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Towards Information society in Africa: obstacles and prospects (summary) One of the main strategic goals for every country in Information age, or probably the main – is building Information society, as achievements in this area are the main, which separate one state from another. Depending on it, all states are divided as most developed, developing and least developed. Therefore underlying goal for every state is not only to catch developing speed, but more – to seek for its own contribution in the work of creating new value society. Recently, Global community initiated building "Information society for all". It means, for all states, regions and individuals. These goals invite to eliminate Digital Divide, helping "information poor" to take advantages of "Digital opportunity". Main purpose of this work is to look at the situation of "information poor" in Africa continent as building of Information society is seen as opportunity to foster their development. Work theme is "Towards Information society in Africa countries: obstacles and prospects". Main goal is to highlight obstacles and prospects of building Information Society in Africa. Tasks: to highlight definition, development trends and priorities of Global Information society; to present Information society building origins and initiatives of Africa countries; to measure present status of Information society in Africa regarding complex Information society concept; to carry a comparative research of Africa Information societies. Hypothesis – Building of Information society will lead to evolution if Africa countries achieve Millennium Development Goals or if start working efficiently in achieving its. Concept of Information society is complex as it integrates democracy principles, human resources and ICT availability with usage status in every country. If one of these parts is missing, Information society will not succeed. Comparative research has shown that some Africa countries are missing one, two or even all of these parts. These finding shows a shortage of harmonic development. The main obstacle to reach harmony is local wars and conflicts. Countries which have experienced local conflicts are least developed in the world. As a result they lack infrastructure, citizens are illiterate, poor, life expectancy is very short (Chad case). Libya case is a bit different. Country is also ruled by autocratic regime, but it has quite high potential of Human resources, in spite of it, country can not become integrated Information society as it falls in guarantying of Human rights. The most harmonized is situation of South Africa, as Human rights are respected in country, but it lacks behind in the development of Human recourses, as life expectancy in country is short. Its situation recently is sharpened by AIDS epidemic. From one point of view, building of Information society in every country depends on local factors, which creates local obstacles and prospects, but, on the other hand, much will depend on the global development perspective: will every country manage to transform "Digital Divide" to "Digital opportunity". This Master work will be useful for researches of society, as it strives to highlight complexity of Information society concept and for researches of Africa countries, as it shows the status of Africa continent in the context of Global Information society, presenting obstacles and prospects for further development.

Towards Information society in Africa: obstacles and prospects (summary) One of the main strategic goals for every country in Information age, or probably the main – is building Information society, as achievements in this area are the main, which separate one state from another. Depending on it, all states are divided as most developed, developing and least developed. Therefore underlying goal for every state is not only to catch developing speed, but more – to seek for its own contribution in the work of creating new value society. Recently, Global community initiated building "Information society for all". It means, for all states, regions and individuals. These goals invite to eliminate Digital Divide, helping "information poor" to take advantages of "Digital opportunity". Main purpose of this work is to look at the situation of "information poor" in Africa continent as building of Information society is seen as opportunity to foster their development. Work theme is "Towards Information society in Africa countries: obstacles and prospects". Main goal is to highlight obstacles and prospects of building Information Society in Africa. Tasks: to highlight definition, development trends and priorities of Global Information society; to present Information society building origins and initiatives of Africa countries; to measure present status of Information society in Africa regarding complex Information society concept; to carry a comparative research of Africa Information societies. Hypothesis – Building of Information society will lead to evolution if Africa countries achieve Millennium Development Goals or if start working efficiently in achieving its. Concept of Information society is complex as it integrates democracy principles, human resources and ICT availability with usage status in every country. If one of these parts is missing, Information society will not succeed. Comparative research has shown that some Africa countries are missing one, two or even all of these parts. These finding shows a shortage of harmonic development. The main obstacle to reach harmony is local wars and conflicts. Countries which have experienced local conflicts are least developed in the world. As a result they lack infrastructure, citizens are illiterate, poor, life expectancy is very short (Chad case). Libya case is a bit different. Country is also ruled by autocratic regime, but it has quite high potential of Human resources, in spite of it, country can not become integrated Information society as it falls in guarantying of Human rights. The most harmonized is situation of South Africa, as Human rights are respected in country, but it lacks behind in the development of Human recourses, as life expectancy in country is short. Its situation recently is sharpened by AIDS epidemic. From one point of view, building of Information society in every country depends on local factors, which creates local obstacles and prospects, but, on the other hand, much will depend on the global development perspective: will every country manage to transform "Digital Divide" to "Digital opportunity". This Master work will be useful for researches of society, as it strives to highlight complexity of Information society concept and for researches of Africa countries, as it shows the status of Africa continent in the context of Global Information society, presenting obstacles and prospects for further development.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.

Global business operations have created visible impacts on the environment around us and one of the main concerns in modern world is global warming which all the countries and organizations fight against together. Currently, sustainable development is the best possible solution against the environmental degradation and creating fair working environment. Among the sectors that contribute the most to the global GPD automobile industry comes in the top places. Therefore, it worth to do a research on the sustainable development trends in automobile industry. As the suppliers are providers of 60% of all the finished product in that industry the author has focused on them throughout the project. Recently after joining European Union the countries in Central and Eastern Europe region has attracted a number of companies that are specialized in automobile industry. Considering that, the main aim of the research was to explore the opportunities gained by automobile suppliers in CEE region as a result of implemented sustainable development framework. The objectives were to find out the issues faced by automobile suppliers while developing their sustainability strategy, develop a solution to those issues based on existing methods in the literature, develop methods to analyze and draw conclusions from selected companies experience and find out supplier specific opportunities gained as a result of implemented methods. The main findings of the research were that the suppliers have multiple specific sustainable development methods implemented in their operations, the main motivation of creation of the sustainability is the certificates and regulations by OEMs and government. Implementation of sustainable development brings multiple opportunities to companies mostly being emission and cost reductions, better reputation, better workplace and cleaner environment. The research was qualitative and done by analyzing the sustainability reports of the supplier companies operating in CEE region. The findings can not be generalized as the research was about different parts providers and the sample size was not adequate. Future research can contribute to better understanding of specific parts suppliers by observing the operations and developing specific theory on sustainable development and benefits of it.

Global business operations have created visible impacts on the environment around us and one of the main concerns in modern world is global warming which all the countries and organizations fight against together. Currently, sustainable development is the best possible solution against the environmental degradation and creating fair working environment. Among the sectors that contribute the most to the global GPD automobile industry comes in the top places. Therefore, it worth to do a research on the sustainable development trends in automobile industry. As the suppliers are providers of 60% of all the finished product in that industry the author has focused on them throughout the project. Recently after joining European Union the countries in Central and Eastern Europe region has attracted a number of companies that are specialized in automobile industry. Considering that, the main aim of the research was to explore the opportunities gained by automobile suppliers in CEE region as a result of implemented sustainable development framework. The objectives were to find out the issues faced by automobile suppliers while developing their sustainability strategy, develop a solution to those issues based on existing methods in the literature, develop methods to analyze and draw conclusions from selected companies experience and find out supplier specific opportunities gained as a result of implemented methods. The main findings of the research were that the suppliers have multiple specific sustainable development methods implemented in their operations, the main motivation of creation of the sustainability is the certificates and regulations by OEMs and government. Implementation of sustainable development brings multiple opportunities to companies mostly being emission and cost reductions, better reputation, better workplace and cleaner environment. The research was qualitative and done by analyzing the sustainability reports of the supplier companies operating in CEE region. The findings can not be generalized as the research was about different parts providers and the sample size was not adequate. Future research can contribute to better understanding of specific parts suppliers by observing the operations and developing specific theory on sustainable development and benefits of it.

Global business operations have created visible impacts on the environment around us and one of the main concerns in modern world is global warming which all the countries and organizations fight against together. Currently, sustainable development is the best possible solution against the environmental degradation and creating fair working environment. Among the sectors that contribute the most to the global GPD automobile industry comes in the top places. Therefore, it worth to do a research on the sustainable development trends in automobile industry. As the suppliers are providers of 60% of all the finished product in that industry the author has focused on them throughout the project. Recently after joining European Union the countries in Central and Eastern Europe region has attracted a number of companies that are specialized in automobile industry. Considering that, the main aim of the research was to explore the opportunities gained by automobile suppliers in CEE region as a result of implemented sustainable development framework. The objectives were to find out the issues faced by automobile suppliers while developing their sustainability strategy, develop a solution to those issues based on existing methods in the literature, develop methods to analyze and draw conclusions from selected companies experience and find out supplier specific opportunities gained as a result of implemented methods. The main findings of the research were that the suppliers have multiple specific sustainable development methods implemented in their operations, the main motivation of creation of the sustainability is the certificates and regulations by OEMs and government. Implementation of sustainable development brings multiple opportunities to companies mostly being emission and cost reductions, better reputation, better workplace and cleaner environment. The research was qualitative and done by analyzing the sustainability reports of the supplier companies operating in CEE region. The findings can not be generalized as the research was about different parts providers and the sample size was not adequate. Future research can contribute to better understanding of specific parts suppliers by observing the operations and developing specific theory on sustainable development and benefits of it.

Global business operations have created visible impacts on the environment around us and one of the main concerns in modern world is global warming which all the countries and organizations fight against together. Currently, sustainable development is the best possible solution against the environmental degradation and creating fair working environment. Among the sectors that contribute the most to the global GPD automobile industry comes in the top places. Therefore, it worth to do a research on the sustainable development trends in automobile industry. As the suppliers are providers of 60% of all the finished product in that industry the author has focused on them throughout the project. Recently after joining European Union the countries in Central and Eastern Europe region has attracted a number of companies that are specialized in automobile industry. Considering that, the main aim of the research was to explore the opportunities gained by automobile suppliers in CEE region as a result of implemented sustainable development framework. The objectives were to find out the issues faced by automobile suppliers while developing their sustainability strategy, develop a solution to those issues based on existing methods in the literature, develop methods to analyze and draw conclusions from selected companies experience and find out supplier specific opportunities gained as a result of implemented methods. The main findings of the research were that the suppliers have multiple specific sustainable development methods implemented in their operations, the main motivation of creation of the sustainability is the certificates and regulations by OEMs and government. Implementation of sustainable development brings multiple opportunities to companies mostly being emission and cost reductions, better reputation, better workplace and cleaner environment. The research was qualitative and done by analyzing the sustainability reports of the supplier companies operating in CEE region. The findings can not be generalized as the research was about different parts providers and the sample size was not adequate. Future research can contribute to better understanding of specific parts suppliers by observing the operations and developing specific theory on sustainable development and benefits of it.

The precedents of military interventional decisions by Western countries in the Middle East have been an uneasy topic with vague, long-term strategic objectives and increased questionable attitudes among domestic audiences. This article questions whether these precedents require an updated methodological approach. The aim of this article is to adopt a poliheuristic methodology as an analytic instrument for examining military intervention precedents in the Middle East. This article suggests an analytical solution based on a poliheuristic research methodology, previously defined by Alex Mintz and applied in foreign policy research. This article highlights the need to adopt the methodology to military interventional decisions with an inclusion of additional decision dimensions. The first part of the article reveals a synthesis of the theoretical notions of neoclassical realism. These notions are correlated with the elements of poliheuristic methodology. This path of analysis, applied to theoretical notions and the adopted poliheuristic methodology, reveals additional variables that have a transdimensional role in the military intervention decision process. The following are the variables that influence the cognitive and rational elements of the poliheuristic methodology: the competing dominance of normative or operational ideas, interventional experience and shifting notions of strategic culture. The final part of the article offers an empirical study that illustrates how the suggested poliheuristic methodology is to be applied. The case pays attention to the decision of Barack Obama's administration in 2013 to not escalate its military intervention into the Syrian conflict. Considerations of the Syrian case are also correlated to the previous multinational military campaign in Libya.

The precedents of military interventional decisions by Western countries in the Middle East have been an uneasy topic with vague, long-term strategic objectives and increased questionable attitudes among domestic audiences. This article questions whether these precedents require an updated methodological approach. The aim of this article is to adopt a poliheuristic methodology as an analytic instrument for examining military intervention precedents in the Middle East. This article suggests an analytical solution based on a poliheuristic research methodology, previously defined by Alex Mintz and applied in foreign policy research. This article highlights the need to adopt the methodology to military interventional decisions with an inclusion of additional decision dimensions. The first part of the article reveals a synthesis of the theoretical notions of neoclassical realism. These notions are correlated with the elements of poliheuristic methodology. This path of analysis, applied to theoretical notions and the adopted poliheuristic methodology, reveals additional variables that have a transdimensional role in the military intervention decision process. The following are the variables that influence the cognitive and rational elements of the poliheuristic methodology: the competing dominance of normative or operational ideas, interventional experience and shifting notions of strategic culture. The final part of the article offers an empirical study that illustrates how the suggested poliheuristic methodology is to be applied. The case pays attention to the decision of Barack Obama's administration in 2013 to not escalate its military intervention into the Syrian conflict. Considerations of the Syrian case are also correlated to the previous multinational military campaign in Libya.

The precedents of military interventional decisions by Western countries in the Middle East have been an uneasy topic with vague, long-term strategic objectives and increased questionable attitudes among domestic audiences. This article questions whether these precedents require an updated methodological approach. The aim of this article is to adopt a poliheuristic methodology as an analytic instrument for examining military intervention precedents in the Middle East. This article suggests an analytical solution based on a poliheuristic research methodology, previously defined by Alex Mintz and applied in foreign policy research. This article highlights the need to adopt the methodology to military interventional decisions with an inclusion of additional decision dimensions. The first part of the article reveals a synthesis of the theoretical notions of neoclassical realism. These notions are correlated with the elements of poliheuristic methodology. This path of analysis, applied to theoretical notions and the adopted poliheuristic methodology, reveals additional variables that have a transdimensional role in the military intervention decision process. The following are the variables that influence the cognitive and rational elements of the poliheuristic methodology: the competing dominance of normative or operational ideas, interventional experience and shifting notions of strategic culture. The final part of the article offers an empirical study that illustrates how the suggested poliheuristic methodology is to be applied. The case pays attention to the decision of Barack Obama's administration in 2013 to not escalate its military intervention into the Syrian conflict. Considerations of the Syrian case are also correlated to the previous multinational military campaign in Libya.

The precedents of military interventional decisions by Western countries in the Middle East have been an uneasy topic with vague, long-term strategic objectives and increased questionable attitudes among domestic audiences. This article questions whether these precedents require an updated methodological approach. The aim of this article is to adopt a poliheuristic methodology as an analytic instrument for examining military intervention precedents in the Middle East. This article suggests an analytical solution based on a poliheuristic research methodology, previously defined by Alex Mintz and applied in foreign policy research. This article highlights the need to adopt the methodology to military interventional decisions with an inclusion of additional decision dimensions. The first part of the article reveals a synthesis of the theoretical notions of neoclassical realism. These notions are correlated with the elements of poliheuristic methodology. This path of analysis, applied to theoretical notions and the adopted poliheuristic methodology, reveals additional variables that have a transdimensional role in the military intervention decision process. The following are the variables that influence the cognitive and rational elements of the poliheuristic methodology: the competing dominance of normative or operational ideas, interventional experience and shifting notions of strategic culture. The final part of the article offers an empirical study that illustrates how the suggested poliheuristic methodology is to be applied. The case pays attention to the decision of Barack Obama's administration in 2013 to not escalate its military intervention into the Syrian conflict. Considerations of the Syrian case are also correlated to the previous multinational military campaign in Libya.

The Master's Thesis examines the impact of the tax burden on economic growth in the European Union countries in the period between 1995–2019. The aim of the thesis is based on the analysis of research to develop a model for assessing the impact of the tax burden on economic growth and to perform an assessment in 28 countries of the European Union. In the first part of the work, based on the scientific works of Lithuanian and foreign authors, the theoretical substantiation of the impact of the tax burden on economic growth is performed. The concept of economic growth and tax burden is discussed. Theories of economic growth are summarized. The factors that determine economic growth are defined, and the results of their impact are summarized based on the analyzed literature sources. An analysis of the assessment of the impact of the tax burden on economic growth is performed on the basis of the conducted research. The likely links between the tax burden, economic growth and other macroeconomic factors included in the analysis are identified. An analysis of tax regulation in the 28 EU countries is performed. The second part presents the research process and methodology. The research sample is defined and the period analyzed. Models for assessing the impact of the tax burden on economic growth are developed. The first model analyzes a general group of the 28 EU countries. The second model examines the impact of the tax burden on economic growth in the group of developing economies in the European Union. A third model including delayed variables has also been developed to measure the lagging impact of the tax burden on economic growth. The analysis of the factors included in the model and the substantiation of the factors reflecting them are performed. Research hypotheses are formed. The summary of this section is models that allow the impact of the tax burden on economic growth in the 28 EU countries to be assessed. The third part aims to assess the impact of the tax burden on economic growth in the 28 EU countries. After performing the dynamic analysis of tax burden and economic growth in 1995–2019, it has revealed that the level of the tax burden in EU countries is growing faster than economic growth rates. After performing the assessment of the relationship of annual changes in the tax burden and economic growth between 10 and 24 years, it was found that economic growth slowed down as the tax burden increased. After creating the econometric research models, tests for estimating their errors were performed to evaluate the reliability of the developed models. After finding that the developed models were reliable, a multivariate regression analysis was performed in the groups of the 28 EU countries and in the EU developing economies. The results of the study confirmed the slowing effect of the growing tax burden on economic growth. The study confirms the differences of the impact in the formed groups – with the increase of the tax burden, the rates of economic slowdown are higher in the group of the EU countries with the developing economies than in the general group of the 28 EU countries. The results confirm the significant lagging effect of the tax burden on economic growth.