significant benefits of this technological change, it is necessary to verify whether and how the use of computer programs by public entities can be considered compatible with the traditional procedural guarantees of administrative law. With the intent to answer this question, this study aims to analyse the phenomenon of automation of decision-making process into four main parts. The first part is dedicated to define the historical and legal framework of the process of digitalization of the public sector. Specifically, after having pointed out the most significant legislative measures adopted in this field in recent years, the work analyzes the main issues related to the implementation of the e-Government model within our legal system. In the light of brief terminological clarifications, the theme of automation is introduced and some interesting cases in which computer systems were used within the public procedures are examined. The second part of the analysis focuses on the issue of the admissibility and of the field of application of algorithmic decisions. Indeed, this topic has already been at the heart of the reflections of the most ancient doctrine, which stated that automation process was allowed only if the exercised administrative power can be considered constrained. However, this approach was overtaken by the more recent literature, which highlighted the opportunity of extending, despite some limitations, the use of automated systems where the public power is discretionary in nature. These are interpretative guidelines which seem to have also influenced the judgements of the administrative jurisprudence, which over time showed a more open attitude towards the use of algorithms in administrative procedures. The third part of the work focuses on the possibility of reconciling the main procedural guarantees provided by the Italian law on administrative procedure with the structural and functional peculiarities that characterize the phenomenon of automation. This analysis is carried out, in particular, by examining whether and in what terms the use of algorithms can be considered compatible with three fundamental principles related to the action of the public authorities: the principle of transparency of administrative decisions; the principle of motivation of administrative acts; the principle of private participation within administrative proceedings. Each topic is analyzed by examining both the evolution of the doctrinal debate and the interpretative solutions proposed in the case law, where for the first time the legal conditions that must guide any attempt to adopt administrative acts using computer software were defined. Finally, the last part of the study deals with the role and the responsibility of the public administrations in the automated decision-making process. Within this session, in particular, it is analyzed how the most relevant doctrinal and jurisprudential positions managed to state the direct accountability of public bodies for the effects deriving from the adoption of automated administrative acts. In the light of the framework carried out, some final considerations are formulated regarding the current needs to regulate the phenomenon within the public sector.

The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphologicalsettlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the abovesaid criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas. ; The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphologicalsettlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the abovesaid criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas.

The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphologicalsettlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the abovesaid criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas. ; The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphologicalsettlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the abovesaid criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas.

The Italian mobility system is characterized by obsolete, inefficient, often unsafe infrastructural networks and by long and complex processes in public administrations, as well as by procurement legal disputes that discourage private investments: these multiple factors hinder the socio-economic development and the national GDP growth. In the EU report "Transport in the European Union" of March 2019, Italy is below the European average, both in terms of the services quality and the reliability of the transport network, with over 80% car trips. Logistics, local public transport and related modal integrations (train-bus-bicycle, etc.), and tariffs are fundamental elements for "sustainable development". Considering the strategic importance and the problem relevance, in this paper, the variables characterizing the quadrinomial "infrastructural network-mobility service-economy-environment" are analysed in order to develop a mathematical model to support the decision-making process for transport investments. The proposed algorithm allows to evaluate the right choice among not indifferent alternatives which respect technical, economic and ecosystemic constraints. Thanks to this model, the project manager is able to evaluate and choose the best alternative for improving the "territory-mobility" system into a global configuration which considers the overall impact (all effects) of the investment, taking into account every possible scenario. The model is based on the elements of function theory and linear and relational algebra: through pre-established "input" parameters, a decision-making strategy is set up to achieve pre-established strategic objectives, with "excellent" decision trajectories which maximize the global utilities of the project or of the action program.

Il tema sullo sviluppo urbano sostenibile ricopre un ruolo centrale nelle politiche urbane di molte città europee e non. Le indicazioni dei documenti programmatici dell'Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite (ONU), dell'Unione Europea e degli Stati Membri della Comunità Europea propongono linee guida al fine di «rendere le città e gli insediamenti umani più inclusivi, sicuri, resilienti e sostenibili». Ad una prima fase in cui il dibattito sulla sostenibilità ha riguardato la necessità di fronteggiare il rapido cambiamento climatico attraverso la salvaguardia e la tutela delle componenti ambientali e naturali, a partire dagli inizi del XXI secolo è seguita una fase in cui si è avvertita la necessità di indirizzare le trasformazioni insediative delle città considerando congiuntamente, quindi in chiave ecosistemica integrata, gli aspetti relativi sia alle risorse naturali e ambientali esistenti, sia ai servizi da essi generati, con gli effetti e le ricadute di tipo economico, sociale e culturale. La Commissione Europea propone iniziative volte a migliorare lo stato delle città per mezzo di ecologically sound urban design practices utili allo sviluppo economico del territorio, al benessere della collettività e alla salvaguardia della componente naturale esistente. L'integrazione di azioni di forestazione urbana e peri-urbana con gli aspetti urbanistici, architettonici, tecnologici, impiantistici, naturalistici e ambientali del progetto può contribuire ad innalzare il livello di qualità ambientale, sociale e culturale, nonché la capacità reddituale di porzioni di territorio urbanizzato. Si tratta di benefici plurimi per la collettività da valutare in termini di servizi eco-sistemici. La possibilità di progettare interventi ricomprendenti anche la forestazione urbana, definibili come Integrated Ecosystem Urban Projects (IEUP), richiede strategie d'azione volte alla sostenibilità urbana integrata. In questa prospettiva, s'intende proporre un protocollo di valutazione economica definito con logica multi-criteriale ...

In considerazione del numero crescente di domande giurisdizionali ripetitive di diritto pubblico, il testo si propone di rivisitare le garanzie del due process previo alle decisioni amministrative – sancito nella Costituzione del 1988 –, tra le quali dovrebbe figurare quella dell'effettiva indipendenza delle autorità amministrative. A tal fine, ci si basa su una iniziale prospettiva comparativa tra il modello anglosassone e quello europeo-continentale, per quanto attiene alla protezione per i tribunali di diritti individuali. Appare evidente la preoccupazione dell'autore, alla ricerca di un'adeguata comprensione di tematiche considerate autentici dogmi nell'ambito del diritto brasiliano, quali: la contraddizione tra l'autoesecutività delle decisioni amministrative e l'interesse e la legittimità ad agire in giudizio da parte delle autorità pubbliche contro gli individui; la distinzione tra procedimento amministrativo (dinanzi un'autoritá amministrativa senza funzione giurisdizionale) e processo amministrativo extragiudiziale (dinanzi una autoritá amministrativa con funzione giurisdizionale) e le sue implicazioni rispetto agli individui nell'ambito del processo giudiziale (dinanzi un giudice con funzione giurisdizionale); l'imparzialità senza un'indipendenza facente capo alle autorità nella conduzione di un processo amministrativo (extragiudiziale), e la sindacabilità dai tribunali del margine di apprezzamento fattivo-scientifico delle decisioni amministrative. L'autore conclude il lavoro sostenendo che costituisce la scelta politica di ogni Stato decidere in quale settore dello stesso e in quale momento (preventivo o posteriore all'inizio degli effetti della decisione amministrativa) la funzione giurisdizionale può essere accentrata, essendo la soluzione di conflitti coerente con lo Stato di Diritto, mediante le decisioni amministrative, dal momento che decorrono da un giusto processo che comprende all'interno altre garanzie. Tra queste garanzie è incluso il diritto di un arbitro con indipendenza effettiva, il ...

Every city arises from an event, an individual decision supported by a collective engagement, disciplined by rules defining technical and legal norms for implementing and managing, breeding customs, traditions, rituals and shared behaviours, as roots of culture and civilization. The origin of the foundation city, both in the ancient time and in the medieval and modern ages, represents the first major event for the city which resumes, in its physical and management setting-up, the matrix characteristics of urban planning complexity, putting into a dialectic comparison not only "where" (place and space), "when" (age and time) and "how" (form and behaviour), but also "why" and "for whom", turning out as the dominant subjects of the residential making-process since the beginning of civilisations. "Why" resumes the ambit of needs, material and spiritual instances, concrete and abstract instances, strictly connected with the ambit of will, wishes and ambitions, leading decisions and policies at the basis of plans, programmes and projects dominated by "must-can" binomial dialectics. "For whom" determines the transition from the material to the immaterial, from the concreteness of actions to relative aims, from the object to the subject, from the operator to the addressee of the operation, recalling the "ethical reason" which finds its deepest roots in the ideology of "idea" sublimation, fulfilled by new linguistic assumptions, symbolic messages aiming at exalting the membership extension from the family, brotherhood and tribe to the native land, to the territory and the city. In this perspective, the pyramid verticalisation of social relationships, disciplining the urban order, finds a convenient and comfortable acceptance for a faithful commonality (which guarantees trust relations) and a progressive process of "civic sense", which makes the general particular and the particular general, connecting rationality and emotional make-up within a unification of understandings. ; Ogni città nasce da un evento , da una decisione individuale sostenuta da un impegno collettivo disciplinato da regole che dettano norme tecniche e giuridiche al realizzare ed al governare, generatrici di costumanze, tradizioni, rituali e comportamenti condivisi, matrici di cultura e civiltà. L'origine della città di fondazione, sia in età antica che medioevale e moderna costituisce il suo primo grande evento che riassume, nel suo fisico ed organizzativo determinarsi, i caratteri matriciali della complessità urbanistica che pongono in dialettico confronto non solo il "dove"(luogo, spazio), il "quando" (età, tempo) ed il "come" (forma e costumanza) ma anche il "perché" ed il "per chi" che si caratterizzano come i soggetti dominanti della processualità insediativa sin dagli albori delle civiltà. Il "perché" riassume la sfera delle necessità, delle esigenze materiali e spirituali, concrete ed astratte, messe in intimo colloquio con la sfera delle volontà, dei desideri e delle aspirazioni presidianti le decisioni, le politiche che informano piani, programmi e progetti dominate dalla dialettica binomiale dovere – potere. Il "per chi" determina il passaggio dal materico all'immaterico, dalla concretezza delle azioni alle finalità che le sottendono, dall'oggetto al soggetto, dall'operatore al destinatario dell'operazione, facendo entrare in campo la "ragione etica" che trova le sue più profonde radici in quella "ideologia" significante la sublimazione della "idea", a coronamento della quale intervengono nuovi assunti linguistici, messaggi simbolici mirati ad esaltare la espansione dell'appartenenza dalla famiglia, frateria e tribù alla patria, al territorio ed alla città. In tale ottica la piramidale verticalizzazione delle "relazioni" sociali disciplinante l'ordine urbano trova conveniente e confortevole accettazione in ragione di una comunanza fideistica (che si rende garante di rapporti fiduciali) e di un progressivo avanzamento del "senso civico" che rende particolare il generale e generale il particolare coniugando razionalità ed emotività nella unificazione degli intendi.

This work presents the results of a research regarding the élite of Asti and the cultural factors that determine its role in the local governance performance. Starting from determining the difficulties of this territory to elaborate a shared vision of a new and effective trajectory of future development, the research aimed at focusing on the dynamics of power and of shared meanings that hinder this process, with the purpose of identifying possible strategies of change. The composition and stratification of local elite and features of local decision-making process were identified through a mixed method approach, based on positional, reputational, decisional and social network analysis. The analysis of the elite's discourse about local development highlighted a strong polarization both concerning the self-representation of local power and the possible levers of development. On the one hand, an image of power as a closed system, almost exclusively focused on its self-reproduction, in contrast with a more flexible one, based on the management of a territory through local services administration. On the other hand, an expectation of development opportunities almost automatically arising from landscape and natural resources in contrast with an idea of development more based on the opportunities arising form cultural heritage (Palio and local theatre tradition), which could create synergies with University's and local tourism's development strategies.