The state capacity to formulate, supervise, and implement (and in some cases to evaluate) science, technology, and innovation policy is the subject of the present work. The goal is to compare state and policy capacity in Brazil, China, and Argentina to point out comparative institutional advantages and disadvantages. One of the study's main conclusions is the existence of a structured consensus on what sectors the enterprising state should incentivize and promote, on where the frontier is located, and whether these countries are at the frontier of innovation depends on: the existence of a rearguard of institutions capable of undertaking prospective (and retrospective) studies that are effectively considered in the decision-making process; the continuous exercise of foresight or technological foresight, subject to processes of periodic revision; the capacity to take account of conflicts of interest, but equally to neutralize them when building structured consensus; and finally to count on a well-established but effective financial innovation system. Two conditions seem important as far as the governance of the modernization process is concerned: visions of the future and state capacities to implement them. What is at issue is not a continuous set of abilities or expertise but a variety of decision-making processes on long-term strategy and coordination in the development and implementation of technology policies.
The paper is an exploratory historical analysis, based on documentary research and literature review, which focuses on the formation of the bureaucratic apparatus in the area of economic infrastructure, analyzed from the perspective of the construction of the Brazilian State and its technical, administrative and political capacities. The work explores the links between successive institutional arrangements and the construction of state capabilities of a technical and political nature. The trajectory of the institutional arrangements is analyzed based on a periodization that considers the inflections in the recent trajectory of the structuring of State functions, correspondingly, the organization of the public administration, its legal frameworks and institutional arrangements in each period. The periodization distinguishes the following moments: the beginnings of developmentalism (1930-1945); the parallel administration and developmental initiatives (1946-1963); state enterprises and the developmental State (1964-1988); and the emergence of the regulatory State and the resurgence of state activism (1988-2016). In the end, the conclusion is that it is dominant during most of the period analyzed the persistence of a vector of construction of the State apparatus that dislocates the formation of the bureaucracy away from the central administration.
The main objective of this paper is to characterize poverty and indicators of socioeconomic development of the micro region of the Bico do Papagaio in the State of Tocantins, Brazil, as theoretical referential Capability Approach (CA), from Amartya Sen. The main indicators used were: the birth rate, crude rate infant mortality, the human development index, literacy rate, fertility rate, the Gross Domestic Product - (GDP) per capita. The data were collected in the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the State of Tocantins and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The results suggest that the micro region of the Parrot's Beak have evidence of decline in extreme poverty and with a tendency to reduce income inequality. Despite the micro region indicators progress, it has a long way to go to achieve a satisfactory level of human, social and economic development.
This paper presents an important debate that connects reflections of sociology with that of economic theory based on the same theme: the role of the state in Brazil and the importance of Portugal's heritage. We will sociologically analyze the connection between the patrimonialist political construction and the emergence of commercial capitalism, which results in a blockade of democracy and state modernization, and from an economic perspective, the approach of the same theme of the state as a driver of development throughout the century. XX, until the 1980s, when the strategies of growth and modernization from the developmental bias lose strength, becoming increasingly oriented towards a market economy. ; Este artículo presenta un debate importante que conecta las reflexiones de la sociología con la teoría económica basada en el mismo tema: el papel del estado en Brasil y la importancia de la herencia de Portugal. Analizaremos sociológicamente la conexión entre la construcción política patrimonialista y el surgimiento del capitalismo comercial, que resulta en un bloqueo de la democracia y la modernización del estado, y desde una perspectiva económica, el enfoque del mismo tema del estado como motor del desarrollo a lo largo del siglo. XX, hasta la década de 1980, cuando las estrategias de crecimiento y modernización a partir del sesgo del desarrollo pierden fuerza y se orientan cada vez más hacia una economía de mercado. ; Este trabalho apresenta um debate importante que conecta reflexões da sociologia com a teoria econômica a partir de um mesmo tema: o papel do Estado no Brasil e a importância da herança de Portugal. Analisaremos sociologicamente a conexão entre a construção política patrimonialista e o surgimento do capitalismo comercial, que resulta em um bloqueio da democracia e da modernização do Estado, e de uma perspectiva econômica, a abordagem do mesmo tema do Estado como propulsor do desenvolvimento ao longo do século XX, até a década de 1980, quando perdem forças as estratégias de crescimento e modernização pelo viés desenvolvimentista, passando a orientarem-se cada vez mais por uma econômica de mercado.
This paper aims to analyze the role of government coalitions in the formulation and implementation of a socioeconomic development model. It is a qualitative research that focuses on the extent to which the formation of coalitions to support a developmental platform is efficient in formulating and implementing sustainable public policies in the medium and long term in order to shape a national development agenda. The central hypothesis is that the development process has a direct relationship with the institutional dimension, in particular the role of the State, of government coalitions, of various public institutions (especially those that tend to coordinate interests' between the public and private sectors) and strategic actors profiles in the formulation and implementation of policies. From the interactions established between State, institutions and strategic players different styles or patterns of development are configured. "Developmental coalitions" is defined as the convergent action of different actors involved in any dynamic of growth and development (Tanaka, 2012). The "strategic actor" category includes business, organized labor and public bureaucracy. However, we focus on business and labor vis-à-vis the political field, which represents the space of articulation of interests of the different strategic actors. The methodological approach consists in the evaluation, based on stylized facts, of the turning points of the economic models (neoliberal and post-neoliberal) and the analysis of positions (statements, actions, exclusions) of strategic elites.
The article aims to identify and understand the narrative configuration on the plebiscite in Pará from the "Reader Space", a section of letters published in the newspaper Diário do Pará. According to Paul Ricoeur's perspective, narrative configuration is related to the temporal character of human existence. We adopt Ricoeur's theoretical philosophy and its stages of mimesisin the pre-comprehension of the narrative and the technique of analysis of communication, proposed by Motta (2013), as configuration of intrigue. Looking at a sample of 16 reader letters, we observed that the developmental point of view, associated with emotional and political frameworks, structured the narratives on the creation of two States: Carajás and Tapajós.Keywords: Reader letters; Diário do Pará; Pará Amazon; Narrative communication; Plebiscite in Pará ; O artigo objetiva identificar e compreender a configuração narrativa sobre o plebiscito no Pará a partir do "Espaço do Leitor", seção de cartas publicada no jornal Diário do Pará. Pela perspectiva de Paul Ricoeur, a configuração narrativa está relacionada ao caráter temporal da existência humana. Adotamos o círculo hermenêutico, composto por três estágios da mímesis, como postura teórico-metodológica e a análise da comunicação narrativa, proposta por Motta (2013), como técnica de configuração da intriga. A partir da amostra formada por 16 cartas dos leitores, observamos que o ponto de vista desenvolvimentista, associado a enquadramentos emocionais e políticos, estruturaram as narrativas sobre a criação dos estados de Carajás e de Tapajós.
The article analyzes the influence of the United States of America on legal production for children in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The clash between socialism and capitalism, the Monroe Doctrine, Stanley Hall's developmental psychology, the dangerous child and adolescence, the child's salvation proposal, the Congresses and international events were some of the determinations that contributed to the implementation of the tutelary model based on the doctrine of the irregular situation in Latin America. To show how different factors converged to change the legal and social order, we analyzed this course in five countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay. ; El artículo realiza un análisis sobre la influencia de los Estados Unidos en la producción jurídica para el área de la infancia a finales del siglo XIX, a principios del siglo XX. El embate entre el socialismo y el capitalismo, la doctrina Monroe, la psicología del desarrollo de Stanley Hall, el niño y la adolescencia peligrosa, la propuesta de salvación de la infancia, los Congresos y eventos internacionales fueron algunas de las determinaciones que contribuyeron a la implantación del modelo tutelar pautado en la doctrina de la situación irregular en América Latina. Para evidenciar cómo diferentes factores convergieron para alterar el orden jurídico y social analizamos ese recorrido en cinco países, siendo ellos, Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México y Uruguay. ; O artigo realiza uma análise sobre a influência dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) na produção jurídica para a área da infância no final do século XIX, início do século XX. O embate entre o socialismo e o capitalismo, a doutrina Monroe, a psicologia desenvolvimentista de Stanley Hall, a criança e adolescência perigosa, a proposta de salvação da infância, os Congressos e eventos internacionais foram algumas das determinações que contribuíram para a implantação do modelo tutelar pautado na doutrina da situação irregular na América Latina. Para evidenciar como diferentes fatores convergiram para alterar a ordem jurídica e social analisamos esse percurso em cinco países, sendo eles, Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México e Uruguai.
Este artículo presenta una serie de hallazgos que surgen del análisis de datos estadísticos sobre matrícula en la Educación Secundaria argentina, datos que son puestos en relación con indicadores sobre empleo joven para el mismo período. Los mismos se interpretan a la luz de los enfoques teóricos de las corrientes críticas de la Sociología de la Educación. A partir de recuperar análisis del Estado argentino para el período pos 2001, como un gobierno neodesarrollista, y de considerar sus características desde perspectivas gramscianas, se intenta interpretar al sistema educativo en tanto herramienta en la configuración de procesos de hegemonía. Procesos que para algunos autores configuran una hegemonía debil, debido a estar conducida por un gobierno que se adapta pragmáticamente a las exigencias de la coyuntura, y que termina reproduciendo una gestión de contradicciones las cuales se expresan, como se plantea en las conclusiones, también en la educación. Siendo así, se invita al lector a profundizar en el análisis del sistema educativo desde una perspectiva crítica proveniente de la Sociología de la Educación. Ésta permite vincular aquello que en numerosos análisis sobre el sistema educativo aparece desvinculadado, la relación Estado-hegemonía-educación. En este caso lo hace observando el comportamiento estructural de la población en edad formal de asistir a la educación secundaria: la juventud. ; The following article presents a series of findings that arise from statistical analysis of enrollment data originated in Argentina's Secondary Education system, which is then linked to youth employment indicators for the same period. Those are interpreted making use of theoretical approaches provided by critical currents of Sociology of Education. By recovering the analysis of the Argentinian State as a neo-developmental government in the post-2001 period, and considering its characteristics from a Gramscian perspective, we try to interpret the educational system as a tool in the configuration of hegemony processes. For some authors those processes develop a weak hegemony, due to a government that adapts pragmatically to juncture demands, and ends up reproducing the management of contradictions which are also expressed, as stated in the conclusions, in Education. Therefore, the reader is invited to deepen the analysis of the educational system from a critical perspective given by the Sociology of Education, specifically in its contributions on educational inequality. This perspective allows us to establish the relationship between the hegemony of State, hegemony and education, which seems disconnected from the education system according to several analysis. This will be achieved by observing the structural behavior of population in age to formally attend secondary school: the youth.
Este artigo recupera a trajetória do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social - BNDES em dois momentos distintos do desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro: o que corresponde à condução da política econômica a partir do ideário desenvolvimentista, quando o Banco constitui-se como uma instituição de fomento e principal ofertante de crédito de longo prazo e torna-se o principal financiador da montagem da infraestrutura e de setores industriais estruturantes da economia brasileira sob a coordenação do Estado e o que, o Brasil já adotando estratégias de política econômica de inspiração liberal, o Banco reorientada a sua atuação na direção de constituir-se como coordenador e financiador da reestruturação patrimonial brasileira por meio de fusões e aquisições promovidas pelas privatizações. A mudança patrimonial mais que uma mudança do controle do capital estatal para o privado, também significou a diversificação produtiva de grupos industriais com fortalecimento da produção de commodities e do setor da construção civil. Nessa nova conjuntura o Banco redefine a sua articulação com os capitais privados nacional e estrangeiro e a sua presença na América do Sul como financiador de exportações brasileiras. ; This paper traces the role of the National Bank of Economic and Social Development ―BNDES― at two distinct moments in Brazil's economic development trajectory. The first corresponds to the implementing of economic policies based on developmental ideals, when the Bank establishes itself as a funding institution and long-term credit offerer, thus becoming the main financer of State-coordinated infrastructure and industrial sectors of the Brazilian economy. The second one, when the Bank, following liberal inspired economic policy strategies which guide governmental actions, redirects its efforts towards establishing itself as the coordinator and financer of the Brazilian asset restructure by means of mergers and acquisitions promoted by privatizations. The ownership change, more than just a change in control from state-owned to private capital, also leads to a productive diversification of industrial groups, thus, empowering the production of commodities and the civil construction sector. In such scenario, the Bank redefines its relationships with national and foreign private capital, and its presence within South America as a financer of Brazilian exports. ; Este artículo analiza la función del Banco Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social —BNDES— en dos etapas distintas de la trayectoria de desarrollo económico de Brasil: primer corresponde a la política económica de la ideología desarrollista —cuando BNDES se estableció como una institución de desarrollo convirtiéndose en el principal proveedor de crédito a largo plazo, y entonces se convierte en el financiador más importante de la infraestructura y los sectores industriales estructurantes de la economía brasileña, bajo la coordinación del Estado—; y en segundo lugar, con Brasil ya adoptado estrategias de la política económica de inspiración liberal, cuando el BNDES se vio obligado a volver a sus actividades hacia consolidarse como financiador y coordinador de la reestructuración del patrimonio neto de Brasil por medio de fusiones y adquisiciones promovidas durante el proceso de privatización. El cambio de propiedad, más que un cambio de control de la capital del estado a lo privado, también significó la diversificación productiva de los grupos industriales con el fortalecimiento de la producción de mercancías y la industria de la construcción. En este nuevo contexto BNDES redefine su relación con el capital privado nacional y extranjero, así como su presencia en América del Sur actuando como financiador de las exportaciones brasileñas.
Objetivo: Este estudo tem como propósito a abordagem brasileira das gestões tributária e financeira pública em âmbito federal, tendo por foco a crise econômica e os impactos de endividamento público verificados em função da pandemia decorrente do COVID-19, considerando, principalmente, a declaração de calamidade pública e as medidas restritivas de isolamento/distanciamento social e paralização das atividades econômicas em quarentena adotadas em todo o País para combate e contenção à disseminação exponencial da doença. Metodologia: Segundo uma metodologia própria para lidar com temas interdisciplinares específicos, como de Direito Tributário, Financeiro, Constitucional e Gestão Pública, parte-se de um recorte crítico da realidade exposta, tendo-se como marco teórico a doutrina contemporânea referida, ao adotar-se o método dedutivo, com apoio da exploração bibliográfica e documental enquanto técnica de abordagem, para se comprovarem as premissas levantadas e se alcançarem os objetivos propostos. Resultados: Divisa, sob tal contextura, as formas adotadas, no ensejo da pandemia por COVID-19 pelo governo federal, para obtenção de um equilíbrio entre a ordem econômica e a ordem social, isto é, de sorte a ter-se, de um lado, a preservação o sistema de saúde (público e privado) de um colapso imediato ante o excesso abrupto de demanda e, de outro lado, o resguardo das forças produtivas pátrias da recessão e endividamento público causados pela paralisação forçada das atividades econômicas e do isolamento social/distanciamento social imposto pela quarentena. Contribuições: O estudo aponta, segundo a metodologia adotada, a necessidade de uma concomitante e correlata intervenção estatal de regulação macroprudencial no domínio econômico (com determinações financeiras, tributárias e assistenciais) para um reequilíbrio do desenvolvimento sustentável em função do desbalanceamento advindo da intervenção na ordem social com a imposição de medidas sanitárias tão austeras (de isolamento social/distanciamento social e paralização de atividades econômicas ante a quarentena infligida) para contenção da pandemia que afastem recessão e endividamento público descontrolado, de maneira a ter-se, em conclusão, um sustentável planejamento estratégico estatal de recuperação e reestruturação desenvolvimentista pátrio à luz de um concerto democrático com a sociedade. Palavras-chave: Endividamento público pandêmico; Finanças públicas; Tributação federal; Sistema de Saúde; Desenvolvimento sustentável. ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to approach the Brazilian public tax and public financial management, at the federal level, focusing on the economic crisis and the impacts of public indebtedness verified due to the pandemic resulting from COVID-19, considering mainly the declaration of public calamity and restrictive measures of social isolation/distancing and paralysis of economic activities in quarantine adopted throughout the Country to combat and contain the exponential spread of the disease. Methodology: According to an appropriate methodology to deal with specific interdisciplinary themes, such as Tax Law, Financial Law, Constitutional Law and Public Management, it is from a critical view of the exposed reality, taking as a theoretical framework the contemporary doctrine referred to, when adopting the deductive method, with the support of bibliographic and documentary exploration as an approach technique to prove the premises raised and to achieve the proposed objectives. Results: Under such a context, the paper identifies the forms adopted, in the occasion of the pandemic by COVID-19 by the federal government to obtain a balance between the economic system and the social order, that is, in order to have, on the one hand, the preservation of the health system (public and private) from an immediate collapse in view of an abrupt excess of demand and, on the other hand, the protection of the national productive forces of the recession and public indebtedness caused by the forced paralysis of economic activities and social isolation/distancing imposed by quarantine. Contributions: This paper notes, according to the adopted methodology, the need for a simultaneous and correlated state intervention of macroprudential regulation in the economic domain (with financial, tax and assistance determinations) for a rebalancing in sustainable development due to the lack of harmony arising from the intervention in the social system with the imposition of such austere sanitary measures (of social isolation/distancing and paralysis of economic activities in quarantine) to contain the pandemic that would remove recession and uncontrolled public indebtedness, in order to have, in conclusion, a sustainable state strategic planning for national developmental recovery and restructuring in light of a democratic concert with society. Keywords: Pandemic public indebtedness; Public finances; Federal taxation; Health System; Sustainable development.
