Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Today several nations utilise risk based approaches in military planning. However, the discussion on limitations with the approaches in regard to aspects such as uncertainties, the nature of the threat and risk to civilians is limited.
The aim of this work is to identify important challenges when applying risk based approaches to military activity. This article discusses risk based approaches in general and their military applications. Five generic quality requirements on risk analysis are presented from research in risk philosophy. Two military application areas for risk analysis: military intelligence, and risk management in legal assessments are analysed in relation to the presented quality requirements on risk analysis.
From the analysis it is clear that risk analysis is an integral part of the decision-making analysis and cannot be separated in time, space or organisationally from the decision-making process in general. Defining the scenario to analyse, including the time span, is a central task in risk analysis and will affect every aspect of the risk estimation. Therefore, the principles for scenario definition must be communicated and continuously updated throughout the organisation. Handling the uncertainties throughout the process is also important, especially if the aim is a resilient military system.

In densely populated coastal wetlands with rich biodiversity, multiple, but generally competing, economic activities are common. This paper adopts a polycentric perspective to the study of wetlands management in India to assess the scope for sustainable and equitable use of these remarkable and threatened ecosystems. The analytical framework proves to be useful and highlights that the intertwined processes of environmental and social changes result from, and shape, governance patterns. The three wetlands studied share commonalities in their trajectories: high population pressure, the enclosure of the commons and subsequent capitalization of resources and social marginalization, conflicting interests and intense local politics, a disconnect between global conservation discourses and local concerns, weak institutional arrangements, and global economic forces. The intense politics of access, control and use of natural resources challenge the implementation of a true polycentric regime in the Indian context due to a tendency to bureaucratization and a lack of participation, and existing limits to democratic citizenship. Creating a democratic space where multiple voices can be considered in the decision-making process remains a challenge. The paper concludes that inclusion of power and politics in the study of governance of natural resources should be of prime concern for researchers and decision makers.

The candidate selection process by some Colombian political parties at the subnational level are given in the interaction between formal institutions (Constitution, laws, statutes and rulings) and informal (electoral pacts, parliamentary pen and strategies for expanding the partisan presence ). Although routinization processes tend to be affected by the existence of informal institutions, which in turn contribute to the parties resolve their internal disputes. All in all political parties tend to be pragmatic in making decisions about which candidate to endorse, and therefore resort to either formalized rules or do not play. ; Los procesos de selección de candidatos por parte de algunos partidos políticos colombianos en el ámbito subnacional se dan en la interacción entre instituciones formales (Constitución, leyes, estatutos y resoluciones) e informales (pactos electorales, bolígrafo parlamentario y estrategias de ampliación de la presencia partidista). Aunque los procesos de rutinización tienden a afectarse por la existencia de instituciones informales, éstas a su vez contribuyen a que los partidos diriman sus disputas internas. En suma los partidos políticos tienden a ser pragmáticos en el momento de tomar decisiones respecto a qué candidato avalar, y por ende recurren indistintamente a reglas del juego formalizadas o no.

The candidate selection process by some Colombian political parties at the subnational level are given in the interaction between formal institutions (Constitution, laws, statutes and rulings) and informal (electoral pacts, parliamentary pen and strategies for expanding the partisan presence ). Although routinization processes tend to be affected by the existence of informal institutions, which in turn contribute to the parties resolve their internal disputes. All in all political parties tend to be pragmatic in making decisions about which candidate to endorse, and therefore resort to either formalized rules or do not play. ; Los procesos de selección de candidatos por parte de algunos partidos políticos colombianos en el ámbito subnacional se dan en la interacción entre instituciones formales (Constitución, leyes, estatutos y resoluciones) e informales (pactos electorales, bolígrafo parlamentario y estrategias de ampliación de la presencia partidista). Aunque los procesos de rutinización tienden a afectarse por la existencia de instituciones informales, éstas a su vez contribuyen a que los partidos diriman sus disputas internas. En suma los partidos políticos tienden a ser pragmáticos en el momento de tomar decisiones respecto a qué candidato avalar, y por ende recurren indistintamente a reglas del juego formalizadas o no.

The strategic management of information plays a fundamental role in the organizational management process since the decision-making process depend on the need for survival in a highly competitive market. Companies are constantly concerned about information transparency and good practices of corporate governance (CG) which, in turn, directs relations between the controlling power of the company and investors. In this context, this article presents the relationship between the disclosing of information of joint-stock companies by means of using XBRL, the open data model adopted by the Brazilian government, a model that boosted the publication of Information Access Law (Lei de Acesso à Informação), nº 12,527 of 18 November 2011. Information access should be permeated by a mediation policy in order to subsidize the knowledge construction and decision-making of investors. The XBRL is the main model for the publishing of financial information. The use of XBRL by means of new semantic standard created for Linked Data, strengthens the information dissemination, as well as creates analysis mechanisms and cross-referencing of data with different open databases available on the Internet, providing added value to the data/information accessed by civil society.

Delegating the sovereignty from the citizens to the Government is necessary, to a certain degree, in order to ensure the efficiency of the constitution and the separation of powers, as well as the process of lawmaking. However the complex structure that we now call a "state" and that already seems to have reached its limitations is often perceived as a cold, impersonal structure, in which citizens are becoming only an insignificant part, an interchangeable wheel in a grand design. Thus the decision tends to become more distant from the citizens, than it was in the Greek democracy for example. The new means of communication, especially the Internet, give the citizen the possibility to be closer to the decisions taken by the legislator. The building of a "virtual agora" in which citizens are asked to participate directly to their own governing seems an achievable dream. Main difficulties towards such an ambitious goal are no longer of a technological nature, but of transforming the traditional law making process, the somehow rigid essential characteristics that the rule of law must have, with the direct exercise of sovereignty, by the citizens, if not in all matters, at least at a local, administrative level.

Trust influences a range of human behaviors including health decision making. Over the past 60 years a significant industry has sprung up to influence public opinion and mobilize grassroots challenges against evidence-based threats to vested interests. Simultaneously, media reports of scientific fraud, misrepresentation, constantly changing "evidence" for health, and "hyped" predictions of disasters that were ultimately less significant amplify doubts about the reliability of scientific evidence and technology when hazards arise. This has contributed to the appearance of decay of trust in the veracity of scientific claims. Population responses during communicable disease epidemics illustrate these interacting processes that simultaneously create uncertainty and significant discomfort within communities. Research on the relative influences of formal versus informal information sources in driving protective behavior during recent influenza epidemics shows how both the uptake of everyday preventive practices such as hand hygiene, and specific health interventions, such as vaccination are affected by these processes. We review recent work on influenza-related personal preventive practices, with a particular focus on the shifting roles and utility of formal and informal sources in decision making among the public, and consider the implications within the context of prevailing levels of trust, uncertainty, and doubt surrounding health care recommendations.

The candidate selection process by some Colombian political parties at the subnational level are given in the interaction between formal institutions (Constitution, laws, statutes and rulings) and informal (electoral pacts, parliamentary pen and strategies for expanding the partisan presence ). Although routinization processes tend to be affected by the existence of informal institutions, which in turn contribute to the parties resolve their internal disputes. All in all political parties tend to be pragmatic in making decisions about which candidate to endorse, and therefore resort to either formalized rules or do not play. ; Los procesos de selección de candidatos por parte de algunos partidos políticos colombianos en el ámbito subnacional se dan en la interacción entre instituciones formales (Constitución, leyes, estatutos y resoluciones) e informales (pactos electorales, bolígrafo parlamentario y estrategias de ampliación de la presencia partidista). Aunque los procesos de rutinización tienden a afectarse por la existencia de instituciones informales, éstas a su vez contribuyen a que los partidos diriman sus disputas internas. En suma los partidos políticos tienden a ser pragmáticos en el momento de tomar decisiones respecto a qué candidato avalar, y por ende recurren indistintamente a reglas del juego formalizadas o no.

The candidate selection process by some Colombian political parties at the subnational level are given in the interaction between formal institutions (Constitution, laws, statutes and rulings) and informal (electoral pacts, parliamentary pen and strategies for expanding the partisan presence ). Although routinization processes tend to be affected by the existence of informal institutions, which in turn contribute to the parties resolve their internal disputes. All in all political parties tend to be pragmatic in making decisions about which candidate to endorse, and therefore resort to either formalized rules or do not play. ; Los procesos de selección de candidatos por parte de algunos partidos políticos colombianos en el ámbito subnacional se dan en la interacción entre instituciones formales (Constitución, leyes, estatutos y resoluciones) e informales (pactos electorales, bolígrafo parlamentario y estrategias de ampliación de la presencia partidista). Aunque los procesos de rutinización tienden a afectarse por la existencia de instituciones informales, éstas a su vez contribuyen a que los partidos diriman sus disputas internas. En suma los partidos políticos tienden a ser pragmáticos en el momento de tomar decisiones respecto a qué candidato avalar, y por ende recurren indistintamente a reglas del juego formalizadas o no.

Agenda‐setting and policy‐formulation processes, including those involved in global issues such as climate change, have been a focus of continuous research during recent years. Most studies have taken a broad, longitudinal perspective, with limited emphasis on the individual level decision making that can better explain the broader dynamics tested in the past. This study presents an analysis at the micro level that uncovers specific instances of individual decision making within an information‐processing framework. Additionally, little is known about how climate change is defined in developing nations that are highly vulnerable to its effects. This micro‐level analysis focuses on national legislators and advisers in the Peruvian Congress. The article presents a detailed narrative of the formulation process of several climate change bills and the development of a special committee on climate change and biodiversity in the 2006–2011 legislative period in the Peruvian Congress. The study discusses the role of policy entrepreneurs, the influence of limited or inaccurate information, and the competition with other policy issues through an analysis of in‐depth interviews with these legislative elites. The results show the significant influence of media reports and Internet use in a low‐information environment.

For the last few years in China, several urban planning issues have become public concerns with debates arising on the Internet. As the power of the Internet media continues to rise, the grassroots in China are beginning to have a channel for their voice in the urban planning realm, an area which has been dominated by professionals and governments. In this article, the "PX project event" in Xiamen City and the "nail household event" in Chongqing City are examined from the perspectives of collaborative planning theory. It can be concluded that in today's China, although the Internet-based participation may encourage urban planning to become more transparent, open, and extensively participated, it is hardly more than a consensus-seeking and social learning process, with insufficient management from planning professionals and is far away from consensus building. Such controversies often end in criticism, bias, and a crash in public trust, and governments, elites, and those who are closer to the power center are still the major decision makers. Nevertheless, it is noticeable that, with the pressure of public opinion, grassroots voices on the Internet have tried successfully to change the context of the decision-making process, as well as the balance of the power-oriented political relationships.

The procedural components of the public authorities has been analyzed. The article contains an estimation of their functionality in the process of the social solidarity supporting. It has been defined that the significance and essence of political institution are formed not only by the existence of clearly defined rules of the game and its functionality, but also by the system of sanctions, which are designated in the case of rule violations, both by the"strong resource groups", who actually take political decisions, and by the social groups, political parties and public organizations whose role comprises protection of the "weak resource groups." ; The procedural components of the public authorities has been analyzed. The article contains an estimation of their functionality in the process of the social solidarity supporting. It has been defined that the significance and essence of political institution are formed not only by the existence of clearly defined rules of the game and its functionality, but also by the system of sanctions, which are designated in the case of rule violations, both by the"strong resource groups", who actually take political decisions, and by the social groups, political parties and public organizations whose role comprises protection of the "weak resource groups."

Behavioural economics and social psychology have shown that humans have all sorts of psychological quirks. Policy makers have become enthusiastic about taking advantage of these quirks through what Thaler and Sunstein call 'nudges'. This article asks: when would nudging be manipulative? The article has six parts: (1) publicity and transparency, which claims that Thaler and Sunstein's own attempt to deal with evil nudges is inadequate; (2) manipulation and autonomy, where the nature and wrongness of manipulation is connected to a conception of autonomy; (3) the perversion of the decision-making process – a piecemeal approach, which sorts nudges into easy and hard cases and assesses attempts to pick out certain methods, such as temptation, as manipulative; (4) the perversion of the decision-making process – general accounts, which shows why we do not have a clear, complete and correct account of what such perversion is; (5) intentions and nudging's escape clause, where it is shown that governments that nudge as Thaler and Sunstein would wish do not manipulate because they do not have the intention to manipulate; and (6) consensual manipulation, where it is claimed that manipulation can, with the right consent, be consistent with autonomy.

AbstractThe current hype about culture‐led local development models is causing an increasing interest in cultural policies in the broader context of urban policy. This is not necessarily a transitory situation bound to fade once the hype is over. Under certain conditions, there is room to believe that culture may indeed become a main development driver of urban systems. For this to happen, however, it is necessary to abandon simple mono‐causal developmental schemes (such as the 'creative class' model) and look for more articulated approaches. This calls in turn for a complex systems‐based conceptual framework that is at the same time rich enough to capture the complexity of the interdependences among policy and state variables, and manageable enough to be of practical use, not only for policy design professionals but also for local stakeholders who want to take part in collective decision‐making processes. Inclusiveness and collective decision making are almost unavoidable in the case of cultural planning strategies, as the social sustainability of culture‐based value creation processes crucially depends on boosting the level of access to cultural opportunities by local residents. In this article we present an approach that may be a tentative first step in this direction.

Permanency, stability and continuity are essential components of quality out-of-home care. Permanency planning is a case planning process designed to promote stability and long-term connections for children subject to child protection intervention. This paper outlines findings from a small qualitative study that explored perceptions of permanency planning held by child protection practitioners, carers, and the parents of children in care in Queensland, Australia. Findings show that each group emphasised different aspects of permanency. Practitioners tended to focus on placement arrangements, carers focused on relationships and security, and parents were concerned about the quality of care their children received. Everyone involved in permanency decisions – whether children and young people, parents, carers or child protection practitioners – has ideas, theories and knowledge that they draw upon in expressing their views. Understanding these perspectives is useful for the decision-making process, as each stakeholder communicates with others about what they think is most important for the child. Implications for child protection practice include having a clear practice language and approach to permanency planning, exploring the unique areas of importance to different stakeholders on permanency planning, and ensuring quality participatory practice.