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In Rosario Castellanos' narrative we find racial conflicts that characterize the environment of the province of Mexico in the post-revolutionary period and determine the socioeconomic way of life of individuals. In "Vals capricho", the protagonist knows firsthand the social marginalization only for carrying Indian blood. So she will never be accepted by a ruthless society that will lead her to madness and bitter loneliness. On the other hand, Onelio Jorge Cardoso, through his stories presents characters who live in conditions of exclusion and discrimination and suffer the consequences of the political, social and moral crisis in Cuba, due to the social structures of his time that they sow in the individual fears and prejudices. Specifically in "Teresa", a woman from the lower classes, she is ashamed of her origin, therefore, she treats two people of color with a racist attitude, considering them culturally and mentally inferior, subjecting them to marginalization and depriving them of happiness. The objective of this work is through a historical-cultural study to highlight predominant motives such as violence and social discrimination, among other latent in the stories mentioned above. ; En la narrativa de Rosario Castellanos encontramos conflictos raciales que caracterizan el ambiente de la provincia del México en la época postrevolucionaria y determinan la forma de vida socioeconómica de los individuos. En "Vals capricho", la protagonista conoce en carne propia la marginación social solo por llevar la sangre india. Así que ella nunca será aceptada por una sociedad implacable que la conducirá a la locura y la amarga soledad. Por otra parte, Onelio Jorge Cardoso, a través de sus cuentos presenta a personajes que vivenencondiciones de exclusión y discriminación y sufren las consecuencias de la crisis política, social y moral de Cuba, debido a las estructuras sociales de su época que siembran en el individuo miedos y prejuicios. Específicamente en "Teresa", una mujer de las capas bajas, siente vergüenza de su origen, por eso, trata con actitud racista a dos personas de color, considerándolas inferiores cultural y mentalmente, sometiéndolas a la marginación y privándolas de la plenitud. El objetivo de este trabajo es a través de un estudio histórico-cultural destacar motivos predominantes como la violencia y la discriminación social entre otros latentes en los cuentos anteriormente mencionados.

In many countries the women's legislation are better in XX century than before. However does not observe any progress at the end of century in the effective application of the women's law in all the latitudes of the World. There is legal equality, wich is a proclamation, different from the reality in all countries. In Peru, there are discriminatory laws to women at work . There are some examples of the laws from Mali in Africa, and Venezuela in South America. In some Mali etnic groups still exist degrading practices against widows. In Venezuela, the oficial report of the government says, that it is difficult to fight against the poverty of alone mothers, with poor education. There are limitis to make effective the right of all woman in the world. ; La legislación de los Derechos de la Mujer en muchos países ha avanzado en el siglo XX, sin embargo no se observa ni a fin de siglo ni en la primera década del siglo XXI, la efectiva aplicación de la ley en todas las latitudes del mundo. Existe la igualdad jurídica, que es una proclama, diferente de la realidad en todos los países. En el Perú hay normas discriminatorias en el trabajo femenino. Hay ejemplos de las legislaciones de Malí, en África y de Venezuela, en América del Sur. En Malí, en algunas etnias existen prácticas degradantes contra las viudas. En Venezuela, el informe oficial del Gobierno reconoce que es difícil luchar contra la pobreza de madres solas, con educación deficiente. Hay limitaciones para hacer efectivo el derecho de todas las mujeres en el mundo.

This work is part of a revision in progress revisiting of modern Antidiscrimination Law that the authors have been carrying out over the last f ifteen years. The first part examines texts by a US political philosopher and two legal scholars (I. M. Young, C. A. MacKinnon and K. Crenshaw), that have inspired a proposed concept of discrimination and an understanding of intersectionality based on the acknowledgement of systems of oppres- sion. The second part focuses on the analysis of the concept of multiple or intersectional discrimination proposed by the Spanish legal doctrine starting from the legal case of "La Nena", a woman married by the Gipsy ritual that was denied her widow's benef its. From the above, the paper concludes with a series of proposals, among which those related to the need to avoid that the intersectionality discourse disaggregates group political identity into individuality, reinforces the sex-gender system, or strengthens an excessively judge-based Antidiscrimination Law. ; Este trabajo se inscribe en una revisión in progress del Derecho antidiscriminatorio moderno que las autoras vienen efectuando desde hace más de tres lustros. En la primera parte del mismo se examinan los textos de una f ilósofa política y de dos juristas esta- dounidenses (I. M. Young, C. A. MacKinnon y K. Crensahw) que inspiran la propuesta de un concepto de discriminación y de una visión de la interseccionalidad basados en el reconocimiento de los sistemas de opresión. La segunda parte se centra en el análisis del concepto de discriminación múltiple o interseccional propuesto por la doctrina jurídica española a partir de la jurisprudencia referida al caso de una mujer ("La Nena") casada por el rito gitano que ve denegada su pensión de viudedad. A partir de lo anterior, el trabajo concluye con una serie de propuestas entre las que destacan las referidas a la necesidad de evitar que el discurso sobre la interseccionalidad disuelva la identidad política de los grupos en la individualidad, refuerce el sistema sexo-género y consolide un Derecho antidiscriminatorio de corte excesivamente jurisprudencial.

The dominant political and socio-economic model imposes its selective logics of integration, discrimination and social segregation. In post-state societies, consumption displaces and breaks the binding threads. The whole society is fragmented and diluted. It exposes the supremacy of the individualized self over the diminished collective self. Meanwhile, the mercantile standards of "normality", "desirable", "good", end up imposing themselves on the imaginary of the majority as a must. In this way, living within social structures and their corresponding subjectivities that, although they claim greater openness and tolerance towards difference, they also demand the distancing and protection of all those forms of behavior and social organization that are not theirs, as intimidating. Dual and contradictory discourse that only manages to be harmonized in consumerist practice, at which time individuals acquire the artificial category of equality. ; El modelo socioeconómico y político dominante impone sus lógicas selectivas de integración, discriminación y segregación social. En sociedades pos-estatales el consumo desplaza, rompe los hilos vinculantes y la sociedad toda se fragmenta, se diluye, deja al descubierto la supremacía del yo individualizado por sobre el menguado yo colectivo. En tanto, los estándares mercantiles de "normalidad", "deseable", "bueno", terminan por imponerse en el imaginario de las mayorías como un deber ser. Así, se convive dentro de estructuras sociales y de sus correspondientes subjetividades que si bien claman mayor apertura y tolerancia frente a la diferencia, demandan a la par distanciamiento y protección de todas aquellas formas de comportamiento y organización social que les resulten ajenas, intimidantes. Discurso dual y contradictorio que solo logra ser armonizado en la práctica consumista, momento en el cual los individuos adquieren la categoría, artificiosa, de igualdad.

The text examines the article 11 of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of UNESCO that deals with the principle of non-discrimination and non-stigmatization. Both concepts are related to the theme of human dignity, while discrimination is an inherent part of stigma: stigma does not exist if there is no discrimination. In this context, this paper aims to study the relationship between stigma, discrimination and HIV / AIDS. The study argues that to loosen the bonds that hold the subjects that are attached to them is necessary questioning the broader for­ces - social, cultural, political and economic - that structure stigma, stigmatization and discrimination as social processes directly linked to production and reproduction of structural inequalities.

The text examines the article 11 of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of UNESCO that deals with the principle of non-discrimination and non-stigmatization. Both concepts are related to the theme of human dignity, while discrimination is an inherent part of stigma: stigma does not exist if there is no discrimination. In this context, this paper aims to study the relationship between stigma, discrimination and HIV / AIDS. The study argues that to loosen the bonds that hold the subjects that are attached to them is necessary questioning the broader for­ces - social, cultural, political and economic - that structure stigma, stigmatization and discrimination as social processes directly linked to production and reproduction of structural inequalities.

The article aims to analyze the medical and legal aspects of human equality. Discrimination in the medical field affects both medical personnel and patients. The authors have used the method of comparison of legal regulations of various states, the systematic method, which allowed to reconcile the approaches: medical and legal and the synergistic method as a method of development of a modern globalizing society. It has been found that the typical policy of agism includes the requirement to examine elderly physicians as to their competence or skills without objective and substantiated reasons. Everything leads to the conclusion that, discrimination of elderly patients manifests itself in treating them with less respect and courtesy and providing a worse level of services in medical institutions. Discrimination of gediatric patients is caused by their lack of legal opportunity to express their opinion on consent or voluntary refusal of treatment, including vaccinations.

Starting from the idea that discrimination is one of the most important manifestations of equality, and that the eradication of the one is a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the other, the author gives a brief overview of the history of racial discrimination, highlighting its similarities with sexual discrimination. She explains how these forms of discrimination have underpinned all means of production and all forms of political organization, but have so far not been taken seriously vis-à-vis the construction of a more egalitarian society. This overview begins by considering the discrimination that underpinned the Ancient Greek idea of equality, and ends with the emergence of the concept of equality during the Enlightenment, when there was an increased preoccupation with the «rights of the individual». The author ends her historical explanation at that particular historical moment because it was during the Age of Enlightenment that a critical theory first emerged, demanding universal equality, rejecting formality, and denouncing the defects of reason for being loaded with prejudice. It was feminist theory that first proposed the eradication of prejudice concerning race and sex. The coherence of its approach to the eradication of prejudice by including both men and women in its concept of equality has not been considered by constitutional law, for which reason the author proposes that possible solutions to the problem of racial discrimination may come from the application of contributions to antidiscrimination law aimed at eradicating sexual discrimination, the result of the influence of feminist theory on the law. ; Partiendo de la idea de que la discriminación es una de las más importantes manifestaciones de la igualdad y que para su eficacia es fundamental la erradicación de aquella, la autora hace un breve repaso sobre la huella histórica de la discriminación racial resaltando sus similitudes con la discriminación por sexo. Explica cómo éstas han sostenido a todos los modos de producción y a todas ...

Partiendo de la idea de que la discriminación es una de las más importantes manifestaciones de la igualdad y que para su eficacia es fundamental la erradicación de aquella, la autora hace un breve repaso sobre la huella histórica de la discriminación racial resaltando sus similitudes con la discriminación por sexo. Explica cómo éstas han sostenido a todos los modos de producción y a todas las formas de organización política sin que hasta la fecha se les haya tomado en serio en la construcción de una sociedad más igualitaria. Su breve repaso parte desde la discriminación que sostenía la idea de igualdad griega hasta la aparición de la igualdad en la Ilustración que es el momento cuando se refuerza la teorización sobre el «sujeto de derecho». La autora finaliza su explicación histórica en este momento porque fue en el seno del Siglo de las Luces donde hizo su aparición por primera vez en la historia occidental una teoría crítica que exigió la igualdad universal apartándose de la formalidad y denunciando los defectos de la razón por estar cargada de prejuicios, se trata de la teoría feminista. Precisamente ésta propuso desde sus inicios la erradicación de los prejuicios relacionados con la raza y el sexo. La coherencia de su planteamiento por la erradicación de los prejuicios para incluir en su concepto de igualdad a hombres y mujeres no ha sido considerada por el derecho constitucional, de ahí que la autora lance la idea de que las posibles soluciones al problema de la discriminación racial deben pasar por la aplicación de las contribuciones del derecho antidiscriminatorio dirigido a erradicar la discriminación por sexo que no es más que el resultado de las aportaciones que viene haciendo la teoría feminista en el derecho. ; Starting from the idea that discrimination is one of the most important manifestations of equality, and that the eradication of the one is a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the other, the author gives a brief overview of the history of racial discrimination, highlighting its similarities with sexual discrimination. She explains how these forms of discrimination have underpinned all means of production and all forms of political organization, but have so far not been taken seriously vis-à-vis the construction of a more egalitarian society. This overview begins by considering the discrimination that underpinned the Ancient Greek idea of equality, and ends with the emergence of the concept of equality during the Enlightenment, when there was an increased preoccupation with the «rights of the individual». The author ends her historical explanation at that particular historical moment because it was during the Age of Enlightenment that a critical theory first emerged, demanding universal equality, rejecting formality, and denouncing the defects of reason for being loaded with prejudice. It was feminist theory that first proposed the eradication of prejudice concerning race and sex. The coherence of its approach to the eradication of prejudice by including both men and women in its concept of equality has not been considered by constitutional law, for which reason the author proposes that possible solutions to the problem of racial discrimination may come from the application of contributions to antidiscrimination law aimed at eradicating sexual discrimination, the result of the influence of feminist theory on the law.

ABSTRACT: European public institutions are concerned about social discrimination because it erodes social cohesion and the fabric of society. This phenomenon can be approached from two perspectives, a psychosocial perspective, which highlights the cognitive mechanisms that allows that somebody understand and relate to the world and its objects; and a macrosocial perspective that accounts for the social and ideological structures that hold these mechanisms. Two empirical studies support this research. First, a comparative analysis that examines the social representations of discrimination in France and Poland; and second, a French study that examines the claims that victims of discrimination made at three agencies that fight against discrimination, a governmental agency (HALDE), an NGO (SOS Racism), and a trade union (CGT). ; RESUMEN: La discriminación social inquieta a los organismos públicos en Europa ya que debilita el tejido y la cohesión social. Este fenómeno puede ser abordado desde dos lecturas; la perspectiva psicosocial, en que se destacan los mecanismos cognitivos que nos permiten comprender y relacionarnos con el mundo y sus objetos; y una perspectiva macrosocial que permite dar cuenta de las estructuras sociales e ideológicas que sustentan esos mecanismos. Dos estudios empíricos apoyan esta investigación. Por un lado un análisis comparativo Francia-Polonia donde se examina la representación social de la discriminación. Por otro lado, en el contexto francés, un estudio sobre las reclamaciones de víctimas de discriminación realizadas a tres diferentes organizaciones que luchan contra la discriminación: un ente estatal (la HALDE), una ONG (SOS Racisme), y un sindicato (la CGT)."

The article analyzes the Russian policy of discrimination and assimilation of the Ukrainian community in occupied Crimea. Having analyzed a large amount of information and using the methods and principles of historical, sociological and political sciences, the authors came to the conclusion that the actions of the Russian Federation towards the Ukrainians of Crimea are discriminatory in nature, because they consist in the elimination of Ukrainian national identity. It has been established that in Crimea there have been registered numerous violations of Ukrainians' rights to freedom of conscience, Ukrainian public and political organizations, educational system for Ukrainian-speaking inhabitants of Crimea, media infrastructure, Ukrainian centers and monuments have been illegally liquidated. In addition, culture and religious institutions are being destroyed. In the conclusions, it is stated that the state of the Ukrainian community in Crimea is deteriorating. The authors propose as one of the important components of the state policy of the future de-occupation and reintegration of Crimea, the protection of the Ukrainian identity of the inhabitants of Crimea and full support of the Crimean Ukrainian.

Four different discrimination forms against migrant people are defined and analyses in this paper: discrimination against migrant workers, ethnic or racial discrimination, discriminations for social origin and discrimination for national origin. The law instruments to protect these characters are similar but no equal and their uses in the European Union are different too. ; Se definen y analizan en perspectiva jurídica europea e internacional cuatro de las diferentes formas de discriminación que afectan a las personas migrantes, casi siempre de forma simultánea: discriminación contra trabajadores inmigrantes, discriminación por motivos étnicos o raciales, discriminación por origen social, y discriminación por procedencia nacional. Aunque se trata de formas de discriminación habitualmente solapadas, es importante diferenciar unas de otras porque los instrumentos jurídicos que protegen cada una de estas características no son idénticos ni se aplican del mismo modo en la Unión Europea.

Over the past half century, democratic States have been implementing a range of policies aimed at combating discrimination against social categories defined by non-elective traits such as sex, race, sexual orientation, sexual identity, disability and age. However, sociological research shows that such measures have not put an end to discrimination. In the light of Nancy Fraser's political-philosophical theory of recognition, this paper seeks to identify the intrinsic limitations of existing antidiscrimination strategies and clear the path for future improvements. In particular, it highlights the need to pay more attention to the determinants of prejudice and underlines the potential contribution of multiculturalism to the elimination of covert, routine forms of discrimination.

Experiences learned from the natural aging process are reproduced in a context of economic and social insecurity, which makes extremely elderly people vulnerable to discrimination. Research shows that discrimination against older people is not confined to the socially constructed stereotypes and prejudices towards the elderly, but the source is in conditions of poverty and inequality. Since the living conditions of the elderly are a reflection of the situation of young people, tackling the problem of discrimination need to complement comprehensive public policies that guarantee social security and access to justice for all people. Otherwise, senior will be eternally condemned to suffer the same problems that actually put face to face. ; Las experiencias del proceso natural de envejecimiento se reproducen en contextos de inseguridad social que hacen de los ancianos personas extremadamente vulnerables a la discriminación; sin embargo, sugiero que no son los prejuicios y estereotipos, en primera instancia, causantes de aquella, sino las condiciones de miseria y desigualdad en las que viven. Puesto que las condiciones de vida de los ancianos son un reflejo de las condiciones de vida de la población más joven, se requiere implementar políticas públicas de atención integral; de lo contrario, la población adulta estará condenada a padecer eternamente los problemas que hoy enfrentan.