Suchergebnisse

En los últimos años se ha generado un boom de conflictos socioambientales en la industria minera, los conflictos por el agua (CA) son los que más auge han tomado en sector minero. Uno de los proyectos mineros más controversiales en Colombia en la última década es el proyecto minero La Colosa, debido al conflicto por el agua generado por el proyecto entre la comunidad de Cajamarca (Tolima) y la empresa minera Anglogold Ashanti. Esta tesis proporciona una contribución considerable a los medios de vida, ya que proporciona una mayor comprensión de los conflictos por el agua e introduce los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible de la Agenda 2030 y a su vez proporciona información de la influencia de los CA en el alcance de dichos objetivos. El marco metodológico de esta tesis obedece a hallazgos de información literaria, pero se enfoca principalmente en el análisis de información primaria, a través de la implementación de entrevistas a funcionarios de gobierno local, personas de las zonas veredales de influencia del proyecto minero, representantes de asociaciones agrícolas, representantes de ONG´s y personas del sector comercio y de servicios del municipio de Cajamarca. Una de las conclusiones a las que se llegó en esta investigación es que el conflicto en la zona de Cajamarca no corresponde a un conflicto por el agua, sino que este corresponde a una problemática por los impactos socioeconómicos generados por el proyecto minero. ; In recent years, there has been a boom in socio-environmental conflicts in the mining industry, and water conflicts are the ones that have become the most important in the mining sector. One of the most controversial mining projects in Colombia in the last decade is the La Colosa mining project, due to the water conflict generated by the project between the community of Cajamarca (Tolima) and the mining company AngloGold Ashanti. This thesis provides a considerable contribution to livelihoods, as it provides a greater understanding of water conflicts and introduces the sustainable development goals of the 2030 Agenda. In turn, it provides information on the influence of water conflicts on the achievement of these goals. The methodological framework of this thesis follows the findings of literary information. Still, it focuses mainly on the analysis of primary information, through the implementation of interviews with local government officials, people from the rural areas of influence of the mining project, representatives of agricultural associations, representatives of NGOs, and people from the commercial and service sector of the municipality of Cajamarca. One of the conclusions reached in this research is that the Cajamarca area's conflict does not correspond to a conflict over water but rather to a problem caused by the mining project's socio-economic impacts. ; Línea de Investigación: Sostenibilidad Minera ; Maestría

The Catholic Church has developed fundamentally throughout the last decades,a significant contribution to the reflection on how to build political, economic andsocial relations based on the values of the Gospel, for the well-being of minkind. In1967, Pope Paul VI published the encyclical letter Populorum Progressio in whichhe explained the conditions, from the perspective of the Church, so that a truedevelopment can take place, indicating that "in order for it to be authentic it mustbe integral, for the whole man and of all men "(n. 14). Since the publication of thisletter there have been significant changes in the business world, especially inrelation to globalization and the advent of the so-called digital era. However, thedeep keys of the proposal of Paul VI, of other texts of the Social Doctrine of theChurch and of Christian anthropology, remain current. Christian social thought'smission is to illuminate, as a prophecy, human action in this environment, whichundergoes faster and faster transformations. This study aims to offer, from theChristian perspective, some keys that can serve as a guide for decision making,especially for the business environment, in times of changes and uncertaintiesof the so-called digital era. As a result, the article offers three proposals forthe promotion of integral human development in the aforementioned context:unmasking ideologies, offering a clear model of a human being open totranscendence and fostering intergenerational cooperation. ; La Iglesia Católica ha desarrollado, fundamentalmente a lo largo de las últimas décadas, un aporte significativo para la reflexión acerca de cómo construir relaciones políticas, económicas y sociales basadas en los valores del Evangelio, por el bien de la humanidad. En 1967 el Papa Pablo VI publicó la carta encíclica Populorum Progressio donde explicitaba las condiciones, desde la perspectiva de la Iglesia, para que pueda darse un verdadero desarrollo, indicando que "para que sea auténtico ha de ser integral, de todo el hombre y de todos los hombres" (n. 14). Desde la publicación de esta carta se han producido cambios significativos en el mundo empresarial, especialmente en relación con la globalización y el advenimiento de la llamada era digital. Sin embargo, las claves profundas de la propuesta de Pablo VI, de otros textos de la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia y de la antropología cristiana, siguen siendo actuales. El pensamiento social cristiano tiene por misión iluminar, a modo de profecía, la acción humana en este entorno, que sufre transformaciones cada vez más rápidas. Este estudio pretende ofrecer, desde la perspectiva cristiana, algunas claves que puedan servir de guía para la toma de decisiones, sobre todo para el entorno empresarial, en tiempos de cambios e incertidumbres propios de la llamada era digital. Como resultado, el artículo ofrece tres propuestas para la promoción del desarrollo humano integral en el contexto anteriormente citado: desenmascarar las ideologías, ofrecer un claro modelo de ser humano abierto a la transcendencia y fomentar la cooperación intergeneracional.

Los territorios rurales conexos a grandes urbes se ven influenciados por el fenómeno de la metropolización lo que conlleva a dinámicas de ocupación, cuya acción directa recae sobre el uso del suelo rural generando otro tipo de usos del mismo y de esta manera se propicia entonces la llegada de diferentes actores con intereses disímiles a los actores locales tradicionales aviniendo con ello nuevos tipos de relaciones sociales, políticas y económicas. El municipio de Tenjo (Cundinamarca) refleja dicho comportamiento debido a su cercanía con la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). La industrialización, inspirada por el comportamiento económico de la globalización, es uno de los factores que posibilitan la transformación de estos territorios lo que trae aparejado procesos de urbanización de los centros poblados urbanos y rurales. El crecimiento industrial en el otrora suelo rural, permite al municipio obtener una fuente de ingresos vía impuestos. Sin embargo, estas entradas económicas no garantizan que se apliquen políticas inclusivas. Este comportamiento se manifiesta con acciones como la nueva ruralidad del territorio y sus habitantes: nuevas ocupaciones tanto en la industria como en el sector servicios y comercio, dejando de lado, prácticamente, la producción primaria que se resiste a desaparecer por el esfuerzo de aquellos campesinos que aún persisten en su cotidianidad. Las manifestaciones de la transformación geográfica y social del municipio de Tenjo, deben enmarcarse en procesos de desarrollo rural, concebido como y para el bienestar general de los campesinos, tarea que le espera a la sociedad y en especial a los actores políticos. ; Neighboring rural areas to big cities are influenced by the phenomenon of metropolización which leads to dynamics of occupation, whose direct action lies with the rural land use generating other uses of the same and so is then propitious arrival different actors with different interests to traditional local actors generating with it new types of social, political and economic relations. The municipality of Tenjo (Cundinamarca) reflects such behavior due to its proximity to the city of Bogota (Colombia). industrialization, inspired by the economic behavior of globalization is one of the factors that enable the transformation of these territories which brings about urbanization in urban centers and rural villages. Industrial growth in rural land once, allows the municipality to obtain a source of income through taxes. However, these cheap tickets do not guarantee that inclusive policies are applied. This behavior is manifested by actions such as new rurality of the area and its inhabitants: new jobs in industry and in the trade and services sector, leaving aside virtually primary production that refuses to disappear by the efforts of those farmers persisting in their daily lives. Demonstrations of the geographical and social transformation of the municipality of Tenjo, should be in rural development processes, conceived as and for the general welfare of the peasants, task ahead to society and especially to the political actors.

Los territorios rurales conexos a grandes urbes se ven influenciados por el fenómeno de la metropolización lo que conlleva a dinámicas de ocupación, cuya acción directa recae sobre el uso del suelo rural generando otro tipo de usos del mismo y de esta manera se propicia entonces la llegada de diferentes actores con intereses disímiles a los actores locales tradicionales aviniendo con ello nuevos tipos de relaciones sociales, políticas y económicas. El municipio de Tenjo (Cundinamarca) refleja dicho comportamiento debido a su cercanía con la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). La industrialización, inspirada por el comportamiento económico de la globalización, es uno de los factores que posibilitan la transformación de estos territorios lo que trae aparejado procesos de urbanización de los centros poblados urbanos y rurales. El crecimiento industrial en el otrora suelo rural, permite al municipio obtener una fuente de ingresos vía impuestos. Sin embargo, estas entradas económicas no garantizan que se apliquen políticas inclusivas. Este comportamiento se manifiesta con acciones como la nueva ruralidad del territorio y sus habitantes: nuevas ocupaciones tanto en la industria como en el sector servicios y comercio, dejando de lado, prácticamente, la producción primaria que se resiste a desaparecer por el esfuerzo de aquellos campesinos que aún persisten en su cotidianidad. Las manifestaciones de la transformación geográfica y social del municipio de Tenjo, deben enmarcarse en procesos de desarrollo rural, concebido como y para el bienestar general de los campesinos, tarea que le espera a la sociedad y en especial a los actores políticos. ; Neighboring rural areas to big cities are influenced by the phenomenon of metropolización which leads to dynamics of occupation, whose direct action lies with the rural land use generating other uses of the same and so is then propitious arrival different actors with different interests to traditional local actors generating with it new types of social, political and economic relations. The municipality of Tenjo (Cundinamarca) reflects such behavior due to its proximity to the city of Bogota (Colombia). industrialization, inspired by the economic behavior of globalization is one of the factors that enable the transformation of these territories which brings about urbanization in urban centers and rural villages. Industrial growth in rural land once, allows the municipality to obtain a source of income through taxes. However, these cheap tickets do not guarantee that inclusive policies are applied. This behavior is manifested by actions such as new rurality of the area and its inhabitants: new jobs in industry and in the trade and services sector, leaving aside virtually primary production that refuses to disappear by the efforts of those farmers persisting in their daily lives. Demonstrations of the geographical and social transformation of the municipality of Tenjo, should be in rural development processes, conceived as and for the general welfare of the peasants, task ahead to society and especially to the political actors.

[EN] The metropolitan areas have undergone deep transformations linked to neo-liberal globalization, whose effects have been disseminated with uneven intensity depending on their specific local paths. The current economic crisis and the austerity policies applied in the European periphery shows their contradictions and causes new social and spatial asymmetries that are best reflected in these large urban areas, modifying their development paths. This paper proposes an interpretation on the territorial dimension of the economic crisis, discusses some of its main metropolitan manifestations and proposes various lines of research. The effect of the financialisation in the production of urban space through the real estate investment, the unequal vulnerability to the impact of the crisis and the austerity policies implemented in many countries, the characteristics and local action of the new urban social movements which arise as a response to the above, or the debate about resilience strategies constitute their essential contents ; [ES] Las aglomeraciones metropolitanas han experimentado profundas transformaciones vinculadas al proceso de globalización neoliberal, cuyos efectos se han difundido con desigual intensidad según sus específicas trayectorias locales. La actual crisis económica y las políticas de austeridad aplicadas con especial intensidad en los países de la periferia europea ponen de manifiesto sus contradicciones y provocan nuevas asimetrías sociales y espaciales que tienen su mejor reflejo en esas grandes áreas urbanas, alterando sus trayectorias de desarrollo. El artículo propone una interpretación sobre la dimensión territorial de ese proceso, analiza algunas de sus principales manifestaciones metropolitanas y propone diversas líneas de investigación. El efecto de la financiarización sobre la producción del espacio urbano a través de la inversión inmobiliaria, la desigual vulnerabilidad frente al impacto de la crisis, o las características y funcionamiento de los nuevos movimientos sociales urbanos que surgen como respuesta a lo anterior, junto al debate sobre las estrategias de resiliencia más adecuadas constituyen sus contenidos esenciales ; [FR] Les agglomérations métropolitaines ont connu des profonds changements liés au processus de la mondialisation néolibérale, dont les effets se sont propagés avec une intensité variable en fonction de leurs trajectoires locaux spécifiques. La crise économique actuelle et les politiques d'austérité appliquées à des degrés divers dans les pays de la périphérie européenne révèlent des contradictions et provoquent des nouvelles asymétries sociales et spatiales qui sont mieux refletés dans ces grandes aires urbaines et qui modifient leurs trajectoires de développement. L'article propose une interprétation de la dimension territoriale de ce processus, analyse certaines de ses expressions essentielles, et propose des différentes axes de recherche. Les contenus essentielles sont l'effet de la financiarisation sur la production de l'espace urbain à travers l'investissement immobilier, l'inégale vulnérabilité face à l'impact de la crise, et les caractéristiques des nouveaux mouvements sociaux urbains qui se posent en réponse, ainsi que la discussion à propos des stratégies de résilience les mieux adaptées

The essence of the project is a detailed analysis of the areas of growth and innovation Podlaskie. Object of the study includes not found in Podlaskie or occurring in the embryonic field of areas recognized in the global economy as having high growth potential. The product relates to the market areas rapidly growing in the world, in the light of internal development conditions Podlaskie province predisposed to become active on its territory, and this is the production of computer software.

This book contains some of the papers that were presented at the first meeting of the newly formed African Expert Study Group on International Criminal Law / Groupe des Experts Africaines en Droit Pénal International held in September 2011 in Brussels, Belgium. The group was established under the auspices of the Multinational Development Policy Dialogue (hereinafter 'MDPD') and the Rule of Law programme of the German Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung ('KAS') in 2010 modeled on the successful sister group in Latin America. This latter group was originally founded as an expert group to monitor the implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ('ICC') in Latin America within the framework of cooperation between KAS' regional Rule of Law Programme and the Department for Foreign and International Law of the Institute for Criminal Law and Criminal Justice of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen in 2002. The newly formed African group consists of judicial experts with both academic and practical background from various parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. The importance of such a group for the African continent cannot be overestimated. Africa plays a vital role in international criminal law and justice, both as an active player at the ICC and at the regional and national level. As for the group's composition and outreach, the aim is to broaden regional representation and further consolidate membership. In 2012, the group will meet in Nairobi, Kenya to deal with topics surrounding the 'Potential for the domestic prosecution of international crimes in Africa.' Topics for future meetings abound given the multi-faceted African legal and political practice regarding international criminal justice in general and the ICC in particular. The group should in particular monitor the recent international or transnational criminal justice developments at the regional African level as well as relevant national developments. (Excerpt from the introduction by Kai Ambos) - This book contains some of the papers that were presented at the first meeting of the newly formed African Expert Study Group on International Criminal Law / Groupe des Experts Africaines en Droit Pénal International held in September 2011 in Brussels, Belgium. The group was established under the auspices of the Multinational Development Policy Dialogue (hereinafter 'MDPD') and the Rule of Law programme of the German Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung ('KAS') in 2010 modeled on the successful sister group in Latin America. This latter group was originally founded as an expert group to monitor the implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ('ICC') in Latin America within the framework of cooperation between KAS' regional Rule of Law Programme and the Department for Foreign and International Law of the Institute for Criminal Law and Criminal Justice of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen in 2002. The newly formed African group consists of judicial experts with both academic and practical background from various parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. The importance of such a group for the African continent cannot be overestimated. Africa plays a vital role in international criminal law and justice, both as an active player at the ICC and at the regional and national level. As for the group's composition and outreach, the aim is to broaden regional representation and further consolidate membership. In 2012, the group will meet in Nairobi, Kenya to deal with topics surrounding the 'Potential for the domestic prosecution of international crimes in Africa.' Topics for future meetings abound given the multi-faceted African legal and political practice regarding international criminal justice in general and the ICC in particular. The group should in particular monitor the recent international or transnational criminal justice developments at the regional African level as well as relevant national developments. (Excerpt from the introduction by Kai Ambos)

The purpose of the study is to determine the socio-psychological factors influencing the effectiveness of social-psychological assistance to the Ukrainian population in wartime conditions and their possible approbation as the use of relevant experience to ensure effective professional training of future psychologists in higher educational institutions. Research tasks: 1) determination of the social and psychological needs of the war-affected population of Ukraine; 2) determination of the level of social and psychological provision of assistance to victims; 3) determination of the conditions and means of ensuring the development of social and psychological assistance to the affected population.
To solve the research task – to determine the level, conditions and means of ensuring the development of socio-psychological assistance to the affected population, the following research methods were used: theoretical analysis, synthesis and applied research using standardized methods.
The state of readiness of Ukrainian psychologists to provide appropriate assistance to the population, development of the necessary psychological and methodological materials was analyzed. The peculiarities of psychological assistance to the injured are highlighted using the example of one of the first psychologists who developed a methodical guide aimed at the psychological and mental rehabilitation of injured Ukrainians. Emphasis is placed on psychological diagnosis and individual and group psychocorrection, psychotherapy (primary psychological assistance to displaced persons, assessment of the severity of the impact of a traumatic event, self-assessment of the level of depression in psychological diagnosis, short psychotherapy in an individual and complex multi-directional approach to getting out of a traumatized state in group work with displaced persons) and the importance of the positive influence on the development of this assistance of the relevant personal and professional qualities and properties of future psychologists.
In order to identify the conditions and means of ensuring the development of socio-psychological assistance to the affected population, a number of methods were used in the study: 1) "Self-esteem" test (by S.A. Budassi); 2) Method "Self-assessment of mental state: well-being, general activity, mood (SAN)" (authors: V.A. Doskin, N.A. Lavrentyeva, V.B. Sharay, M.P. Miroshnikov); 3) "Scale of reactive and personal anxiety" (developed by C.D. Spielberger, adapted by Y.L. Khanin); 4) "Professional identity study methodology (MVPI) (author L.B. Schneider).
178 students of the III-IV courses of the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of the National Pedagogical University named after M.P. Drahomanov and 5th courses of the Faculty of Psychology named after T.G. Shevchenko and the Faculty of English of the National Linguistic University.
From the analysis of the conducted methods, it was found that the researched future psychologists, who are oriented to practical activities under the guidance of mentors, have inadequately inflated self-esteem, an average level of cognitive activity, and an average level of anxiety during training, which correlates with an insufficient level of development of their professional self-identity. This indicates an inadequately inflated self-esteem, insufficient self-determination, inadequate self-satisfaction, self-expression, and insufficient self-regulation of the subjects during training.
Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to creating conditions, finding means to increase opportunities for future psychologists to achieve a conscious, positive professional identity at the stage of educational and professional training, as this is an important basis for the effective formation of their professional identity in the future, as future reliable qualified specialists, the professional level of which will meet public demands, the needs of psychological assistance to victims of the war in the country.
Keywords: socio-psychological assistance, psychological-methodical support, professional self-identity, personal-professional qualities and attributes, future psychologist

Purpose
Despite the end of conflict in 1995, Bosnia–Herzegovina still suffers from unresolved ethnic and social tensions, where fostering social cohesion, active citizenship and mitigating ethnonationalist tensions and politically motivated violence remains among the main goals to achieve transformative peace. This paper, based on quantitative analyses of 3,637 adult respondents, shows that the tendency of Bosnians to be active or violent citizens sometimes overlaps and are not very distinct patterns of behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that differentiate pathways and help explain (un)civil civic behaviours and inform the work of peace and development actors.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on a quantitative household survey conducted with a representative sample of 3,637 adults in Bosnia and by using a wide range of statistical tools from scaling to correlation analysis. This data set measures factors and conceptual notions associated with passive, constructive and aggressive civic tendencies and social cohesion in a nuanced way by using different metrics and scales. The survey was designed and conducted by The Centre for Sustainable Peace and Democratic Development (SeeD) and the Bosnia–Herzegovina Resilience Initiative in 2020, in partnership with The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/The Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) and The International Organization for Migration (IOM) for the SCORE Bosnia–Herzegovina study (SeeD, 2020).


Findings
Overall, the factors that were discovered to be linked to the manifestation of constructive and aggressive civic tendencies are multidimensional, and range from intergroup relations (e.g. tension, tolerance) to political and civic attitudes (e.g. ethnonationalism, civic responsibility, gender equality), from individual traits (e.g. education, economic stress) to the media landscape (e.g. information consumption). While the empirical evidence shows that some of these factors can push citizens towards both active and violent civic behaviours simultaneously, this study identifies and distinguishes those that can reduce aggressive civic tendencies while increasing constructive civic tendencies.


Practical implications
This paper proposes a replicable approach and evidence-based conclusions which can help validate the theories of change for the peace and development actors to ensure that scarce peacebuilding resources are invested where the impact is greatest, and the actors can protect the sanctity of their responsibility to do no harm.


Social implications
This paper seeks to provide a robust empirical understanding for more effective policy-making and programming that can support Bosnia–Herzegovina's endogenous resilience against socio-political shocks and transformative peace trajectory. This paper seeks to demonstrate how peace and development actors can build and use an evidence-base for understanding civic behaviours and as a result formulate tailored efforts with greater likelihood of impact. This would help fulfil commitments towards sustainable development goals and the 2030 global agenda (UN General Assembly, 2015).


Originality/value
This study contributes insights to the emerging literature at the nexus of peacebuilding, individual skills/attitudes and civic behaviour. While the conclusions are highly contextual, the methodology is informed by multidisciplinary literature and is replicable in other post-conflict and non-conflict contexts, and thus can be used for cross-country comparisons and theory building around civic activism and constructive citizenship. The approach distinguishes between passive citizens, constructive activists, aggressive activists and purely violent citizens. This study discovers that the bifurcation is between passive citizens and active citizens, and although constructive and aggressive civic tendencies might be theorised to be contradictory, they overlap and tend to co-occur.

The aim of the article is to compare the development of the villages of Kautzen and Český Rudolec in Lower Austria and Moravia after the Second World War. Both villages served as minor trade and industrial centres for the surrounding agrarian regions. Although situated only fifteen kilometres from each other, both were totally separated in the latter half of the twentieth century, not only by the state border between Austria and Czechoslovakia, but even more so by the 'system border' between East and West. After the Second World War, the situation in Český Rudolec was characterized by severe discontinuity, caused by the expulsion of the majority population, the historically German speaking inhabitants, and the forceful establishment of a new incoming Czech speaking population. After the Communists took over power in Czechoslovakia 1948, the collectivisation of the agrarian and industrial sector had taken place against the opposition of the remaining small group of so called 'old settlers', who stayed on after Second World War. A new socialist lifestyle with entirely new structures was established. In Kautzen, the continuity after the war was much more preserved. The Austrian Peoples Party became now the political home of not only their supporters from amongst the Catholic farmers, but also integrated the majority of former National Socialist Party members from the local middle classes. It dominated the political sphere while the everyday life was dominated by the Catholic Church. The processes of modernization in both communities during the 1970ts show similar characteristics, beginning with the communal reform and culminating in the construction of new infrastructure. In the 1980s the development again diverged severely. The Communist regime was unable to integrate the new social discourses of the middle-classes into the system and finally collapsed, while in Kautzen the continuity of the community and its continuous social development proved stronger. ; The aim of the article is to compare the development of the villages of Kautzen and Český Rudolec in Lower Austria and Moravia after the Second World War. Both villages served as minor trade and industrial centres for the surrounding agrarian regions. Although situated only fifteen kilometres from each other, both were totally separated in the latter half of the twentieth century, not only by the state border between Austria and Czechoslovakia, but even more so by the 'system border' between East and West. After the Second World War, the situation in Český Rudolec was characterized by severe discontinuity, caused by the expulsion of the majority population, the historically German speaking inhabitants, and the forceful establishment of a new incoming Czech speaking population. After the Communists took over power in Czechoslovakia 1948, the collectivisation of the agrarian and industrial sector had taken place against the opposition of the remaining small group of so called 'old settlers', who stayed on after Second World War. A new socialist lifestyle with entirely new structures was established. In Kautzen, the continuity after the war was much more preserved. The Austrian Peoples Party became now the political home of not only their supporters from amongst the Catholic farmers, but also integrated the majority of former National Socialist Party members from the local middle classes. It dominated the political sphere while the everyday life was dominated by the Catholic Church. The processes of modernization in both communities during the 1970ts show similar characteristics, beginning with the communal reform and culminating in the construction of new infrastructure. In the 1980s the development again diverged severely. The Communist regime was unable to integrate the new social discourses of the middle-classes into the system and finally collapsed, while in Kautzen the continuity of the community and its continuous social development proved stronger.

The article is a continuation of a number of scientifc studies conducted by the authors within the framework of government assignments and grants, dedicated to identifying the relationship between the economic security of territories and the development of "green" entrepreneurship on them.Purpose: of the study is to model the assessment of the state of economic security of territories under various conditions of the transition to "green" entrepreneurship, taking into account the action of external and internal factors. "Green" entrepreneurship is a priority area for the development of Russian regions, consistent with the achievement of Russia's national strategic goals for the period up to 2030.Methods: in this work, cross-factor modeling and the method of integral analysis are used to calculate the composite index of the state of economic security and its structural components, taking into account the development of "green" entrepreneurship, supplemented by the method of a priori ranking of factors to assess the contribution of each component and justify the priority the selected factors affecting the level of economic security of the regions.Results: a three-component cross-factor model for assessing the state of economic security in certain regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow Region, Leningrad Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Novosibirsk Region, Altai Territory, Krasnodar Territory) had been calculated and tested. The regions were ranked according to the value of each of the components, as well as separately according to the aggregate level of economic security. The necessity of stimulating the development of "green" entrepreneurship in each of the analyzed regions. Have been substantiated and stimulating and discouraging factors that have an impact on the level of economic security, taking into account "green" entrepreneurship, pointwise in each subject, have been identifed.Conclusions and Relevance: the proposed approach to assessing the impact of the identifed factors on the level of economic security of the regions, taking into account the development of "green" entrepreneurship on the basis of the developed cross-factor model, made it possible to build a rating of territories and identify stimulating and discouraging factors in their development. On the basis of which to determine the tools for influencing the economic security in a separate entity. ; Статья является продолжением ряда научных исследований, проводимых авторами в рамках государственных заданий и грантов, посвященных выявлению взаимосвязей между экономической безопасностью территорий и развитием на них «зеленого» предпринимательства.Цель исследования заключается в кросс-факторном моделировании оценки состояния экономической безопасности региона в целях оперативного выявления и ранжирования новых угроз и рисков при переходе на «зеленое» предпринимательство. «Зеленое» предпринимательство является приоритетным направлением развития российских регионов, согласуется с достижением национальных стратегических целей России на период до 2030 года.Методы или методология проведения работы. В данной работе использованы кросс-факторное моделирование и метод интегрального анализа для расчета сводного индекса состояния экономической безопасности и ее структурных компонент с учетом развития «зеленого» предпринимательства, дополненные методикой априорного ранжирования факторов для оценки вклада каждой компоненты и обоснования приоритетности выделенных факторов, влияющих на уровень экономической безопасности регионов.Результаты работы. Расчетным образом построена и апробирована трехкомпонентная кроссфакторная модель оценки состояния экономической безопасности в отдельных регионах РФ (Московская область, Ленинградская область, Свердловская область, Новосибирская область, Алтайский край, Краснодарский край). Проведено ранжирование регионов по значению каждой из компонент, а также отдельно, по совокупному уровню экономической безопасности. Обоснована необходимость стимулирования развития «зеленого» предпринимательства в каждом из анализируемых регионов, выделены стимулирующие и дестимулирующие факторы, которые оказывают влияние на уровень экономической безопасности, с учетом «зеленого» предпринимательства точечно в каждом субъекте.Выводы. Предложенный подход к оценке влияния выявленных факторов на уровень экономической безопасности регионов с учетом развития «зеленого» предпринимательства на основании разработанной кросс-факторной модели позволил построить рейтинг территорий и выявить стимулирующие и дестимулирующие факторы в их развитии, на базе чего – определить инструменты воздействия на экономическую безопасность в отдельном субъекте.

The purpose of the article is, based on the analysis of the best international experience, to formulate theoretical aspects and offer recommendations aimed at developing an effective system of credit guarantees to increase financial support for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises. Research methods. In the process of research, depending on the goals and objectives, the following methods of cognition and analysis of economic processes were used: theoretical generalization - when substantiating theoretical provisions on the functioning of the system of credit guarantees; statistical comparisons - in identifying and assessing the effectiveness of state regulation of the system of financing small and medium-sized businesses; analysis of hierarchies - when determining promising ways of financial support for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises; systemic method - in assessing the effectiveness of government regulation of the system of credit guarantees as one of the key tools widely used with the support of enterprises in the agricultural sector of the economy; expert assessments - when systematizing the main guarantee schemes and types of guarantee products and restrictions on their practical application; analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison - in the study of international experience in the implementation of guaranteed lending programs and consideration of the existing schemes for organizing this activity. Research results. The main provisions of the development of the system of financial support for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises are formulated and methodological approaches to its improvement in the context of reforming the national economy are developed. The expediency of the development of programs for providing loans was determined, taking into account their role in reducing the restrictions on lending by banks to small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises. Conceptual foundations for the implementation of guarantee programs carried out with state participation have been developed. It has been established that targeted long-term and medium-term loans and guarantees allow covering the risks associated with agricultural activities by providing financial resources for the development of production. The necessity of developing a system of credit guarantees as the most effective instrument of financial support for enterprises in the agricultural sector of the economy has been proved. It was found that a good result can be achieved through the provision of guarantees that provide a partial amount of credit, when the farmer also bears some responsibility for the return of the funds received. Scientific novelty. Conceptual foundations for the development of a loan guarantee system have been developed The introduction of government measures aimed at increasing the volume of lending to small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises is proposed. The system of credit guarantees was further developed as the most effective instrument capable of alleviating difficulties in obtaining a bank loan for small and medium-sized agribusiness. On the basis of the best international experience, the national system of guaranteeing loans was improved with the formation and functioning of specific financial institutions (funds) specializing in ensuring the provision of commercial loans to enterprises of the agro-industrial complex. Practical significance of the article lies in bringing the theoretical and methodological provisions to the level of practical recommendations in the development of national measures for financial support and stimulation of the development of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises in Ukraine. The formulated provisions, conclusions and recommendations are of interest to managers and employees of enterprises in the agricultural sector of the economy. The research materials can be used in the activities of guarantee organizations, financial and credit institutions, government bodies. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 19.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the preconditions for the formation and development of diplomatic systems and training of diplomatic personnel in the Visegrad Group states (V4) in 1991 – 2004. The Research Methodology. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, system, science, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical and typological, historical and systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the Ukrainian and foreign science the preconditions for formation of diplomatic systems and training of diplomatic personnel in the Visegrad Group states (V4) (1991 – 2004) have been considered in organic unity; the groups of external and internal factors have been singled out, which influenced these processes; the peculiarities of the formation and development of diplomatic systems and training of relevant specialists in each of the Visegrad Group states (V4) have been analyzed. The Conclusions. The singled out factors that influenced the formation and development of diplomatic systems and diplomatic personnel training in the Visegrad Group states (V4) (1991 – 2004) are conditionally grouped into external ones (macro-factors: the collapse of the Soviet Union, the fall of the Berlin Wall, the collapse of the communist regime, the acquisition of independence and sovereignty by Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the organization of diplomatic services of these states, strengthening one's own image at the international level, participation of the states in international structures, international policy, EU educational initiatives, etc.) and domestic (meso- and micro-factors: the socio-political situation in the Visegrad Group states (V4), the development of the diplomatic service, the foreign policy course of the state, the official policy of Visegrad and the Bologna system, the national educational policy of each of the states, the appropriate regulatory framework, the development of higher education in each of the states, educational systems in the Soviet Union and in Ukraine, where specialists in international relations were also trained, foreign language education as a priority public policy, etc.). These groups of determinants are interconnected and form a complex system that programmed the creation of diplomatic services, the development of diplomatic education in the Visegrad Group states (V4). ; Мета дослідження полягає у розкритті передумов становлення та розвитку дипломатичних систем і підготовки дипломатичних кадрів у державах Вишеградської четвірки (V4) у 1991–2004рр. Методологія дослідження.В основі методології дослідження лежать принципи історизму, об'єктивності, системності, науковості, а також використання загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше в українські та зарубіжній науці розглянуто передумови становлення дипломатичних систем та підготовки дипломатичних кадрів у державах V4 (1991–2004рр.) в органічній єдності, виокремлено групи зовнішніх та внутрішніх чинників, які впливали на ці процеси, проаналізовано особливості становлення та розвитку дипломатичних систем та підготовки відповідних фахівців у кожній з держав V4. Висновки. Виокремлені чинники, які впливали на формування та розвиток дипломатичних систем та підготовку дипломатичних кадрів у державах V4 (1991–2004рр.), умовно згруповано в зовнішні (макрочинники: розпад Радянського Союзу, падіння Берлінської стіни, крах комуністичного режиму, набуття незалежності та суверенітету Польщею, Чехословаччиною, Угорщиною, організація дипломатичних служб цих держав, зміцнення власного іміджу на міжнародному рівні, участь держав у міжнародних структурах, міжнародна політика, освітні ініціативи ЄС тощо) та внутрішні (мезо- та мікрочинники: суспільно-політична ситуація в державах V4, розвиток дипломатичної служби, зовнішньополітичний курс держави, офіційна політика Вишеграду та Болонська система, національна освітня політика кожної з держав, належна нормативно-законодавча база, розвиток вищої освіти у кожній з держав, освітні системи в Радянському Союзі і в Україні, де теж готувалися кадри фахівців з міжнародних відносин, іншомовна освіта як пріоритетна державна політика тощо). Ці групи детермінант взаємопов'язані і творять складну систему, що програмувала створення дипломатичних служб, розвиток дипломатичної освіти у державах V4.

Introduction. Currently, the state is in a difficult geopolitical situation, which involves strengthening the Armed Forces of Ukraine, especially their staffing. In particular, the military-professional activity of officers of military administration bodies consists in the performance of official duties in the conditions of constant influence of adverse factors that lead to increased mental and physical tension and negatively affect their military-professional activity. It should be aimed at the formation of their relevant military-professional competencies, which will help them to successfully perform professional tasks in extreme situations. Combat experience in eastern Ukraine shows that psychophysical endurance is extremely necessary for officers to successfully perform their official duties, which helps to reduce their psycho-emotional tension in adverse conditions of military-professional activity.The purpose is to analyze the scientific literature to find ways to improve the psychophysical endurance of future military management professionals.Methods. Аnalysis, system and generalization of scientific sources on the development of professionally important qualities of future military specialists and psychophysical endurance of officers of operational and tactical level.Originality. The results of the synthesis and systematization of scientific and literary sources are used to determine the directions of further research on the development of psychological and physical endurance of the officers of operational and tactical level of management in the system after graduation. The one of the most important component in the training of future professionals in military management is the development of psychological and physical endurance in the process of preparation of military experts has been determined. The essence of military education, which consists in education, independent development and psychological training of the servicemen has been emphasized. The process of the training future officers as a social and pedagogical process, determined by the needs of the state has been defined. Conclusion. The formation and development of the necessary professional qualities, including professional endurance of representatives of various industries depends on the goals and features of their future professional activity and its specifics, their awareness and perception. Analysis and generalization of psychological and pedagogical sources revealed that each area of professional activity has its own characteristics, so psychophysical endurance PVU depends on their rapid adaptation to new conditions of the military unit, the governing body and the specifics of training and combat and combat tasks. It was found that the problem of development of different types of endurance of military specialists is the subject of research of many scientists in different fields of science - in psychology, psychophysiology, psychology and pedagogy of labor, military psychology, professional pedagogy and more. ; В статье проанализированы психологические и педагогические источники по решению проблемы психофизической выносливости офицеров и ее развития в научной литературе. Обобщены результаты исследований психофизической выносливости будущих специалистов в различных сферах деятельности. Особое внимание обращено на обобщение исследований, касающихся развития психофизической выносливости офицеров.Установлено, что сформированность психофизической выносливости обеспечивает стабильность, уравновешенность, эмоциональную лабильность, адекватность проявления эмоций и сопротивляемость психики к стресс-факторов военной службы, интегральным проявлением которых является саморегуляция эмоциональных состояний офицера. ; У статті проаналізовано психологічні та педагогічні джерела щодо розв'язання проблеми психофізичної витривалості офіцерів та її розвитку в науковій літературі. Узагальнено результати досліджень психофізичної витривалості майбутніх фахівців у різних сферах діяльності. Особлива увага звернута на узагальнення досліджень, які стосуються розвитку психофізичної витривалості офіцерів. З'ясовано, що сформованість психофізичної витривалості забезпечує стабільність, врівноваженість, емоційну лабільність, адекватність прояву емоцій та опірність психіки до стрес-чинників військової служби, інтегральним проявом яких є саморегуляція емоційних станів офіцера.

The article examines the European experience in implementing strategies for transparency and accessibility of interactions in managing culture sphere. Transparency in public administration is studied as access to information; communication; decision-making processes. The values which are to be balanced in transparent management are determined. They are: public's right to know; good governance; the costs and risks of providing services; the right of civil servants to personal confidentiality.The new mechanisms of transparency and interaction based on new principles of network interaction are examined as collective efforts to produce and exchange information, knowledge and culture through the emergence of new virtual communication environments: social networks, mobile content, etc.Today, cultural policy at European level seeks to achieve the following priorities:- cooperation with leading organizations in the field of culture and financial investment in culture;- wide measures on preservation and usage of various European languages, dialects, traditions and histories to protect the continent's intangible heritage and identity values;- appreciation of cultural workers and support of their efforts to build a Europe that is attractive to talent and investment, creative, entertaining, entrepreneurial, which mobilizes to promote sustainable development, integrated and civic cohesion;- respond to requests from third countries for European expertise in the field of cultural exchange management and creative support;- empowering artists and cultural workers in innovation and technology in a multidisciplinary approach;- maintaining a sense of pride among European citizens for cultural heritage;- encouraging the mobility of cultural workers as an important factor in innovation in the field of culture and creative cooperation;- mobilizing the EU's diplomatic network and cultural expertise to support the EU's foreign policy and development agenda, enabling it to express cultural diversity around the world by building local capacity.Taking the case of cultural industries (economy) the intersections with other areas: culture, education, economy and urban/regional development are revealed. The key issues in the EU culture policy are examined focusing on the issues of transparency and interactions:- shaping the EU agenda by raising strategically important culture economy issues in order to create a coherent, interconnected European system;- recognition of the strategic importance of culture economy for the implementation of urban development strategy, the inclusion of ICT in innovation programs, as well as research and development programs;- promoting side effects in other industries and society;- capacity building in response to the new opportunities that digital technologies bring to the culture economy;- promotion of cross-border networks and alliances of creative centers and entrepreneurs;- the important role of culture economy in the EU's international relations, gaining access to new markets and promoting sustainable development and cultural diversity around the world.It is concluded that at present, the mechanisms of ensuring transparency are being improved in European countries: legal, institutional, organizational, informational, etc. The instrument of public control is examined through two important aspects. The further solving of these problems is the introduction of a mechanism of interaction between the authorities and reference groups in public administration. The role of public control (reference groups, info-technologies) in the mechanism of transparent culture management is analyzed.For the current situation in Ukraine, with the rapid penetration of Internet technologies in all aspects of public and private life, the transition to open public administration gives a chance to mobilize the efforts of the state and civil society in transparency and interaction. ; У статті досліджується європейський досвід реалізації стратегій транспарентності і доступності взаємодій в управлінні культурою. Виокремлюються цінності відповідного рівня транспарентності. Розкриваються пріоритети культурної політики на європейському рівні. Розглядаються особливості транспарентності та взаємодії на прикладі реалізації європейської політики індустрії культури та творчості. Аналізується роль громадського контролю (референтні групи, інфо-технології) у механізмі транспарентного управління культурою.