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The digital turn might as well be marked as an Asian turn. From flash-mobs in Taiwan to feminist mobilisations in India, from hybrid media strategies of Syrian activists to cultural protests in Thailand, we see the emergence of political acts that transform the citizen from being a beneficiary of change to becoming an agent of change. In co-shaping these changes, what the digital shall be used for, and what its consequences will be, are both up for speculation and negotiation. Digital Activism in Asia marks a particular shift where these questions are no longer being refracted through the ICT4D logic, or the West's attempts to save Asia from itself, but shaped by multiplicity, unevenness, and urgencies of digital sites and users in Asia. This reader crowd-sources critical tools, concepts, analyses, and annotations, self-identified by a network of change makers in Asia as important in their own practices within their own contexts. ; Nishant Shah: Foreword Denisse Albornoz: From Taboo to Beautiful. Menstrupedia Esra'a Al Shafei: Keeping Our Voices Loud. The Evolution of CrowdVoice.org Maesy Angelina: Digital Natives' Alternative Approach to Social Change Sumandro Chattapadhya: We Come from an Activist Background. An Interview with Htaike Htaike Aung, MIDO Anat Ben-David: Digital Natives and the Return of the Local Cause Sumandro Chattapadhyay: Greatfire.org Tracey Cheng: Taiwan's Sunflower Protest. Digital Anatomy of a Movement Armand Hurault: Digital Revolution in Reverse. Syria's Media Diversifies Offline Rachel Jolley: India Calling Youngmi Kim: Digital Populism in South Korea? Internet Culture and the Trouble with Direct Participation Merlyna Lim: Many Clicks but Little Sticks: Social Media Activism in Indonesia Subhashish Panigrahi: Rising Voices. Indigenous Language Digital Activism Prabhas Pokharel: Towards 2 Way Participation Urvashi Sarkar: Wikipedia, Bhanwari Devi and the Need for an Alert Feminist Public YiPing (Zona) Tsou: Digital Natives in the Name of a Cause. From "Flash Mob" to "Human Flesh Search" Hu Yong: Three Forces Acting behind the Development of the Internet Huma Yusuf: Old and New Media. Converging During the Pakistan Emergency (March 2007 – February 2008) Weiyu Zhang: Redefining Youth Activism through Digital Technology in Singapore

The digital turn might as well be marked as an Asian turn. From flash-mobs in Taiwan to feminist mobilisations in India, from hybrid media strategies of Syrian activists to cultural protests in Thailand, we see the emergence of political acts that transform the citizen from being a beneficiary of change to becoming an agent of change. In co-shaping these changes, what the digital shall be used for, and what its consequences will be, are both up for speculation and negotiation. Digital Activism in Asia marks a particular shift where these questions are no longer being refracted through the ICT4D logic, or the West's attempts to save Asia from itself, but shaped by multiplicity, unevenness, and urgencies of digital sites and users in Asia. This reader crowd-sources critical tools, concepts, analyses, and annotations, self-identified by a network of change makers in Asia as important in their own practices within their own contexts.

The digital turn might as well be marked as an Asian turn. From flash-mobs in Taiwan to feminist mobilisations in India, from hybrid media strategies of Syrian activists to cultural protests in Thailand, we see the emergence of political acts that transform the citizen from being a beneficiary of change to becoming an agent of change. In co-shaping these changes, what the digital shall be used for, and what its consequences will be, are both up for speculation and negotiation. Digital Activism in Asia marks a particular shift where these questions are no longer being refracted through the ICT4D logic, or the West's attempts to save Asia from itself, but shaped by multiplicity, unevenness, and urgencies of digital sites and users in Asia. This reader crowd-sources critical tools, concepts, analyses, and annotations, self-identified by a network of change makers in Asia as important in their own practices within their own contexts.

Research on digital activism has gained traction in recent years. At the same time, it remains a diverse and open field that lacks a coherent mode of inquiry. For the better or worse, digital activism remains a fuzzy term. In this introduction to a special issue on digital activism, we review current attempts to periodize and historicize digital activism. Although there is growing body of research on digitial activism, many contributions remain limited through their ahistorical approach and the digital universalism that they imply. Based on the contributions to the special issue, we argue for studying digital activisms in a way that traverses a two-dimensional axis of digital technologies and activist practices, striking the balance between context and media-specificity.

ZusammenfassungMit der Digitalisierung entstehen Ausdrucks- und Organisationsformen von Protest, die das Verständnis von politischer Mobilisierung herausfordern. Über Instant-Messaging, soziale Medien und alternative Plattformen bildet sich ein Eigenleben des digitalen Aktivismus heraus, das auch das Protestgeschehen auf der Straße beeinflusst. In der Sozialen Bewegungsforschung lösten die Ausdifferenzierung des digitalen Aktivismus und die komplexen Interaktionen zwischen Online- und Offlineprotest neue Debatten aus. Dieser Beitrag schlägt eine Systematisierung des Wissens zu digitalem Aktivismus vor, indem aus den Medienpraktiken der Aktivist*innen fünf Varianten vorgestellt und im Kontext jener digitalen Infrastrukturen diskutiert werden, auf die sie zurückgreifen.

Women's voices are often silenced as compared to men, especially when it comes to speaking out against the injustice women have faced. In Mexico, women had been enduring femicide for decades, oftentimes being silenced and overshadowed by the government's narrative. In this new wave of activism called digital activism, people are now using social media to inform their audience about specific issues. Florence Pugh is one of these people. Pugh uses digital activism to spread awareness for Femicide in Mexico and encourage her audience to also speak up on the issue in a time where women's voices are silenced.

"The role of digital activism in supplementing, and even supplanting, traditional journalism as Africa's watchdog has been under researched. Akpojivi provides an exhaustive and timely dive into digital activism through meticulously researched case studies in Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa, and optimistically positions digital activism as one powerful answer to neo-colonialism and poor governance. This is a book that will assist well-reasoned interpretations of online social movements in Africa for years to come." --Prof. Chris Paterson, University of Leeds, UK. This book analyses social movements, digital activism and protest actions in Africa using a de-colonial approach, with selected case studies of #BringBackOurGirls, #OurMumuDonDo, #FeesMustFall, and #OccupyGhana from Nigeria, South Africa and Ghana. This book examines the ideological background of social movements and the broader micro/macro structures that exist within these movements and how these structures shape their engagement with state and non-state actors. The author argues that the ideological orientation of movement founders influenced the broader belief of each movement, which in turn shaped the micro and macro structure and relationships of the movements and their engagement with the state. Furthermore, the author argues that not all movement members aligned with the movement's ideological belief, thus the disconnect and contestation within these movements. This book provides much-needed systematic, critical review and cutting-edge research into the ideology, practices, performance, and trends of social and digital movements in Sub-Saharan African countries. Ufuoma Akpojivi is the Policy, Research and Learning Lead at Advocates for International Development, United Kingdom. Prior to this, he was an Associate Professor at the Media Studies Department, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa and a Visiting Professor at the School of Media and Communication, Pan-Atlantic University, Nigeria. He has over 16 years of professional, and exceptional teaching and research experience in Media and Communications.

The article is devoted to the concept of digital activism, it reviews terms, forms and current theoretical approaches. The question of the place of digital activism in socio-political science remains open. Some researchers argue that digital activism has no lasting effect, so there is no need to create new theoretical approaches. Others advocate that digital activism has its distinct features therefore the development of a special theoretical approach is needed. Furthermore, there is an intermediate opinion that suggests updating existing models of social movement analysis to study digital activism. We conclude that the latter point of view is the most productive as it allows us to examine specific cases of digital activism and determine which components of digital activism distinguish it from social movements and which, on the contrary, bring it closer together. This approach may justify the formation of a theoretical basis for the study of digital activism. In addition, the article addresses the issue of consistency in the use of terms denoting digital activism and confusion in the study of various forms of digital activism. An analysis of publications in the Web of Science Core Collection database reveals that the term "digital activism" is the most preferred term for Internet activism.

Digital activism has become a new and pervasive way by which today's diverse youth synthesize agency from virtually anywhere. While there are criticisms that the digital infrastructure constructs pseudo-mobilization, the purpose of this article is to refute this belief, showing that online practices can manifest themselves in physical agency. It aims to show that customers can dictate the narrative that they want and appreciate about their identities and will seek out products that reflect the type of individual they believe they are. This aligns with the postmodern view of rejecting a metanarrative and creating discourses that are not one-size-fits-all concerning Black community(ies).

Political action has a long history. Information systems provide new affordances for political action that go well beyond sending an email to elected officials or "liking" a political Facebook page. Digital activism -- political action enabled by Information Systems (IS) -- not only provides citizens with enhanced opportunities for organization and communication, but also allows opportunities to take direct political action and create greater impact with fewer resources. This paper seeks to explore and build theory on the use and impact of digital activism by extending Milbrath's hierarchy of political participation to reflect digital activism. The paper contributes to both the IS and political science literature with a digital activism framework that builds on digital activism theory.

In this article three interacting categories for the understanding of emergent digital activism are reviewed: tools that enable the participation, people as social agents, and contexts of social or political participation. Since in many of the most recent cases of digital activism the main actors have been young activists, the paper attempts to present how some of these new cohorts make use of technology mediated tools for social interaction, crowd engagement and participation, through a networked and apparently leaderless social and political activism. By analyzing the interaction between the existing tools and the generational characteristics of the social actors in particular situations we show the role that digital systems and new social media play in certain situations.Con el fin de comprender el activismo digital, en este artículo se exploran tres categorías que se entrelazan: las herramientas que facilitan los procesos de participación, las personas como agentes sociales que intervienen y los contextos de participación social y política. Dado que en los casos más recientes de activismo digital los principales actores pertenecen a cohortes juveniles, el artículo intenta presentar algunas ideas de cómo esos activistas hacen uso de las herramientas tecnológicas para la participación social, la ccoperación y la inteligencia de las multitudes, mediante un activismo en red aparentemente sin liderazgos notorios. Se hace el análisis de la interacción entre las herramientas tecnológicas y las características generacionales en tres casos particulares para ilustrar el papel que los sistemas digitales y los nuevo smedios sociales juegan en ciertas situaciones.

This article analyzes the interaction between the digital (online) and physical (offline) activism of Front Harsien ODZ, a Maltese environmental movement organization. It looks into how Front activists perceive these forms of activism and verifies how important each form is to the organization. Consequently, the research presented herein is operationalized through interviews with Front activists and through participant observation from an insider's point of view. This article concludes that activists within Front Harsien ODZ feel that they are part of a social network. The organization's recruitment, mobilization and activism techniques are at once digital and physical. Most Front activists were already part of preexisting social networks before joining the Front, and the new Front network made good use of Malta's political opportunity structures, including the Zonqor controversy; Malta's small size; and the country's vibrant media landscape. ; peer-reviewed

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, technological innovations and the development of digital media have brought about new possibilities for media content providers and, because of their interactivity, for the users as well. The advent of the internet age, Web 2.0 technology, and the ubiquity of cell phones have imparted high expectations that new media technologies will systematically enhance civic engagement and further develop national and global political cultures.
This paper focuses on how citizens in Croatia are taking the opportunities offered by new media for civil and political activism. Digital platforms are used more and more frequently for activism in Croatian civil society, especially Facebook – the number one digital tool activists use to spread information or invite members to events. It happened first in late April 2008, when third-year high school students, unified on a national level via Facebook, organized protests against the 'national school-leaving examination' that they had to take the year after. The protest was successful, and the Minister of Science and Education postponed the examination for another year. Since then, a number of different digital activities of civil engagement have been organized in Croatia, but the success of the first one has yet to be repeated.
The conclusion of this paper is that digital activism in Croatia is not well developed yet. There are only a small number of activists who use digital media regularly and strategically for their actions, and they are usually found amongst the smaller, urban minority, as these opportunities for digital mobilization have not yet reached mainstream society. Usually, it is the same few groups that support different types of action, and use digital media for a variety of social and political goals.