Suchergebnisse

Dünya üzerinde üretimi ve kaçakçılığı günden güne artan uyuşturucu madde kaçakçılığı uluslararası düzeyde ele alınması gereken bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Terör örgütlerinin finans kaynağını oluşturması ve dünya üzerindeki genç nüfusu etkisi altına alması sebebiyle de tüm ulusların ayrıca önlem almasını gerektirmektedir. Dünyanın doğusunda yetiştirilen uyuşturucu ham maddesi batıya ulaştırılmaya çalışılırken bunun karşılığında batıdan da sentetik uyuşturucuların ham maddeleri olan kimyasallar da doğuya aktarılmaktadır. Bu döngü gerçekleşirken tüm ülkelerin gümrüklerine bu noktada önemli görevler düşmektedir. Bu çalışmada uyuşturucu madde kaçakçılığı gümrük kaçakçılığı yönüyle ele alınmıştır. Türkiye'nin coğrafi konumu itibariyle bu kaçakçılıktan nasıl etkilendiği de incelenmiştir. Türkiye'nin kara, hava, deniz gümrüklerinde gümrük muhafaza teşkilatının operasyonları sonucu ele geçirilen uyuşturucu madde çeşitleri ayrı ayrı sınıflandırılmış ve operasyonlar sonucu yakalanan maddelerin sayısal değerlerine ilişkin istatistiklere yer verilmiştir. Küresel bir sorun ve tehdit haline gelen uyuşturucu madde kaçakçılığı, tüm toplumların ortak sorunu olduğundan, çözüm yolunun da tüm toplumlar tarafından bulunmaya çalışılması gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda Türkiye'nin uyuşturucuyla uluslararası mücadele kapsamında yaptığı iş birliği anlaşmaları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmamızda son olarak uluslararası iş birliğiyle gerçekleştirilen son dönem uyuşturucu madde yakalama operasyonlarına da yer verilmiştir. ; Increasing drug trafficking and smuggling on the world is a problem that needs to be addressed at the international level. It also requires all nations to take measures because terror organizations form the source of finance and influence the young population in the world. While the raw material in the world is raised to the west, the raw materials of synthetic drugs from the west are transferred to the east. While this cycle is taking place, the customs of all countries have important duties at this point. In this study, drug smuggling is handled in terms of customs smuggling. As Turkey's geographical position has also studied how this is affected by smuggling. Turkey's land, air and sea customs enforcement organizations of the results of operations of narcotics seized in customs varieties classified separately and statistics related to the numerical values of the substances captured as a result of the operations are included. Since the smuggling of drugs, which is a global problem and a threat, is a common problem of all societies, the solution should be tried to be found by all societies. This makes sense as part of international cooperation agreements to combat drug trafficking in Turkey is evaluated. Finally, in our study, recent drug capture operations carried out with international cooperation were included.

Terörizm ve terör olayları ülkeler açısından farklılıklar gösterse de birçok ülke için tehlike ve tehdit unsuru olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Terör olayları ilk olarak insanoğlunun var oluşu ile birlikte Habil ve Kabil kardeşlerinin birbirleri ile olan mücadeleleri ilk örnek olarak sunulabilir. Toplumlar oluştukça devlet yapıları ortaya çıktıkça terör olguları bağımsızlık mücadeleleri bir takım iç savaş ve yıkımlara neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada terörizm, terör örgütleri ve ülkemizde faaliyet te bulunan narko terör yapısı incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Dünya'da ve ülkemizde üretimi bir şekilde gerçekleşen veya transit güzergâh üzerinde olan ülkemiz coğrafyası kullanılarak geçişi sağlanan uyuşturucu maddelerine karşılık nasıl ve ne şekilde önlem alınacağı üzerine durulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ülkemizde uyuşturucu ile mücadele kapsamında adli kolluk görevi bulunan Emniyet teşkilatı, Gümrük ve Ticaret Bakanlığı ve Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı'nın yapmış olduğu hem kendi birimlerince hem de ortaklaşa koordineli bir şekilde bu mücadelede ele geçirilen ürünlerin yakalamaları incelenmiş olup; eksik yanları ele alınarak daha hızlı ve etkin yakalama önerileriyle sonuçlandırılmıştır. Uyuşturucu ile mücadele noktasında sadece ülkemiz kendi organları ile değil uluslar arası düzeyde Avrupa devletleri ve diğer Dünya devletleri ile koordineli bir şekilde çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir. Ülkeler arası oluşturulan anlaşmalar ile uyuşturucu ile mücadele noktasında hızlı ve etkili müdahaleleri ile etkinlikleri artırmaya çalışılmaktadır. ; Although terrorism and terrorism differ from country to country, it is a danger and threat to many countries. The events of terror can be presented as the first example of the struggle of the Babylonian and Kabul brothers with each other, along with the existence of the human being. As societies emerged, the emergence of state structures led to a number of civil wars and devastation in the struggle for independence of terrorist events. In this study, we tried to investigate the terrorist organization, terrorist organization and the structure of narco terror which has activity in our country. It has been tried to focus on how and how measures will be taken against the drug substances that have been produced in the world and in our country through the production of the country or on the transit route using the geography of our country. The capture of the products captured in this struggle both in their own units and jointly coordinated with the police, the Ministry of Customs and Trade and the General Command of Gendarmerie have been examined in the fight against drugs in our country. it was concluded with suggestions for catching faster and more effectively by considering the missing aspects. At the point of struggle against drugs, not only our country continues to work in coordination with European states and other world states at international level, not with their own bodies. Through agreements formed between countries, efforts are being made to increase activities with fast and effective interventions at the point of fighting against drugs.

Avrupa Birliği"nin son yıllarda üzerinde durduğu stratejik politika araçlarından bir tanesi; Akdeniz çevresinde, Doğu Avrupa"da ve Güney Kafkaslarda kendisine komşu ya da yakın durumdaki devletlerle kapsamlı ortaklık ve işbirliğini öngören yeni Avrupa Komşuluk Politikasıdır. Tam üyelik olmasa bile, Birliğin politik, ekonomik ve sosyal değerleri çerçevesinde söz konusu ülkelerin entegrasyonunu içerecek derecede ileri bir vizyona sahip bu politikanın ortaya çıkması, esas olarak Birliğin karşı karşıya kaldığı çok önemli sorunların çözülmesi ve yine Birliğin bazı global stratejilerini uygulama amaçlarına yöneliktir. Birinci amaç açısından, özellikle Birliğin maruz kaldığı yasadışı göç, uyuşturucu ve kadın ticareti ile enerji açığı sorunlarını çözmede kullanılması öngörülen Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası; ikinci amaç açısından da Birliğin nüfuz alanını genişletme ve global dengelerde söz sahibi olma hedeflerinin bir aracı olarak planlanmaktadır ; One of the strategic policy tools the European Union has been emphasising in recent years is the new European Neighbourhood Policy, which foresees extensive partnerships and collaboration among neighbouring or nearby nations in the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, and the Southern Caucuses. Although this policy does not denote full membership, its vision anticipates the integration of the nations in question within the framework of the political, economic and social values of the Union, and it was born with the aim primarily to resolve some of the major problems the Union faces and implement certain global strategies of the Union. The primary aim of the European Neighbourhood Policy is to resolve especially issues such as illegal migration, drug trafficking, trafficking in women, and energy shortages from which the Union suffers, while its secondary aim is to act as a tool toward expanding the Union"s zone of influence and have a say in global balances

11 Eylül saldırılarından sonra terörün sınır aşan etkileri tüm dünyada hissedilmiştir. Terörizm ve terörizmin finansmanıyla mücadele kavramı ise özellikle 11 Eylül sonrası uluslararası güvenlikle ilgili her platformda sıkça kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Ancak terör kavramı üzerinde uluslararası platformda kabul görmüş mevcut bir fikir birliği yoktur. Kimilerine göre terörist sayılanlar başkalarına göre özgürlük savaşçısı olarak da kabul edilebilmektedir. Terör kavramı üzerindeki bu anlaşmazlık ise terörizmle mücadelede geniş kapsamlı, genel bir uluslararası anlaşmanın hazırlanmasını engellemektedir. Terörizmle mücadelede silahlı güç kullanımı çoğu kez kaçınılmazdır. Ancak, sadece askeri kuvvet kullanarak terörizmle mücadele etmek ve bu mücadelede başarılı olmak oldukça zordur. Terör örgütleri; uyuşturucu ticareti, silah kaçakçılığı, sigara kaçakçılığı, akaryakıt kaçakçılığı, gasp, yağma ve haraç toplama başta olmak üzere pek çok yasadışı eylemden ve yine birçok yasal görünümlü faaliyetlerden elde ettikleri gelirlerle devamlılıklarını sağlayarak eylemlerini gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu nedenle terörizmle mücadelede terör örgütlerinin gelir kaynaklarının kurutulmasının ve bu alanda yapılacak mücadelenin önemi artmaktadır. ; After ?September 11 Attacks? the transboundary effects of terrorism are being perceived all over the world. Concepts ?Terrorism and combating against the financing of terrorism? are being frequently used in all fields related with international security, especially after September 11 Attacks. However, there isn?t a consensus of opinions over the concept of terrorism, which is generally accepted on the international stage. People those are considered by a country as ?terrorist organization? could be considered as ?independency warriors? by another country. This conflict about the concept of terrorism is hindering the preparation of a large convention on combating against terrorism. In most cases, use of armed forces is unavoidable. However, only use of armed forces on combating against terrorism could be difficult to bring off a difficult task. Terrorist organizations make their acts and provide the continuity with the money gained not only from illegal acts like exaction, arms trafficking, smuggling of drugs, oil, cigarette but also from illegal acts, those camouflaged as legal acts. This fact shows that; a great importance must be attached to combat against the financing of terrorism.

Bir süreç olarak ele alınan güvenlik, algılarda şekillenen bir olgu olarak, içinde bulunulan konjektürde yer alan tehditlere göre şekillenen bir kavramdır. Bu çerçevede Türk Siyasi Hayatı'nda yer alan siyasi liderlerle birlikte, oluşan yeni tehdit olgularına göre ülkenin güvenlik politikası şekillenmiştir. Öncelikle tarihsel arka plan ve coğrafi konum içerisinde şekillenen güvenlik anlayışı, özellikle Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönem'den sonra, dönemin getirmiş olduğu yeni tehdit olguları olarak analiz edilen terörizm, yasadışı göçler, insan kaçakçılığı, kitle imha silahlarının yayılması, uyuşturucu ticareti gibi algılarla şekillenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye'nin güvenlik anlayışı, bu yeni tehdit algıları çerçevesinde güvenlik alanının kapsamını genişletilerek değişmiştir. Bundan ziyade Ak Parti dış politikasında güvenlik algısını konu alan bu çalışma, Ak Parti Dönemi'nde Türkiye'nin değişen güvenlik anlayışını ve bu değişimin ülkenin dış ve güvenlik politikalarına nasıl yansıdığını ortaya koymak amacıyla oluşturulmuştur. Bu kapsamda, yapılan kaynak taramaları ve arşiv araştırmaları çerçevesinde güvenliğin uluslararası konjektürde oluşan yeni koşullara göre değişimi ve Türkiye'nin de bu değişimler çerçevesinde dış ve güvenlik politikalarına nasıl yön verdiği sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. ; Security, treated as a process, is a phenomenon that is shaped by perceptions and by the threats, presented in the conjuncture. In this framework, along with the political leaders of Turkish Political Life, the security policy of the country has been shaped according to the new threat situations. Firstly, security concept, which shaped by historical background and geographical position, has consisted of perceptions such as terrorism, illegal immigration, human trafficking, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, drug trafficking, which are analyzed as new threat cases, espessialy after Second World War. Accordingly, the scope of security concept of Turkey has been expanded within the framework of these new threat perceptions. This study, which focuses on the perception of security in Ak Party foreign policy, is aimed at revealing the changing security concept of Turkey in the Ak Party period and how this change is reflected in the foreign and security policies of the country.In this context, this work has tried to find out answers of two questions: how security has been changed according to the new conditions in the international conjuncture and how Turkey is guiding foreign and security policies in the frame of these changes.

Devletin ekonomik ve toplumsal yaşamdaki değişen rolünün kamu yönetimine yansıması olarak değerlendirilen ve yaşamın hassas sektörleri olarak kabul edilen rekabet, bankacılık, enerji, finans, insan hakları ve gıda ve ilaç güvenliği gibi sektör ve alanlarda düzenleme ve denetim yapan bağımsız idari otoriteler, ekonomik,toplumsal ve siyasal yaşamı gün geçtikçe daha fazla etkilemektedirler.Politikacılar ve ilgili oldukları sektördeki aktörlerin karşısında konumlarının güçlendirilmeleri ve söz konusu aktörlerden gelebilecek telkin ve baskılardan izole edilmeleri amacıyla bağımsızlık ile donatılan bağımsız idari otoriteler, sahip oldukları özellikleri, görev ve yetkileri, sorumlulukları, örgütlenmeleri, personeli ve bütçeleri ile idari örgütlenme içerisinde yer alan klasik idari birimlerden farklılık arz etmektedir. Anglo-Sakson yönetim geleneğinde uzun bir tarihsel geçmişe sahip olan bağımsız idari otoriteler, sahip oldukları özellikleri nedeniyle üniter devlet yapısının temel ilke ve prensipleriyle çatışmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, söz konusu kurumlar meşruiyet ve hesap verebilirliklerindeki yetersizlikler açısından eleştirilmektedir.Dolayısıyla, bağımsız idari otoritelerin ülkelerin kendi iç ihtiyaçlarından varlık bulması ve kendine has ilke ve özelliklere göre yapılandırılması gerekmektedir.Türkiye'de bağımsız idari otoriteler Avrupa Birliği'ne üyelik süreçleri veya ekonomik krizlerin atlatılması sürecinde uluslar arası örgütlerin telkini gibi konjonktürel ve zorlayıcı gelişmeler sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye'deki bağımsız idari otoritelerden biri olan ve 2001 yılında benzer süreçler sonrasında oluşturulan Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu, özellikleri, görev ve yetkileri, sorumlulukları,örgütlenmesi ve idari ve mali özerklikleri açısından üst düzey bir bağımsız idari otoritedir. ; Independent administrative authorities which are assessed as reflection of thechanging role of state in economic and social area to public administration and whichregulate and audit critical sectors and fields such as competition, banking, energy,finance, human rights and food and drug safety affect the economic, social andpolitical area.Independent administrative authorities are granted independence in order tostrengthen their positions against the politicians and actors in related sectors and to beinsulated from mentioned actors' pressures and instilling. These authoritiesdifferentiate from traditional administrative units in terms of their characteristics,functions and competences, responsibilities, organizational structures, personnel andbudgets.These authorities, which have a long history in Anglo-Saxon administrativetradition, as a result of their unique characteristics, are in conflict with the mainprinciples of the unitary state structure. In this regard, they are criticized in respect oflacks of their legalities and accountabilities. In this study, it is suggested that theseauthorities should base on internal needs of countries and be structured in respect ofprinciples and characteristics peculiar to countries.In Turkey, independent administrative authorities have appeared as aconsequence of some historical developments such as the process of membership ofEuropean Union or instilling of international organizations in process of coping witheconomic crisis. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, which is one of theindependent administrative authorities in Turkey and was established in 2001 aftersimilar process, with its characteristics functions and competences, organizationalstructures and organizational and financial autonomy is a supreme authority.

Çağın getirdiği yeni ve sınır aşan suçlarla mücadele sürecinde 1999 yılında faaliyete geçen Avrupa Birliği Kolluk Kuvvetleri İşbirliği Ajansı (Europol), Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) karşılaştığı terörizm, uluslararası uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı, euro sahteciliği, kara para aklama, insan kaçakçılığı gibi suçlar ve siber suçlarla mücadele eden AB'nin polis teşkilatıdır. Europol-Türkiye ilişkilerine bakıldığında ise, Europol ile Türkiye arasında stratejik ortaklık anlaşması olduğu görülmektedir. AB üyesi olan devletlerin doğal üyesi oldukları Europol ile Türkiye arasında stratejik ve teknik seviyede işbirliği yapmasına olanak veren anlaşma "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Avrupa Polis Teşkilatı Arasında İş Birliğine İlişkin Anlaşma" adıyla yapılmıştır. Bu alandaki çalışmalar, Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü bünyesinde bulunan INTERPOL-Europol Dairesi Başkanlığı tarafından takip edilmektedir. Europol ile Türkiye arasında işbirliği anlaşması, Avrupa Konseyi Sözleşmesi standartlarında yer alan Türkiye'de kişisel verilerin korumasına ilişkin bir kanun olmadığı için stratejik ortak düzeyinde devam etmektedir. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, 24 Mart 2016'da 6698 sayılı Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu'nu kabul etmiştir. Bu gelişme ile eş zamanlı olarak Türkiye, Europol ile operasyonel iş birliği anlaşması yapmak için bazı girişimlerde bulunmuştur. Türkiye halen Europol'ün operasyonel ortağı olabilmeye yönelik çalışmalarını devam ettirmektedir. Çalışmada, öncelikle Europol'ün tarihsel arka planı aktarılmış, sonraki bölümde Europol'ün faaliyetleri ele alınmıştır. Son bölümde ise, Europol-Türkiye ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışmada Europol-Türkiye ilişkilerinde kurumsal ve hukuksal eksiklikler öne çıkarılmıştır. Böylece, kurumsal anlamda ilgili kurumların daha aktif olması, hukuksal anlamda ise ilgili düzenlemelerin yürürlüğe girmesinden bahsedilmiştir. ; European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol), which come into operation in 1999 in the process of struggling against new and transboundary crimes brought by the age, it is the EU's police organization that fights against terrorism, international drug trafficking, euro counterfeiting, money laundering, human trafficking and cyber crimes faced by the European Union (EU). When examing the Europol-Turkey relations, it is seen that there is an agreement on strategic cooperation between Europol and Turkey. Between Turkey and Europol, of which EU member states are natural members, an agreement that enables cooperation at a strategic and technical level has been made by the name of "Between the Republic of Turkey and the European Police Organization Agreement on Cooperation ". Actions in this field are followed by the INTERPOL-Europol Department within General Directorate of Police. The agreement between Europol and Turkey continues to be a strategic cooperation level because of the absence of a law in Turkey on the protection of personal data in the standards of The Council of Europe Convention. Turkish Grand National Assembly passed the Personal Data Protection Law No. 6698 on March 24, 2016. Concurrent with this progress, Turkey has attempted to make operational cooperation agreement with Europol. Yet, Turkey is sustaining its efforts to become Europol's operational partner. In the study, first of all, the historical background of Europol was explained, and in the next section Europol's activities were discussed and in the next section. In the last part, Europol-Turkey relationships were examined. As a result, institutional and legal shortcomings in the Europol-Turkey relations are highlighted in the study. Therefore, it was mentioned that the relevant institutions should be more active in the institutional sense and the related regulations should be entered into force in the legal sense.

Latin Amerika'nın önemli ülkelerinden Kolombiya uzun yıllar çatışmalar ülkesi olarak anılmıştır. Geçtiğimiz yüzyılda ülke içerisinde Liberaller ve Muhafazakarlar arasında şiddetli çatışmalar yaşanmış, toplumdaki gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği, mülkiyetin kullanımındaki toplumsal katmanlardaki derin farklılıklar iç çatışmaların artmasına neden olmuştur. Hükümetler ile muhtelif çıkar ilişkileri olan belirli azınlık gruplarının elinde bulunan devasa toprak mülkiyetleri oligarşik yapıları meydana getirmiş, buna karşın toplumsal refleks ve dinamikler harekete geçmiş ve iç isyanlar başlamıştır. Farklı birçok silahlı örgüt bu yapısal olumsuzlukları bertaraf etmek için devlet ve paramiliter güçlere karşı savaş açmıştır. Silahlı mücadelelerin başlamasıyla yaşanan çatışmalar ülkede zaten yoğun şekilde var olan uyuşturucu trafiğinin ve coğrafi koşulların gerilla için elverişli olmasının da etkisiyle apayrı bir ivme kazanmıştır. Bu silahlı grupların en eskisi ve büyüğü olan FARC, Kolombiya Hükümetleriyle 52 yıl boyunca savaşmış ve birçok evreden sonra Barış Anlaşması ile bu savaş sona ermiştir. Bu çalışmada Kolombiya devlet ve toplum yapısındaki dinamikler, sorunun temel yapı taşları çatışma teorisi analizi çerçevesinde irdelenerek kalıcı barış kapasitesi tahlil edildi. Yaşanan iç savaştan barış aşamasına gelinen süreçte dış etkenlerin etkisi, ideolojik angajmanlar, küresel hegemonya ve konjonktürel etkileri ortaya koyuldu. Yanlış ve doğrularıyla taraflar arasında çatışmasızlığın nasıl sağlandığı, tarafların talep ve aktör analizleriyle politik inisiyatiflerin nasıl alındığı mercek altına alındı. Barışın kalıcı hale gelebilmesi ve geleceğin Kolombiya toplumu için barış umudu taşıyabilmesi için gerekli reform adımları ortaya koyuldu. Son olarak dünyanın diğer coğrafyalarında bulunan çatışmalara Kolombiya-FARC barış sürecinin nasıl bir tecrübi kazanım olabileceği araştırıldı. ; Colombia, one of the most important countries of Latin America, has been called as conflict country for many years. In the past century, there have been violent clashes between the Liberals and the Conservatives in the country; the unfair income distribution in society and the deep differences in the social strata in the use of property have led to an increase in internal conflicts. The gigantic land properties owned by certain minority groups who have various interests with governments constituted oligarchic structures, on the other hand social reflexes and dynamics came into action and internal revolts began. Many different armed organizations have waged war against the state and paramilitary forces in order to eliminate these structural problems. The clashes with the onset of armed struggles gained momentum due to the fact that the drug traffic that is already heavily present in the country and geographic conditions that are favorable for guerrillas. The FARC, the oldest and largest of these armed groups, fought the Colombian Governments for 52 years and, after many stages, this war ended with the Peace Agreement. In this study, the dynamics in the state and social structure of Colombia and the main building blocks of the problem were analyzed within the framework of conflict theory analysis; and lasting peace capacity was analyzed. The effects of external factors, ideological engagements, global hegemony and its conjunctural effects have been put forward in the process from the civil war to the stage of peace. It was examined how the de-conflict between the parties was ensured by their wrongs and rights and how the political initiatives were taken by the demand of parties and actor analysis. The necessary reform steps have been put forward for the peace to be lasting and the hope for peace for the future of Colombian society. Finally, it was explored how the Colombian-FARC peace process could be a gain in the conflicts in other geographies of the world.

Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği'nin 1989 yılında Afganistan'dan çekilmesinin ardından farklı etnik grupların iktidar mücadelesi başlamıştır. Bu mücadeleden sonuç alınamaması üzerine patlak veren iç savaş ve Taliban'ın 1996 yılında Afganistan'ın yaklaşık yüzde 90'ı üzerinde hakimiyet kurmasına kadar devam etmiştir. Ancak bu durum kurumsallaşmış devlet yapısının tam anlamıyla yok olmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Taliban'ın iktidarda olduğu süreçte ise ülkede modern devlet yapısının varlığından bahsetmek mümkün değildir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 2001 yılında Afganistan'a yaptığı askeri müdahalesiyle birlikte, ülkede Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği'nin işgalinden beri süren istikrarsızlığı daha da derinleştirmiştir. Bu çalışmada; Afganistan'da devam eden istikrarsızlık, güven açığı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin bölgeye müdahalesi ve etkilerinin analizi yapılmıştır. Afganistan'da yıllardan beri süren istikrarsızlığın derinleşmesine sebebiyet veren faktörlerin neler olduğu sorusunun cevabı aranmaktadır. Afganistan'daki etnik çatışmalar ülkede var olan istikrarsızlığın temelini oluşturuyor. Ülkede Sovyetler'in işgali sonrası başlayan etnik çatışmalar büyük kutuplaşmalara yol açmıştır. Kutuplaşmalar egemen güçlerin müdahale edebilmeleri için bir fırsat olarak değerlendiriliyor. Ayrıca etnik çatışmalar ülkede güçlü bir merkezi devletin egemenolması yönünde ciddi engellere yol açmıştır. Bu nedenle Afganistan'da yolsuzluk veuyuşturucu ticareti yapan örgütlerin güçlenmesi de istikrarı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Afganistan ile Pakistan arasındaki var olan sınır sorunu da Afganistan'daki merkezi etnik grubun, sınır ötesindeki kabileleri kendi soydaşları olarak gördüklerinden dolayı sınır hattında anlaşmazlıklar yaşanıyor. Bu anlaşmazlıklar ülkedeki mevcut sorunu daha da derinleştirmektedir. Geliştirilen argümanlara göre Afganistan'da Federal devlet sisteminin uygulanması, Çokkültürcülük izlenimine giden yolların serbest olması, Pakistan ile sınır sorunun BM ve/veya İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı gözetiminde çözülmesi ve yabancı aktörlerin ülkeyi terk etmeleri, istikrarsızlığı aşmanın yollarıdır ; A period of power struggles started among various ethnic groups following the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan in 1989. With no gains these power struggles, an internal conflict erupted in the country and continued until the Taliban took control over almost 90 percent of Afghanistan in 1996. However, it led to the total destruction of the institutionalized state structure, and it is impossible to talk about any modern state structure under Taliban control. The instability in the country since the Soviet invasion went even deeper after the United States invaded Afghanistan in 2001, which occurred after the September 11 attacks. This paper analyzes the ongoing instability in Afghanistan, the issue of "credibility gap," as well as the US invasion, its causes and consequences. It searches for an answer to what factors are behind the deepening of the instability in Afghanistan for many years. The ethnic conflicts in the country underlie the ongoing instability. The conflicts thatstarted after the Soviet invasion have led to polarization, which is regarded as an opportunity for the world powers to intervene in a country. Moreover, such ethnic conflicts have been great obstacles to a central government. Other reasons behind the instability include the growing strength of illegal and corrupt organizations that are involved in drug trafficking. The border dispute between Afghanistan and Pakistan also creates problems as the main ethnic groups in Afghanistan accept the tribes living on the other side of the border as belonging to the same kin. All such disputes make the already-existing problems even deeper. Arguments in the field suggest that instability in the country should be overcome with a practice of a federal state system in Afghanistan and by opening the way to multiculturalism, the withdrawal of foreign actors from the country, and finding a solution to the border dispute with Pakistanunder the supervision of the UN or the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.