ABSTRACT Context: natural experiments or quasi-experiments have become quite popular in management research. The differences-in-differences (DiD) estimator is possibly the workhorse of these techniques. Objective: the goal of this paper is to provide a tutorial that serves as practical guide for researchers considering using natural experiments to make causal inferences. Methods: we discuss the DiD advantages, concerns, and tests of validity. We also provide an application of the technique, in which we discuss the effect of government guarantees on banks' degree of risk, using the 2008 financial crisis as a natural experiment. The database used, as well as the Stata and the R scripts containing the analyses, are available as online appendices. Conclusion: DiD may be used to tackle endogeneity concerns when treatment assignment is random.
16 p. ; Caption title. ; An expanded edition of: A discourse upon the questions in debate between the King and Parliament. ; Includes selections from: Bilson, Thomas. The true difference betweene Christian subjection and unchristian rebellion. ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.
The overall objectives of meat inspection are to contribute to food safety, animal welfare, and animal health. In the European Union (EU), there is a request for a modernised meat inspection system that addresses these objectives in a more valid, feasible and cost-effective way than does the traditional system. One part of the modernisation deals with the coding system to register meat inspection findings. Although unified standards are set at the EU level for judgement criteria regarding fitness of meat for consumption, different national systems are in force. The question is the extent of the differences and whether there is a basis for harmonisation. To investigate this, information was gathered about the code systems in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Spain. Moreover, meat inspection data covering pigs slaughtered in 2019 were collected. A comparison of the number of codes available, the terminology and the frequencies of the findings registered was undertaken. Codes with a similar meaning were grouped. Hereby, two lists were compiled showing the most common codes leading to total and to partial condemnation. Substantial variations in the percentage of condemned pigs and in the terms used were identified, and possible reasons behind this are discussed. Moreover, a strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats (SWOT)-like analysis was applied to the coding systems. Finally, the reasons for unfitness of meat given in the EU Food Inspection Regulation 2019/627 were compared to the national code lists. The results show the systems in force varied substantially, and each system had its advantages and disadvantages. The diverse terminology observed made it a challenge to compare data between countries. Development of harmonised terminology for meat inspection findings is suggested, enabling comparison of data between abattoirs, regions, and countries, while respecting the national epidemiological situation, the local food safety culture, and the trade agreements in force. ; Peer reviewed
[8], 116, [2] p. ; Dedication signed: Christopher Leuer. ; The first leaf is blank except for signature-mark "A". ; With a final errata leaf. ; Heading to dedication in seven lines. Variant: heading in eight lines. ; Reproduction of the original the Union Theological Seminary (New York, N.Y.). Library.
[2], 13, [1] p. ; Wing attributes work to H. P. ; Thomason copy imperfect: staining on title page with loss of text. ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.
[2], 9, [1] p. ; Signed at end: Anthony Fortescue, resident for this Highness of Lorrane. ; Place of publication from Wing. ; Reproduction of the original in the Harvard University Library.
[12], 67, [5] leaves ; Dedication signed: Th. Cooper. ; Publication date, if any, cropped; publication date suggested by STC. ; Running title reads: The gouernment of the affections. ; Identified as STC 5700a on UMI microfilm. ; Imperfect; title page cropped?. ; Reproduction of the original in the Folger Shakespeare Library.
Signatures: Three stars⁴ A-O⁴. ; Woodcuts: device, initials; side notes. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; OSU Moritz Law Library's copy 1 gift of Lawrence H. Stotter.
"Die Jovis, 23 Martii, 1642. Ordered by the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament, that this declaration and ordinance shall bee forthwith printed and published. John Browne cler. Parliamentor." ; Signatures: A4. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; MU: Pre-1801 imprint.
[2], 6 p. ; Translation of part of a letter of 7 September 1605, extracted from the author's Ambassades et negotiations. ; Reproduction of original in Thomason Collection, British Library.
[6], 48 p. ; "Humbly adrest to the High Court of Parliament" ; "For the Right Honourable Lords the peeres" signed: Gil. Batt. ; Reproduction of original in Huntington Library.
