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Lack of political commitment rather than financial resources is often the real barrier to human development. This is the main conclusion of Human Development Report 1991 - the second in a series of annual reports on the subject.

Myanmar faces enormous development challenges in the midst of a rapidly changing and uncertain landscape both in terms of politics and international aid. This article probes into the intertwined nature of political development and the politics of development, drawing upon existing literature and contributions of this special issue. It critically analyzes the mismatch between the long-term societal change processes that Myanmar faces, on the one hand, and the instability of domestic politics and international development, on the other. It is argued that the prospects for development in Myanmar need to be assessed in a context of constant interaction between political development and the politics of development.

The drafting and issuing of Development Briefs is the responsibility of the Planning Authority. Such briefs rigorously regularise land uses and related activities within the areas which they cover. This paper investigates the rationale behind the issuance of Development Briefs within the contemporary local planning system. By drawing parallels with the British planning framework, various options are investigated whereby compensation may be sought/demanded due to excessive planning gain requested as part of a Development Brief prepared by the Planning Authority from developers. By way of concluding the argument, reference is made to the provision contained in the Development Planning Act with respect to Governmental involvement in planning decisions. ; peer-reviewed

Development is about aspiration—our longing for a better life as individuals and as a community—and respect, as we individually and collectively recognize and support these aspirations. Development requires the freedom to define and choose that better life; a fair share of the resources needed to realize that life; and narratives of where we currently stand with regard to our aspirations and why, where we want to go, and what it will take to get there. This means that development inevitably takes place in and through politics, law, and the social sciences (especially economics), as we work to articulate our claims and understand how development can occur sustainably within an environment of finite resources. Development raises difficult issues of causality, path dependence, responsibility and justice, which can and have led to urgent and painful conflicts. However, globalization and recent innovative thinking on development may herald a new "post-national" development discourse in which we no longer arbitrarily distinguish between the "local" and the "global," opening the way to increased understanding and cooperation towards deeply shared aims, and a more just global order, meaning inclusive, effective investment in human capabilities for everyone.

ABSTRACT This essay is about Jean Piaget's late theory, but it is also an advance of my broader historiographical argument regarding the role of intellectual history in uncovering our science's still-relevant "neglected invisibles" (introduced in Burman, 2015). It does this by building on recent scholarship in the History of Biology to show how Historians of Psychology can contribute to contemporary science without falling prey to "presentism" (i.e. the bias introduced into historical narratives as a result of the framing afforded by contemporary concerns). To wit: when the present itself has been biased by past disciplinary politics, then it is not "presentist" to show that this bias exists. Nor is it presentist to follow the consequences of this biasing back to the original sources, and then highlight the resulting neglected invisibles that have continuing contemporary relevance. I do that, here, by leveraging recent scholarship showing that development was actively suppressed from the evolutionary discourse during the 20th century. Because this is starting to change, with the rise of "evo-devo" (the new synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology that augments the old synthesis of Darwin and Mendel), and because the biological discourse provides meta-theory for evolutionary thinking in adjacent areas, the conditions of possibility for theory in psychology and epistemology are also changing: ideas that were once dismissed as unthinkable can be reconsidered in new light. Therefore, here, I turn to what Piaget called his "hazardous hypotheses," and reexamine his long-neglected proposals—building on Baldwin and Waddington—for a single unifying evolutionary, developmental, psychological, and epistemological mechanism. PLAN FOR THE BOOK The handbook will cover how psychological ideas have evolved from past to present. The book will be organized much as an introductory-psychology text is, except that the goal of each chapter will be not merely to present the most recent theory and research, but rather the intellectual history of this theory and research. The book will be an intellectual history of psychology, but whereas textbooks on the history of psychology are virtually all organized chronologically, with successive chapters covering the history of ideas in all of the fields combined at different times in the past, our volume will be organized topically, with history reviewed for each of the major topics of investigation in psychology. We believe the topical organization has a large advantage over a strictly chronological one, in that fields have evolved differently, and when one does a strictly chronological book, progress in each given field tends to be given short shrift in favor of generalities. Obviously, there is no one "right" way to organize an intellectual history, but we believe that our topical approach will provide readers with the most scholarly, comprehensive, and useful history of the field. For better or worse (and we believe, for worse), students of psychology are learning less and less history of their field. The senior editor has authored several textbooks, and when he gets back reviews, the tendency almost always is for referees to recommend that historical material be cut back or even dropped. They may be responding to student preferences or their own ideas about pedagogy, but one scarcely can understand the present if one does not understand the past. George Santayana's statement, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," applies equally well to the history of ideas as to the history of political and economic institutions. We believe that the subject matter of psychology demands historical scrutiny. The history of psychology allows us to see how psychological knowledge has been created and what role it has played in what people say and believe about being human, whether the topic is how they think, feel, or interact with each other.

The 2016 Development Efectiveness Review (DEfR) is the 10th in a series of yearly reports by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) on its performance in achieving the priorities of Strategy 2020, its long-term strategic framework for 2008–2020. The 2016 DEfR tracks recent development progress in Asia and the Paciic, assesses ADB's development efectiveness, and identiies areas where ADB's performance needs to be strengthened.

This country brief summarizes how the partnership of the Asian Development Bank and the Government of Kyrgyz Republic has been instrumental to the development of the country.

This country brief summarizes how the partnership of the Asian Development Bank and the Government of Kyrgyz Republic has been instrumental to the development of the country.

The emergence of open networked models made possible by digital technology has the potential to transform international development. Open network structures allow people to come together to share information, organize, and collaborate. Open development harnesses this power to create new organizational forms and improve people's lives; it is not only an agenda for research and practice but also a statement about how to approach international development. In this volume, experts explore a variety of applications of openness, addressing challenges as well as opportunities. Open development requires new theoretical tools that focus on real world problems, consider a variety of solutions, and recognize the complexity of local contexts. After exploring the new theoretical terrain, the book describes a range of cases in which open models address specific development issues such as biotechnology research, improving education, and access to scholarly publications. Contributors then examine tensions between open models and existing structures, including struggles over privacy, intellectual property, and implementation. Finally, contributors offer broader conceptual perspectives, considering processes of social construction, knowledge management, and the role of individual intent in the development and outcomes of social models.

This has been an active year in the area of housing and community development, with many of the recent changes oriented toward coping with a fluctuating housing finance market or assessing the effect of increased governmental activity in many sectors upon private rights and causes of action. The first section by the members of the Committee on Housing and Community Development focuses upon recent changes in federal regulations dealing with the private sector, more specifically the fundamental change in enforcement of "due-on-sale" clauses. The second section in this article examines new policies relating to transfers of the ownership of housing projects encumbered by mortgage loans insured or held by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The third section analyzes a new trend in the eminent domain powers of community redevelopment agencies: the ability to choose between competing proposals of owner participants notwithstanding one owner's right to participation. The final section briefly reports on the progress of the Governmental Leasing Act of 1983 in the House and Senate.

What are the problems facing by agricultural and economic development in Malaysia? With the help of modern technology and research as well as the Government's alms, are there still any underlying problem which the government has not realized? In order to overcome all these underlying problems, what are the areas that the government should look into and what are the steps that the government should take to execute its agricultural development programs? This paper is divided into five major parts. Part One is to study the basic facts about the agriculture in West Malaysia. Part Two looks into the Government's aim for agricultural development. Part Three studies about the implementation of agricultural policy. Part Four discusses the main steps taken by Government to define and execute its agricultural development program. Last but not least, Ungku concluded the paper with Part Five which discusses the effectiveness of the agricultural policy and its implementation, taking into account certain developments that have occurred rather recently.

In the age of ever increasing connectivity, it is hard to remain disinterested in the plight of people who are either near us or thousands of miles away. People are willing to learn about the issues troubling others, and frequently they are willing to organise themselves and sacrifice both their time and hard-earned income to support a cause which they identify with. In fact, a Euro barometer survey indicates that within the European Union, Europeans show solidarity even in times of [economic] crisis. [up to] 85% find development aid very important or fairly important (Euro barometer, 2011). This is encouraging for the European Union: despite the global economic crisis, the solidarity towards the need to help others in developing countries has changed very little since 2009 (Euro barometer, 2012). At a more global level, there are greater attempts made for international coordination on issues such as poverty reduction, environmental sustainability and accountability. ; peer-reviewed

This Article scrutinizes the potential contribution of the World Bank, as an international economic organization, to the sustainable development agenda. Analyzing the reforms in policies, procedures, and organizational structure that accompanied the Bank's involvement in ostensibly political,non-economic matters such as human rights, environmental protection, and good governance--all of which are critical components of sustainable development--this Article contends that, contrary to the so-called mission creep argument, the evolution of the Bank's mandate is legally defensible and normatively desirable. Instead of amending its constituent instrument, the Bank has optimized the teleological-evolutionary approach to treaty interpretation to expand and reconstruct its mandate in response to the changing needs of its clients. However, to complete its credible transformation into a "sustainable development agency," the interpretation of its Articles of Agreement should be guided not only by the treaty parties' intent but also by the international community's expectations and demands. The international community's consensus on the multidimensional character of sustainable development and the related principle of integration must be read into the Bank's constituent instrument and must guide its development policies and operational activities.

For African states' democratic governance is fundamental for developmental and political discourse while sustainable development is also critical for the continent. Owing to the uneven developmental and historical backgrounds of the African states and democratic deficits it is unclear if sustainable development is achievable ahead of democracy. This study is informed by the constructivist/interpretivist concern as a research philosophy grounded on text and content analysis to identify the nexus between development and democracy on the trail of Africa's development agenda. While some scholars believe the two are interdependent others claim that the two are independent hence one can be achieved in the absence of the other. Africa should strive to strike a balance between the two as they are not mutually exclusive although it is democracy that should take centre stage. There is a challenge of achieving twin goals in the absence of a blueprint through being robustly innovative.

Planning for development in rapidly urbanizing Asia requires a fresh look. This book analyzes emerging urbanization patterns and explores the potential of city cluster development in Asia. City cluster development takes into account the provision of infrastructure and services in connection with spark potentials of economic growth and dispenses with the urban-rural dichotomy of traditional development planning, recognizing that urban centers are not only hubs for economic growth but also service centers for surrounding areas. Based on the review of how city clusters form and develop, this book explores strategic planning framework for city cluster development and includes some cases of possible city cluster development in India.