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Background: Social withdrawal behaviour is a major health problem that is becoming increasingly important, being necessary studies that investigate its psychopathology and existence in different cultures. Aims: To describe the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of hikikomori individuals in Spain. Method: Participants were 200 subjects referred to the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) because of social isolation. The definition of hikikomori was the state of avoiding social engagement with generally persistent withdrawal into one's residence for at least 6 months. Socio-demographic and clinical data were analysed, including Severity of Psychiatric Illness (SPI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment (WHODAS) scales. Results: A total of 164 cases were evaluated. Hikikomori were predominantly young male, with the mean age at onset of hikikomori of 40 years old and a mean socially withdrawn period of 3 years. Only three people had no symptoms suggestive of mental disorder. Psychotic and anxiety were the most common comorbid disorders. The scales administered describe the presence of serious symptoms and impairment in social functioning, with a high prevalence of poor collaboration with treatment. Conclusion: This study shows the existence of hikikomori in Spain. Its difficult detection and treatment highlights the need for specialized domiciliary teams. The high comorbidity leads us to conclude that it may not be a new diagnosis, but rather a severe syndrome associated with multiple mental illnesses. Primary hikikomori also exist, but less commonly. Future cross-national studies are needed in order to describe its definition and psychopathology.

The true concept of democracy includes the participation of individuals in the governing process. But due to gargantuan population the active participation of citizen in governing process is not possible. But egovernance makes it possible through online feedback system from the public.

PurposeAfghanistan is one of the world's most dangerous places for journalists. There are, however, no data on the mental health of Afghan journalists covering conflict in their country. The study aims to determine the degree to which Afghan journalists are exposed to traumatic events, their perceptions of organizational support, their rates of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, their utilization of mental health services and the effectiveness of the treatment received.Design/methodology/approachThe entire study was undertaken in Dari (Farsi). Five major Afghan news organizations representing 104 journalists took part of whom 71 (68%) completed a simple eleven-point analog scale rating perceptions of organizational support. Symptoms of PTSD and depression were recorded with the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), respectively. Behavioral comparisons were undertaken between those journalists who had and had not received mental health therapy.FindingsThe majority of journalists exceeded cutoff scores for PTSD and major depression and reported high rates for exposure to traumatic events. There were no significant differences in IES-R and CES-D scores between journalists who had and had not received mental health therapy. Most journalists did not view their employers as supportive.Originality/valueTo the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study to collect empirical data on the mental health of Afghan journalists. The results highlight the extreme stressors confronted by them, their correspondingly high levels of psychopathology and the relative ineffectiveness of mental health therapy given to a minority of those in distress. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Includes abstracts. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; The phenomenon of celebrities becoming involved in humanitarian activism is by no means new, and yet recently the amount of international attention that it attracts has increased dramatically. It appears that certain advances in media technology, coupled with shifts in international political power relations, have allowed for celebrity humanitarian activism to develop into a prominent international phenomenon. Academic studies on the topic are still relatively scarce. It is therefore the intention of this dissertation to help fill this gap by providing a descriptive analysis of the emergence and development of celebrity humanitarian activism.

CSR is the managerial compulsion to defend and enhance both the welfare of society as a whole and the interests of the company. So, this study is an examination of the competitive advantages of CSR practice. This study is based on two theories; stakeholder's theory, which states that companies have essential groups that need to care of and the iron law of CSR, which states that companies that become failure to utilize their power responsibly will lose it in the long run. Reviewing prior studies it was found that a number of benefits proliferate to companies that practise CSR; numerous advantages were recognized. Among these others consist of: improved brand and reputation, decline in operation costs, attracting new customers, balances power with responsibility, discourages government regulation, improves a company's image, promote profits, superior relations with the investment groups and easier access to capital, improved employee relations, efficiency and innovation and stronger relations with society through stakeholder involvement. This paper concludes that there is a greater chance to be benefitted initiating CSR actions. Thus, it suggests that companies should try to provide due attention to CSR and this practice needs to consider as a continuous process.

Objective: To characterize patients undergoing cardiac surgery at a referral hospital in northern of Ceara. Method:
This is a quantitative and descriptive study using documentary analysis carried out by 176 medical records in
accordance with the ethical aspects of Resolution 196/96. Results: We identified predominantly men, married, living in
distant cities of the health service and a greater tendency for people over 40 years old. The hospital stay was low,
contributing to reduction of risks related to hospitalization, also reducing the cost of these services, for influencing
turnover and availability of beds. Discussion: This study shows high turnover and effectiveness of the service, allowing
also envision that the primary surgery is coronary artery bypass surgery in men with the duration of hospitalization in
about four days. Conclusion: We found that despite the risks of a cardiovascular surgery in the studied hospital, the
patients recover with a great success

Life satisfaction plays an important role in the quality of life and performance of a human in any profession, including teachers. The teacher is a professional educator with the main task of educating, teaching, guiding, directing, training, and evaluating students in elementary and middle schools. Life satisfaction refers to an individual's overall judgment or global evaluation about his or her life condition. This study is a quantitative descriptive survey study that aims to analyze and describe the relationship between demographic factors with school teachers' life satisfaction at Palopo and Toraja Region in South Sulawesi. This research using SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale) with 111 respondents who came from several schools in Palopo and Toraja region. Result of this research found that most of the teachers (67,6%) were satisfied with their lives, and the rest (32,4 %) are not satisfied with their lives. Based on the cross-tabulation analysis and non-parametric correlation, its proven that several demographic factors, namely gender, employment status, ethnic groups, length of services, income perception, and salary comparison perception have a significant correlation with teachers' life satisfaction. In particular, with ordinal regression analysis, we found that educational status, income perception, and salary comparison perception has influence teachers' life satisfaction. Government and Private Educational Foundation should do effort to increase teacher's income and have a career development plan for teachers to maintain their subjective wellbeing level. Keywords: demographic factors, life satisfaction, Palopo and Toraja, teacherDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um023v8i22019p207