Suchergebnisse

683States — Conditions of Statehood — Territory — Population — Government — Artificial island constructed by State outside its territorial waters and subsequently abandoned — Whether capable of constituting a State — Whether residents a people
Territory — Definition — Whether territory of a State must be part of the surface of the earth — Artificial island — Self-determination — Definition of a people
Sea — Islands — Artificial island — Whether capable of constituting sole territory of a State
Nationality — Individuals — Loss of nationality — Loss of nationality of birth by voluntary acquisition of new nationality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Luxembourg, among the world's smallest but also wealthiest countries, lies in the heart of Western Europe. Bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany and historically known for its strategic position as the "Gibraltar of the North," Luxembourg is today one of the European Union's three capital cities. Luxembourg sits at the crossroads between Europe's Germanic and Francophone language communities. The Grand Duchy's inhabitants and their many languages – the national language Luxemburgish as well as German and French as languages of administration and of everyday living – reflect the country's close historical relations with its neighbors and remarkable migratory flows that have resulted in an ethnically hyper-diverse and multilingual population. Reflecting this cultural diversity, the educational system emphasizes language learning, with Luxemburgish learned in preschool; German the focus throughout primary schooling and in secondary technical-vocational education; and French emphasized in secondary academic-oriented schooling. Compulsory schooling age lasts from 4 to 16. The educational system provides a range of primary and secondary schools, mainly run by government but with some maintained by religious bodies. Home schooling is possible, but rare. At the tertiary level, the national flagship University of Luxembourg (UL), building upon the legacies of several postsecondary training institutes, was founded in 2003 according to three principles: internationality, multilingualism, and interdisciplinarity. Beyond this research university, more applied postsecondary organizations offer a range of courses of study. Today, tertiary attainment for 25 to 34 year-olds, more than half of each cohort, is among the highest across OECD countries.

This paper analyzes the evolution of the institutional matrix of the GDL and establishes two stages in it. The first (pre­federative) is characterized by institutional diffusion, from the Kingdom of Poland in the first place, whereas the second is linked with the formation of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. It is shown that, as the formed federation united societies with distinct types of dominating institutions, institutional transplantation occurred from the more economically developed country to the other. Such integration leads not only to positive implications but also to the mutation of the transplanted institutions (strengthening of serfdom during the transition to the more progressive folwark agriculture). Transfer of the Western European system of fideicommissum inheritance turned out to be an institutional pitfall since the indivisible manors – ordynacii – presented a case of a state within a state, with their owners relying on the redistributive institutions at the microlevel (within their estates) and pursuing the market institutions at the macrolevel (within the country as a whole) in order to cement their economic position.Peculiarities of the political sphere conditioned the transformation of the socio­cultural subsystem of the GDL's institutional matrix. Roman Catholicism expanded rapidly, undermining the religious tolerance that the Grand Duchy had hitherto been known for. The elements of subsidiary ideology, coming from Poland, were understood as giving exceptional rights only to the szlachta stratum; acquisition of the golden liberties was equated with conversion to Catholicism and the use of the Polish language.The consequences of these policies were the following: Polonization and mass conversion to Catholicism among the propertied classes; widespread resentment among the worse­off, morphing into popular uprisings in the XVII century; alignment of property, confession, and language groups in the society, which moved the social inequality issue into the ethnic dimension and contributed to interethnic strife in the lands of the former GDL in the centuries to come.The absence of efficient governmental management of institutional transplantation caused an institutional crisis, which, with the political elites being disunited, was the reason for the entire social system to disintegrate.

Various terms of peace between Savoy and France. The terms involve pardoning of those who helped the Duc de Savoie, the establishment of free trade as before the war, etc. ; Electronic reproduction ; 8 p. ; 17 cm.