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The Paris Agreement provides a framework for all countries - both developed and developing - to voluntarily adopt individual targets, elaborated in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This effectively introduces commitments on the country in the sectors covered by their NDCs. Consequently, there is a need for countries to ensure that mitigation outcomes (MOs) and their international transfer are accompanied by robust accounting. Beyond international climate markets under Article 6, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) decided to establish a global market-based mechanism, in the form of the carbon offsetting and reduction scheme for international aviation (CORSIA), to help achieve ICAO's global goal of carbon-neutral growth. This note seeks to identify processes for the generation and transfer of carbon assets in post-2020 international climate markets and to suggest standard terminology in the carbon asset development cycle across key independent standards. The note builds on existing practices among different independent standards to streamline and harmonize process flows and ensure that country governments have greater clarity on the process for engaging in climate markets. This note reflects inputs from the informal working group on carbon assets, pilot transactions under different initiatives, as well as knowledge produced in relevant platforms.

We construct and estimate a model of child development in which both the parents and children make investments in the child's skill development. In each period of the development process, partially altruistic parents act as the Stackelberg leader and the child the follower when setting her own study time. We then extend this non-cooperative form of interaction by allowing parents to offer incentives to the child to increase her study time, at some monitoring cost. We show that this incentive scheme, a kind of internal conditional cash transfer, produces efficient outcomes and, in general, increases the child's cognitive ability. In addition to heterogeneity in resources (wage offers and non-labor income), the model allows for heterogeneity in preferences both for parents and children, and in monitoring costs. Like their parents, children are forward looking, but we allow children and parents to have different preferences and for children to have age-varying discount rates, becoming more "patient" as they age. Using detailed time diary information on the allocation of parent and child time linked to measures of child cognitive ability, we estimate several versions of the model. Using model estimates, we explore the impact of various government income transfer policies on child development. As in Del Boca et al. (2016), we find that the most effective set of policies are (external) conditional cash transfers, in which the household receives an income transfer given that the child's cognitive ability exceeds a prespecified threshold. We find that the possibility of households using internal cash transfers greatly increases the cost effectiveness of external cash transfer policies.

This paper explores the use of Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ) and the policy formation process of the rational decision making model. Based on the current research of Inuit Canadians concerning parental involvement within northern schools, this paper examines how an Indigenous way of knowing can be infused with a non-Indigenous method of policy development. The majority of this paper reviews past policy that has been placed upon Inuit Canadians as the framework for understanding how Inuit arrived at the current educational situation. The author introduces how Inuit have taken up this situation, and are working in present day with a positive perspective.Keywords: Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ), Pijitsirniq, Aajiiqatigiingniq, Pilirqatigiingniq. Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ) is Inuit knowledge and societal values through which Inuit function. Pijitsirniq is the concept of serving. Aajiiqatigiingniq is consensus in decision making. Pilirqatigiingniq is working together for a common purpose.Cet article explore l'emploi de l'Inuit Quajimajatuqangit et le processus d'élaboration des politiques du modèle de prise de décision rationnelle. Reposant sur la recherche actuelle par des Inuits canadiens sur l'implication des parents dans les écoles du Nord, cet article examine la mesure dans laquelle un mode autochtone de connaissance peut être empreint d'une méthode non autochtone d'élaboration des politiques. La majorité de l'article passe en revue les anciennes politiques imposées aux Inuits Canadiens; ce passé sert de cadre pour comprendre comment les Inuits en sont arrivés à la situation actuelle en matière d'éducation. L'auteure explique que les Inuits ont assumé cette situation et qu'ils y travaillent actuellement avec optimisme.Mots clés : l'Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ), Pijitsirniq, Aajiiqatigiingniq, Pilirqatigiingniq. L'Inuit Quajimajatuqangit (IQ), ce sont les connaissances et les valeurs sociales avec lesquelles fonctionnent les Inuits. Pijitsirniq, c'est le concept du service. Aajiiqatigiingniq désigne le consensus dans la prise de décision. Pilirqatigiingniq, c'est travailler ensemble en vue d'atteindre un objectif commun.

This article describes the historical evolvement of human capacity building in Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War. While current research has focused on investigating the motives of international students, skilled migrants and effects of skill migration policies, this article uses a historical approach to unpacking key political documents mostly published in Vietnamese to explore how human capital has been trained, used and retained. Eight successive phases for human capital development projects are analyzed through key publications by the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Central Government and related literature. It argues that human capital is not solely an individual's asset, but publicly shared commodity. This argument can be used as a reference for further research that looks into issues of Vietnam's human capital and migration from this country.

The main purpose of this paper is to critically assess the context and policy environment for the recent development of women's entrepreneurship in Pakistan. The paper highlights the fact that Pakistani women have been the passive recipients of various opportunities and programmes related to welfare and development, e.g. related to skill training, but the political commitment needed for achieving a fundamental change of the role of women in society is only slowly emerging. The Pakistani system has traditionally favoured large companies rather than SMEs and entrepreneurs, which has resulted in an economic contribution which is only slowly accelerating. Though there are some positive trends for empowering women entrepreneurs, the gender gap actually appears to be increasing in Pakistan.

"Prepared under contract no. DHR-1005-0-00-0019-00." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; v. 1. Background paper / by Mona Serageldin -- v. 2. Discussion papers. Informal residential land development in Indonesia / by Michael L. Hoffmann. Less is more : the benefits of minimal land development regulation / by David E. Dowall. The Institute for Liberty and Democracy's Property Rights Program / by Albert Alex Forsyth. Land tenure in Jordan : informal markets and the resolution of problems. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Intensifying international competition, increasing volatility, and systemic technological and political transformations (Dunning, 1995; Hitt, Keats and DeMarie, 1998) constitute the current competitive landscape for organisational activities (Sampler, 1998). To successfully adapt to these challenges and find new ways to renew fast obsolescing firm-specific advantage (Buckley and Casson, 1976; 1998) a more holistic approach to organisational management is emerging. This involves the integration of the traditional strategic management or advantage seeking perspective with the more innovative or opportunity seeking dimensions of entrepreneurship (Hitt et al, 1998). Developing a culture of creating or identifying opportunities and exploiting them is fundamental to entrepreneurship (Hitt, Ireland, Camp and Sexton, 2001; Lumpkin and Dess, 2000; Zahra and Dess, 2001), and the subsequent diffusion of the ensuing knowledge and capabilities across the multi-national corporation's (MNC's) subsidiaries (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000; Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997) can then generate sustainable competitive advantage, constituting the application of strategic entrepreneurship within the MNC. The extension of strategic entrepreneurship across the multinational organisation to include its dispersed subsidiaries is intuitively appealing but at present there is a deficit of entrepreneurial theory at any organisational level (Brown, Davidsson and Wiklund, 2001; Sexton and Landstrom, 2000). This study contributes to theory development in this area by integrating aspects of strategic management and entrepreneurial theory at the subsidiary level of analysis. Strategic or entrepreneurial posture, as described by Miles, Covin and Heely (2001, pp. 65) 'is demonstrated by the extent to which top managers are inclined to take business-related risks, to favour change and innovation in order to obtain a competitive advantage….and to aggressively compete'. Combining the strategic literature in relation to studies on subsidiary role and initiative generation with the entrepreneurship theory on firm level innovation and performance, it is proposed that several contextual factors, including aspects of the parent / subsidiary relationship influence subsidiary entrepreneurial posture. A range of variables representing subsidiary context, which have not been previously assessed from this perspective are examined. In addition, a new measure to capture the influence of the internal MNC market on subsidiary behaviour is created.

"Supp. no. 1." ; "C 22-J4." ; "OCT 84." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In Indonesia, literature has been one of critical media to respond to the political and social issues. This study reviewed three literary works of the three Indonesian writers from different era: Bumi Manusia (1980) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Potret Pembangunan dalam Puisi (1980) by W.S. Rendra and Laskar Pelangi (2008) by Andrea Hirata. In this study, the writer analyzed how each literary work conceive the idea of political and educational development and how they contribute positive impacts to the development process of Indonesia society. The findings confirm each literary work has some similarities to the other in regards to contribute the idea of Indonesia development. The three authors agreed that education is an effective aspect to develop Indonesia society. They also have the same opinion that education which has a better quality is not always come from the formal institution. They depict a wider concept of education which is obtained from the fantastic culture and moral values.Keywords: Indonesian literature, the role of literature, development

This article demonstrates the history of the development of Uzbek dubbing. The rich historical experience of important figures in the beginning of the new century and modern Uzbek dubbing art will be analyzed in detail. Emphasis will be placed on the work done and planned in the future by our government in this area. In the end, conclusions and suggestions on the topic are given.

The scientific literature widely considers the new product development (NPD) process. Innovation process influencing NPD process brings for the product an exceptional value which stimulates market demand of these products. However to create a successful new product is not easy. Scholars of management, politicians and economists acknowledge the advantages of new products and market power, but the development of these products is a problematic and long-term process that requires considerable time and financial costs, which often does not receive the return. Scholars state that problems are related to marketing. Based on these research results, the article concentrates on the marketing strategy formulation for a NPD process. The aim of this study is to gather, research and generalize recent scientific literature in order to provide conclusions, related to the marketing strategy formulation for the NPD. Implementing the aim of this study, most of the chaos was caused by fact that NPD process, innovation process and the research commercialization process are interrelated, and problem-solving has particular features in common. In order to clarify the relationship between these processes, a comparison of these processes and definitions was carried out. In analysis of NPD process, the limits of research were set - the process was analysed from the initial product design phase and was completed with the product introduction to the market.

The scientific literature widely considers the new product development (NPD) process. Innovation process influencing NPD process brings for the product an exceptional value which stimulates market demand of these products. However to create a successful new product is not easy. Scholars of management, politicians and economists acknowledge the advantages of new products and market power, but the development of these products is a problematic and long-term process that requires considerable time and financial costs, which often does not receive the return. Scholars state that problems are related to marketing. Based on these research results, the article concentrates on the marketing strategy formulation for a NPD process. The aim of this study is to gather, research and generalize recent scientific literature in order to provide conclusions, related to the marketing strategy formulation for the NPD. Implementing the aim of this study, most of the chaos was caused by fact that NPD process, innovation process and the research commercialization process are interrelated, and problem-solving has particular features in common. In order to clarify the relationship between these processes, a comparison of these processes and definitions was carried out. In analysis of NPD process, the limits of research were set - the process was analysed from the initial product design phase and was completed with the product introduction to the market.

The scientific literature widely considers the new product development (NPD) process. Innovation process influencing NPD process brings for the product an exceptional value which stimulates market demand of these products. However to create a successful new product is not easy. Scholars of management, politicians and economists acknowledge the advantages of new products and market power, but the development of these products is a problematic and long-term process that requires considerable time and financial costs, which often does not receive the return. Scholars state that problems are related to marketing. Based on these research results, the article concentrates on the marketing strategy formulation for a NPD process. The aim of this study is to gather, research and generalize recent scientific literature in order to provide conclusions, related to the marketing strategy formulation for the NPD. Implementing the aim of this study, most of the chaos was caused by fact that NPD process, innovation process and the research commercialization process are interrelated, and problem-solving has particular features in common. In order to clarify the relationship between these processes, a comparison of these processes and definitions was carried out. In analysis of NPD process, the limits of research were set - the process was analysed from the initial product design phase and was completed with the product introduction to the market.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses the structure of local government in Austria. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Austria. To access the full version of the report on Austria, other practices regarding the structure of local government and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

Making the transition to renewable, low-carbon forms of energy could be the defining question of our times. Especially for complex problems such as energy supply the regional scale and new forms of control, coordination and cooperation—subsumed under the term regional governance—are widely discussed both in politics (e.g. G8 conferences, Climate Summits, etc.) and academia. The turn from conventional to renewable energies is one major topic of discussion. For this process of change, regional governance can be seen as the best way to initiate it. With the help of a case study conducted in Greater Manchester, UK, this article concentrates on two points: (1) the development of regional governance arrangements in the light of a low-carbon agenda as mixture of path-dependent bottom-up and top-down approaches and (2) the impacts of specific constellations and environments for regional energy development that include institutional rules, strategic behaviour of actors and strategic discourses. This article shows that the integration of a regional governance structure into the strategic development process can achieve a substantial qualitative improvement for the development of a regional energy strategy.