Suchergebnisse

Economic history is an interdisciplinary science, developing in the contact between history and economics, although this kind of studies often needs to refer to the achievements of other disciplines. In the economic history research it seems to be inspiring to use for example economic methods. The aim of this article is to present the results of statistical analysis which was about selected aspects of the Polish foreign trade in the interwar period. The data are obtained from 'The Small Statistical Yearbook' for years 1930–1939 and cover the period 1922–1939. The tests were conducted using statistical program 'Gretl' and the results were confronted with the selected literature. The analysis concerned the following dependences: import and export in Poland; import and domestic trade turnover in Poland; export and domestic trade turnover in Poland; Polish global import and import through the port of Gdynia; Polish global import and import through the port of Gdansk; Polish global export and export through the port of Gdynia; Polish global export and export through the port of Gdansk. There were also researched: the share of import through the ports of Gdynia and Gdansk in Polish global import, the share of export through the ports of Gdynia and Gdansk in Polish global export, the commodity composition of Polish import and export. For that purpose there were constructed the simple econometric models, based on the method, which is Pearson correlation coefficient. There were used basic descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean and median) and constructed the corresponding graphs and tables.

The goal of this article is to show the role of the production sector in the economy of Latvia. The authors carried out the comparative analysis of the implementation of the production policy in the Baltic States. The methodology assumes the system approach to problem solving, providing unity of the following qualitative and quantitative methods: Monographic document analysis method (makes it possible to carry out a detailed study based on the extensive scientific literature review and law); Statistical research method. The authors of the article also used the cross correlation analysis (correlation analysis, regression analysis) to study the concept of production policy, its objectives and types, as well as pay special attention to the transformation of the definition of ―the production policy‖ in the modern economy. A comparative analysis of implementation of the Europe 2020 program in the Baltic States and its main indicators was also carried out. The implementation of the production policy was examined: export – import operations in the industry and the level of salaries. Using econometric methods (correlation of Spearman, Pearson and tau Kendall) the authors have shown the relationship between the investments in research and development, the level of salaries and export – import operations in the production sector.

Celem artykułu jest analiza dochodów z mandatów i grzywien w polskich samorządach oraz weryfikacja hipotez na temat ich rzeczywistych przyczyn. Na podstawie stworzonego zbioru danych dochodów z mandatów w poszczególnych działach budżetowych 2474 gmin w Polsce w latach 2007–2017 zbadano zróżnicowanie wpływów z mandatów w poszczególnych gminach. Analiza danych wskazuje, że w Polsce istnieje grupa gmin, w których mandaty i grzywny stały się narzędziem polityki budżetowej i środkiem do generowania znacznych dochodów niepodatkowych. Wyniki estymacji modelu ekonometrycznego potwierdzają zależność między dochodami z mandatów a przestępczością, sytuacją makroekonomiczną oraz wydatkami na straż miejską lub straż gminną. Nie zaobserwowano spadku dochodów z mandatów przed wyborami samorządowymi. ; The aim of this article is to conduct an analysis of non-tax revenue from fines and tickets in Polish local governments and to verify hypotheses covering their real causes. On the basis of a created dataset of revenues from tickets in the relevant budget divisions of 2,474 counties in Poland in the 2007–2017 period, the diversity of revenues from tickets in Polish counties was examined. Data analysis indicates that there is a group of counties in Poland where tickets and fines became the instrument of budgetary policy and a way to generate significant non-tax revenue. The results of econometric model estimation confirm a dependency between revenue from tickets and crime, the macroeconomic situation and expenditures on municipal police. A fall of revenues from tickets before local elections was not observed.

Power has been one of the key issues in the study of international relations since the famous words of Hans Morgentau that in world politics power is pitted against power for supremacy and survival. The attention given to its analysis within the last 65 years has been a product of such as Morthenthau's understandings of power which see it as the most important causal force in state interactions. However, despite the amount of research on the subject, there is little agreement among scholars as to what it is and where does it come.The author briefly examines various views on the determinants of power starting from a classical realist and strictly actor-based one to a dualist approach which emphasizes the importance of international structure. He finds that all share a similar idea that power — to some extent — comes from the material capabilities of states (material determinants). Building upon previous research conducted on the validity of the democratic peace theory he then argues that it may also stem from the political system of the state (systemic determinants).Subsequently the author analyzes the significance of various material and systemic power determinants to war outcomes using nine diff erent non-linear econometric models (polynomial logit) composed of various sets of variables relating to power determinants. He then examines the degree to which particular models explain war outcomes of interstate military conflicts between 1816 and 1991 and which of the variables seem statistically significant.The results clearly show that neither the advantage in military personnel numbers, nor in the amount of money spent on arms influences the state's chances of victory. In the case of the total value of imports the findings are similar. On the other hand the value of the states exports, as well as certain systemic parameters such as competitiveness and openness of executive recruitment and executive constraints prove to be of statistical importance.

Power has been one of the key issues in the study of international relations since the famous words of Hans Morgentau that in world politics power is pitted against power for supremacy and survival. The attention given to its analysis within the last 65 years has been a product of such as Morthenthau's understandings of power which see it as the most important causal force in state interactions. However, despite the amount of research on the subject, there is little agreement among scholars as to what it is and where does it come.The author briefly examines various views on the determinants of power starting from a classical realist and strictly actor-based one to a dualist approach which emphasizes the importance of international structure. He finds that all share a similar idea that power — to some extent — comes from the material capabilities of states (material determinants). Building upon previous research conducted on the validity of the democratic peace theory he then argues that it may also stem from the political system of the state (systemic determinants).Subsequently the author analyzes the significance of various material and systemic power determinants to war outcomes using nine diff erent non-linear econometric models (polynomial logit) composed of various sets of variables relating to power determinants. He then examines the degree to which particular models explain war outcomes of interstate military conflicts between 1816 and 1991 and which of the variables seem statistically significant.The results clearly show that neither the advantage in military personnel numbers, nor in the amount of money spent on arms influences the state's chances of victory. In the case of the total value of imports the findings are similar. On the other hand the value of the states exports, as well as certain systemic parameters such as competitiveness and openness of executive recruitment and executive constraints prove to be of statistical importance.