Suchergebnisse

Discussions on democratic deficit in the European Union continue. The Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) was a good occasion for the European Union to handle this issue. However, it yielded no results so far. Recent IGC discussions that were unsuccessfully completed last December demonstrate that the neither the EU states, nor the EU Commission remains ready to show the necessary political determination yet to further the integration process and resolve the problematic issues in terms of democratic deficit. In addition, the first draft of the EU Constitutional Treaty also lacks clauses on the alleviation of democratic deficit within the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy, as well as the European Security and Defense Policy. In this context, this article argues that overcoming the democratic deficit problem in the EU is a political matter and requires strong political determination.

AB, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısının başlarında, altı kurucu devlet arasında, sektörel bir işbirliği olarak başlayan, göz kamaştırıcı bir başarıyla bir ekonomik bütünleşmeye ilerleyen ve yeni üyelerin katılımıyla politik bir birliğe dönüşen uzun bir yolculuğun hikayesidir. İçeriği devasa Avrupa halklarının yönetimi olan konularla baş edebilmek için yeni kurumsal mekanizmalar ve üyeler bu yolculuğa eklemlendi. Ancak bu zaman zarfı içerisinde yapısını ve işleyiş mekanizmasını daima sorgulayan AB, demokratik kurallar ve prosedürlere yakınlaşabilmek için kendini demokratik ve ekonomik olarak geliştirmiş ülkelerle mukayese ederek hep en iyisini arama çabasını sürdürdü. Bu çalışmamız, bu çabayı gerçekleştirme sürecinde AB'nin maruz kaldığı kurumsal problemleri sosyo-politik boyutuyla çözümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. ; The EU began its journey at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century as a sectoral cooperation between the six founding member states and progressed miraculously by creating an economic union and then a political union with the new members. Throughout the years it has developed with new members and institutional set up in order to cope with the tremendous issues concerning the administration of European people. It has advanced to such an extent that, recently its structure and institutions have been questioned in terms of congruence with democratic rules and procedures; and what is more, this is usually done by comparing the EU with democratically and economically developed states. This article tries to indicate the institutional deficits of EU in achieving the aforementioned aims.

AB, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısının başlarında, altı kurucu devlet arasında, sektörel bir işbirliği olarak başlayan, göz kamaştırıcı bir başarıyla bir ekonomik bütünleşmeye ilerleyen ve yeni üyelerin katılımıyla politik bir birliğe dönüşen uzun bir yolculuğun hikayesidir. Đçeriği devasa Avrupa halklarının yönetimi olan konularla baş edebilmek için yeni kurumsal mekanizmalar ve üyeler bu yolculuğa eklemlendi. Ancak bu zaman zarfı içerisinde yapısını ve işleyiş mekanizmasını daima sorgulayan AB, demokratik kurallar ve prosedürlere yakınlaşabilmek için kendini demokratik ve ekonomik olarak geliştirmiş ülkelerle mukayese ederek hep en iyisini arama çabasını sürdürdü. Bu çalışmamız, bu çabayı gerçekleştirme sürecinde AB'nin maruz kaldığı kurumsal problemleri sosyo-politik boyutuyla çözümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. ; The EU began its journey at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century as a sectoral cooperation between the six founding member states and progressed miraculously by creating an economic union and then a political union with the new members. Throughout the years it has developed with new members and institutional set up in order to cope with the tremendous issues concerning the administration of European people. It has advanced to such an extent that, recently its structure and institutions have been questioned in terms of congruence with democratic rules and procedures; and what is more, this is usually done by comparing the EU with democratically and economically developed states. This article tries to indicate the institutional deficits of EU in achieving the aforementioned aims.

ÖZET50 yılın üzerinde bir geçmişe sahip fiili Avrupa bütünleşme süreci, geleceğine dair belirsizliklere rağmen işlemekte ve birçok alanı olduğu gibi işitsel-görsel sektörü, gazetecilik pratiklerini de etkilemektedir. Yeni Avrupa'ya paralel olarak yeni bir Avrupa gazeteciliğinden söz edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada AB oluşum süreci paralelinde Avrupa çapında işitsel-görsel alanda ve gazetecilik pratiklerinde ne gibi değişiklikler olduğuna bakılmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği'nde demokratik açık, kamusal alan açığı ve kimlikteki açık olarak ifade edilen üçlü açığın küçültülmesinde medyaya, gazetecilere dolaylı ya da doğrudan biçilen roller bu çalışmada eleştirel bir şekilde sorgulanmıştır. Yeni Avrupa Gazeteciliği adına şimdilik sadece olgunlaşmamış formlardan söz edilebilir. AB haberciliğinin çok önemli bir uzmanlık dalı olarak algılanması ve doğru gazetecilik adına bu konudaki uzmanlaşmanın geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir ama gazetecinin geleneksel niteliklerinin üstünde, AB ilintili bir misyonla donatılmış bir Avrupa Gazeteciliği formuna, gazetecilik ile halkla ilişkiler ya da basın sözcülüğü arasındaki önemli ve hassas ayrım açısından dikkatle ve eleştirel bakmak gerekmektedir. John Keane'nin belirttiği üzere 20. Yüzyıl'ın sonunda tüm küreselleşmeye rağmen demokrasi hala çok savunmasız konumdadır ve medyaya bu anlamda önemli bir iş düşmektedir. AB oluşumu da - çok sıradışı olsa da - bir anlamda bir küresel girişimdir ve demokrasi, insan hakları adına tüm risklerden arınmış değildir. Yeni Avrupa Gazeteciliği'nde gazeteciliğin geleneksel soruşturmacı ve eleştirel yanının AB bütünleşmesi gündeminin gölgesinde kalması kamusal alanın eleştirel işlevini zayıflatacaktır. EMERGING CONCEPT OF EUROPEAN JOURNALISMGökmen H. KaradağABSTRACTThe actual European integration process, which is older than 50 years, is still rolling in spite of uncertainities, and as such it affects several fields as it does the audio-visual sector and journalism practices. There is a talk of a New European Journalism in parallel to the new Europe. In this study, changes that occur across Europe in the audio-visual field and journalism practices during the formation process of the EU are examined. The media's and journalists' directly or indirectly ascribed responsibilities regarding the reduction of the three-fold European deficit which comprises the democratic deficit in the European Union, public sphere deficit and identity deficit, have been critically investigated in this study. In the name of the New European Journalism one can only talk of immature forms. EU reporting should be considered as a very important expertise on its own and this should be developed for the sake of right journalism. However, beyond a journalist's traditional qualities, a European Journalism form associated with any EU-related mission should be carefully and critically investigated in terms of the deliberate distinction between journalism and public relations or press spokesmanship. As John Keane already stated, democracy is still considerably defenseless in spite of the globalization in the 20th century, and therefore this incurs significant responsibilities to the media. The EU formation is -even if quite an extra ordinary one- a global endeavour, and democracy and human rights are not free of all risks. Within the framework of the New European Journalism, a possible overshadowing of the traditional investigative and critical dimension of journalism by the EU integration agenda would only weaken thecriticizing function of the public sphere.ABSTRACTThe actual European integration process, which is older than 50 years, is still rolling in spite of uncertainities, and as such it affects several fields as it does the audio-visual sector and journalism practices. There is a talk of a New European Journalism in parallel to the new Europe. In this study, changes that occur across Europe in the audio-visual field and journalism practices during the formation process of the EU are examined. The media's and journalists' directly or indirectly ascribed responsibilities regarding the reduction of the three-fold European deficit which comprises the democratic deficit in the European Union, public sphere deficit and identity deficit, have been critically investigated in this study. In the name of the New European Journalism one can only talk of immature forms. EU reporting should be considered as a very important expertise on its own and this should be developed for the sake of right journalism. However, beyond a journalist's traditional qualities, a European Journalism form associated with any EU-related mission should be carefully and critically investigated in terms of the deliberate distinction between journalism and public relations or press spokesmanship. As John Keane already stated, democracy is still considerably defenseless in spite of the globalization in the 20th century, and therefore this incurs significant responsibilities to the media. The EU formation is -even if quite an extra ordinary one- a global endeavour, and democracy and human rights are not free of all risks. Within the framework of the New European Journalism, a possible overshadowing of the traditional investigative and critical dimension of journalism by the EU integration agenda would only weaken thecriticizing function of the public sphere.

Avrupa Birliği başarılı bir bölgeselleşme örneği sergileyen uluslar üstü bir örgüttür. Parlamento birliğin önemli organlarından biridir. İlk başta bir danışma organı olarak düşünülmüştür. Daha sonra yasama alanında etkin bir organ haline getirilmiştir. Parlamento komisyon üyelerini tayin etmektedir, birlik bütçesinin kabul sürecine katılmaktadır, üye kabulü ve bazı antlaşmaların onaylanmasında söz sahibidir. Parlamento aynı zamanda temsili bir organdır ve Parlamentoda çeşitli siyasal gruplar bulunmaktadır. Bu gruplar AB vatandaşlarını temsil etmektedir. Ancak parlamento seçimlerine katılım giderek azalmaktadır. Bu durum parlamentonun meşruiyetine zarar vermektedir ve bir "demokrasi açığı" oluşturmaktadır. Siyasal katılımın artması için parlamentodaki siyasal gruplar seçim kampanyalarını bizzat yürütmelidir ; The European Union is a supranational organization that exhibits a successful example of regionalization. The European Parliament is one of the most important organs in the EU. Initially, the EU Parliament was conceived as an advisory body. Subsequently, it has been an active organ in the legislation area. The EU Parliament appoints the members of the commission, participates in the adoption of the budget of the EU and plays a role in approving some treaties and the acceptance of new members. Also, the EU Parliament is a representative body. There are different political groups in the EU parliament. These groups represent the EU's citizens, but participation in the EU parliamentary elections has been decreasing gradually. This situation weakens the legitimacy of the EU Parliament and causes a "democratic deficit". In order to increase political participation, political groups in the parliament should conduct election campaigns themselves.

ÖZET2011'de başlayıp bir dalga halinde Kuzey Afrika'dan Orta Doğu'ya yayılan Arap ayaklanmaları bölgede emsalsiz dönüşümlere neden oldu. Bu çalışmada ayaklanmaların bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan Suriyeli mülteci krizine Avrupa Birliği'nin ulusal ve toplumsal güvenlik çerçevelerinden getirdiği yorumlamalar karşılaştırılmıştır. İki güvenlik anlayışının getirdiği farklı algılayışların kaynağına inmek amaçlanmıştır. Avrupa Birliği içinde hâlihazırda bilinen, demokrasi açığı gibi fay hatlarını Suriyeli mülteci krizi üzerinden incelemesi açısından çalışma, kurumun varoluşuna, devletler ve toplumlar ile olan ilişkilerine dair soru işaretleri uyandırması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Araştırmada niceliksel ve niteliksel analiz yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. "Suriyeli mülteciler" olarak alınan örneklem 2011'de Suriye İç Savaşı ile başlayan dönemden, günümüze kadar geçen sürede Avrupa Birliği bölgesine giriş yapan Suriye vatandaşlarını kapsamaktadır. Bu gruba dair veriler göç üzerine çalışmalar yapmakta olan uluslararası örgütlerin, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının ve devlet kurumlarının veri bankalarından elde edilmiştir. Ulusal güvenlik ve toplumsal güvenlik kavramlarına dünden bugüne bir bakış ile kavramlara atfedilen farklı anlamlar incelenmiştir. Suriyeli mülteci krizi, üye ülkelerin böyle hayati bir olaya dair dahi fikir birliğine varamaması nedeniyle Avrupa Birliği'nin varoluşsal bir kriz yaşayıp yaşamadığı sorusunu tekrar gündeme getirmiştir. Çalışma ile Avrupa Birliği gibi uluslar üstü nitelik taşıyan bir kurumun üye ülkelerin güvenliklerine dair karar alma mekanizmalarına getirdiği kısıtlamalar bir kez daha gözler önüne serilmektedir. Ulusal ve toplumsal güvenlik kavramlarının tarih boyunca geçirdiği dönüşümler ve demokrasinin kalitesine dair mühim bir gösterge olan devletlerin toplumları temsil etme derecesi gibi sorunlara Avrupa Birliği geneli ve farklılıklara dikkat çekmek amacıyla, üye ülkeler özelinde yanıt aranmıştır.ABSTRACTThe wave of Arab uprisings, which started in 2011 in North Africa and spread to the Middle East, entailed unprecedented transformations for the region. In this study, interpretations from the national and societal security perspectives of the European Union for the Syrian refugee crisis which occurred as a result of these unrests, are compared with one another. It is expected to retrace the different understandings of the two security approaches. The study which examines the already existing fault lines of the European Union, such as the democratic deficit, over the issue of the Syrian refugees, has importance in terms of raising questions regarding the existence of the institution, and its relations with the states and societies. Quantitative and qualitative analysis methods are employed for the research. The sample which is taken as "Syrian refugees" contains the Syrian citizens whom entered into the European Union zone in the process starting from the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, until today. Data concerning this group is gathered from the databases of international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and the institutions of the states working on immigration. With an overview of the national security and societal security definitions from past to today, different approaches to the concepts are evaluated. Syrian refugee crisis revived the question on whether the European Union has been experiencing an existential crisis, due to the fact that the member countries could not reach a consensus on such a vital issue. The constraints put by an institution like the European Union with its supra-national characteristic, on the member states decision-making mechanisms operating for security, are unfolded with this study. Answers are explored for the significant questions on the transformations of national and societal security concepts throughout history and on the extent of states representation of societies which is an important indicator for the quality of democracy, by looking generally at the European Union, and specifically at the member states to remark the differences.

ÖZETBu çalışmada Türkiye'nin gündeminde ekonomik, politik, sosyal ve kültürel boyutlarıyla önemli bir yer tutan AB ile olan ilişkiler tarihsel gelişimi kapsamında incelenerek, Türkiye'nin AB'ne üyeliğinin, Avrupa Parlamentosu kararları örnek olaylarıyla irdelenmesi ve Atatürk Türkiye'si idari yöntemler açısından analizi yapılmıştır. Atatürk'ün dış politika uygulamalarının, kültür ve çağdaşlık anlayışı temelindeki yaklaşımlarının belirli bir sistem, hedef ve prensipler çerçevesinde oluşturulduğunu tespit ettikten sonra, bunların günümüz koşullarıyla ne ölçüde uygulanabileceğini analiz edebilmemiz için, Avrupa'da bir birlik oluşturma fikrinin ve bugünkü AB'nin tarihi, felsefi ve siyasi temelleri çerçevesinde Avrupalılarla Türklerin ilişkileri analiz edildi. Bu değerlendirmelerin ışığında AB'nin kurumsal yapılanmasında son yıllarda önemi gittikçe artan AP'nin rolü ve Türkiye'ye yönelik politikaları ve kararları irdelendi. AB ve Atatürkçülük, çağdaşlaşma ve emperyalizm kavramları ekseninde değerlendirildi.Bugün yaşanan tartışmalardan da anlaşılacağı üzere, Atatürk'ün Türk milleti ve vatanı için çağdaşlaşma bağlamında hala tam olarak neyi amaçladığı, kullandığı yöntemler, hedefleri, ilkeleri anlaşılamadığından veya maskelenerek yorumlanmak istendiğinden Türkiye-AB ilişkileri de farklı boyutlarda ve zeminlerde dolaşmaktadır. Çalışma beş ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Konumuz açısından, Osmanlı modernleşmesi analiz edildikten sonra birinci bölümde Atatürk Dönemi Dış Politika ve çağdaşlaşma ana hatlarıyla kavramlar zemininde değerlendirildi. İkinci bölümde Türkiye-AB ilişkileri; Avrupa kavramının sınırları, AB fikrinin tarihi, siyasi, kültürel ve felsefi temellerine ilaveten resmi söylemde doğuşu ve gelişimi irdelendikten sonra tarihi perspektif içinde değerlendirildi. Üçüncü bölümde AB'nin kurumsal yapılanması ve bunun içinde son yıllarda öne çıkan ve Türkiye için, yaygın olarak iddia edilenin aksine, artık kararlarının tavsiye niteliğinden öte anlamları olan Avrupa Parlamentosu'nun artan yetkileri, federalizm ve demokrasi açığı kavramlarıyla incelendi. Dördüncü bölümde AP'nin Türkiye'nin ulusal çıkarları ve milli bütünlüğüne yönelik aldığı kararlar, belgeler üzerinden analiz edildikten sonra, AB taraftarlığı ve Atatürkçülük ana başlığıyla beşinci bölümde emperyalizm, çağdaşlaşma kavramları çerçevesinde Türkiye-AB ilişkilerine Atatürkçü bakış açısıyla ele alınıp, Atatürk'ün idari yöntemlerinden sapmalar analiz edidi. Son olarak, bazı sonuçlar ve gelecek için öneriler verildi. Bu tez hazırlanırken kullanılan başlıca yöntemler ise; betimleyici yöntem, karşılaştırmalı method, söylem analizi ve örnek çalışmasıdır.ABSTRACTIn this study, the relations with the European Union (EU), which take an important "place on Turkey's agenda with their political, social and cultural aspects, have been examined with respect to the historical progress. Turkey's candidacy for the EU membership has been investigated in light of the cases with European Parliament resolutions, and analyzed in terms of Ataturk Turkey's state administration methods. Having determined the fact that Ataturk's foreign policy practices and his civilization- and modernity-based approaches have been developed within a framework of particular system, objective and principles, in order to be able to examine to what degree those particular elements can be practiced in current circumstances, the Europeans-Turks relations have been analyzed with regard to the idea of forming a union in Europe, and historical, philosophical and political foundations of the present EU. In light of these evaluations, the role of the European Parliament which has recently been becoming increasingly important on the EU's institutional structuring, and its (i.e., EP) policies and decisions towards Turkey have been considered. The EU and Ataturk's Political Doctrine have been evaluated in the context of modernization and imperialism concepts. As it can be understood from the present discussions that what exactly Ataturk meant by the modernization of the Turkish nation and homeland, the methods he used, his objectives and his principles are still not clearly understood or wanted to be interpreted through the way of masking, the Turkey-EU relationships are, therefore, floating around in different dimensions and arenas.This work is mainly compesed of five parts. After analysed Ottoman modernization process, in first part of this study, the Ataturk's Term Foreign Policy and modernization have been considered in essence and on conceptual basis. In the second part, after having analyzed the birth and the development of the EU in political arena in addition to having analyzed the boundaries of the concept of Europe and the history and the political, cultural and philosophical foundations of the idea of EU, the Turkey-EU relations have been evaluated from historical perspective. In the third part, the institutional structure of the EU, and as involved in this structure, the increasing jurisdictions of the EP, the decisions of whom for Turkey now mean, as recently become prominent in contrast to the common claims, beyond the meaning of 'recommendation', have been analyzed with the concepts of federalism and democratic deficit. After the EP resolutions that are made towards Turkey's national interests and integrity have been analyzed with documents in the forth part, in the fifth part under the main topic of "EU Advocacy and Ataturk's Political Doctrine" the deviations from Ataturk's state administration methods have been analyzed within the framework of the concepts of imperialism and modernization, with addressing the Turkey-EU relations from the Ataturkist point of view. Lastly, I give some future perspectives and conclusions within the context of the thesis. Discourse analysis, case study, descriptive and comparative methods are utilized throughout this thesis.

ÖZETÇalışmanın amacı, hiperenflasyonist sürecin teorik bazda ve gerçekleştiği ülkelerde incelenmesi ve enflasyonist süreç ile mücadele etmek için uygulanan istikrar politikalarının etkinliğinin analizidir. Sözkonusu incelemenin ardından Türkiye'de enflasyon olgusunun tarihsel süreç içerisinde gelişimi ve enflasyon ile mücadelede uygulanan istikrar politikaları hakkında bilgi verilip; bir model uygulaması ile Türkiye'de enflasyonist sürecin nedenleri amprik olarak ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.Hiperenflasyonist süreç ile ilgili olarak yapılan teorik çalışmaların ortaya koyduğu genel yaklaşım, aylık bazda 'leri aşan oranların hiperenflasyon olarak kabul edilmesidir. Dışsal şoklar (savaşlar ve uluslar arası krizler), siyasi zafiyet ve bütçe açıklarının para basılarak kapatılmaya çalışılması hiperenflasyonun nedenleri olarak görülmüştür. Sürecin görüldüğü ülkeler bu yaklaşımı doğrulamaktadır. Hiperenflasyonist süreç ile mücadelede sıkı para ve maliye politikaları temelli; heteredoks, ortodoks, monetarist ve IMF destekli istikrar politikaları uygulamaya konmuştur. İsrail gibi başarılı örnekler mevcutken, başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan programlar daha çoktur. İstikrar süreci demokratik ortamlarda uygulandığı gibi demokratik olmayan dikta yönetimler altında da uygulanmıştır. Türkiye, 24 ocak 1980 İstikrar Programı ile bir dönüşüm sürecine girmiş ve pek çok reform gerçekleştirilmiştir. İçsel dengesizlikler sonucunda Nisan 94 Krizi ile yeni bir istikrar programı uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Kur kontrolü sağlandığı halde enflasyon düşürülememiştir. 1997 Asya Krizi ve 1998 Rusya Krizleri istikrar sürecini olumsuz etkilemiş ve Ocak 2000'de yeni bir program uygulamaya konmuştur. Kasım 2000 ve Şubat 2001 Krizleri ile süreç aksamış ve Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı yürürlüğe girmiştir. Program ile devlet ekonomi ilişkilerinde yeni bir süreç hedeflenmiş ve devletin üstlene geldiği faaliyetlerden uzaklaşmaya çalışılmıştır. Ekonometrik model uygulaması ile döviz kuru, bütçe açığı, ödemeler dengesi, para arzı, faiz oranları ile enflasyon arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Döviz kuru ile enflasyon oranı arasında güçlü bir ilişkiye ulaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda enflasyon ile mücadele de döviz kurunun istikrarı sağlanmalıdır. SUMMARYThe purpose of the study is the research of hyperinflationist process on theoretical basis and in the occured countries and the analysis of the effectiveness of the stabilization policies applied for disinflation process. After the so-called research, the information was provided about the development of the inflation phenomenon in Turkey in the historical process and the stabilization policies applied during the disinflation and the reasons of the inflationist process were tried to be revealed ampirically.The general approach revealing the theoretical studies concerning the hyperinflationist process is the assuming the rates exceeding 50 % on monthly basis as hyperinflation. eksternal shocks (wars and international crisis'), political inanition and the print of the banknote to close budget deficits are considered as the reasons of hyperinflation. The countries which the process happens confirm the approach.In the struggle against hyperinflation process, very strong monetary and fiscal policies based, heteredox,ortodox ,monetarist and IMF supported stabilization policies were applied. While there are successful examples such as Israel, the unsuccessful examples are much more. While the stabilization process was applied in democratic places, it was also applied under the dicta governance, Turkey has penetrated into a transformation process with the Stabilization Policy in January 24, 1980 and many reforms were held. Due to internal imbalance, a new stabilization policy were applied with the April 1994 crisis. In spite of the fact that Exchange rate control was secured, it was failed to comb the inflation. The 1997 Asia and the following 1998 Russia crisis' affected the Stabilization Process negatively and a new program was put into force in 2000. The process was interrupted by the November 2000 and Febreuary 2001 crisis' and therefore The Transition Program to Strong Economy was put into force.A new process was targeted with the program and strived to get rid of the activities that the government undertook. The relation among the foreign exchange rate,budget deficit, balance of payments, money supply, interest rates and the inflation were studied with the Econometric model application. A strong relation was found between foreign exchange rate and inflation rate. Hence, for disinflation, the stabilization of foreign exchange rate must be achieved.

SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.