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"Globalisation" and "citizenship" have increasingly become part of the important organizing processes in the world and in Africa specifically in the past three decades or so with the implementation of a series of socioeconomic and political reforms aimed at creating a single market for goods, capital, services, skills and technology globally. (...) Given the fact that the history of post independence Africa has involved the struggle over citizenship as a consequence of the multi-ethnic composition of the continent and citizenship rights in a bid to redress the imbalances and inequalities inherited from colonialism, these reforms have complicated matters by reinforcing imbalances and inequalities. (...) Consequently, over the years Africa has witnessed an increased resurgence of conflicts (ethno-regional and religious ones), new forms of identities and further impoverishment and immiserization of the majority of the people. Various patterns of exclusion and inclusion (inequalities, exploitation and domination) on which the economic reforms rest over the years have necessitated the consolidation of repressive politics. (...) It is in this context that the theme of "citizenship and rights" has been placed at the centre of development and political discourse in Africa. (Afr Dev/DÜI)

International audience How is metropolization in big cities a consequence of globalization? The present article answers this question in general and then through the South African case, in particular. In South Africa, metropolization is ambiguous. The big cities have had an economic development comparable to that of the so-called rich countries' cities, those with a strong economic metropolization. The industrial crisis, under the effect of economic globalization, has provoked in South Africa and elsewhere social spatial changes that can be described as processes of "urban fragmentation." But this pattern is disturbed here by the very heavy legacy of the apartheid period. Authorities have implemented a policy of administrative metropolization of the big cities in order to reduce it. Can this manage to slow down or reverse a process of social-spatial fragmentation whose causes are found at a different level? Or is administrative metropolization just a facade that hides the continuation of market-based economic metropolization that leads to the accentuation of fragmentation of the urban organization? If one accepts the polysemy of the term metropolization, one observes that political, economic and territorial metropolizations rarely go hand in hand. ; En quoi la métropolisation dans les grandes villes est-elle une conséquence de la mondialisation ? Le présent article tente de répondre à cette question en général, puis à travers l'analyse du cas sud-africain. En Afrique du Sud, la métropolisation est ambiguë. Les grandes villes y ont connu une évolution économique comparable à celles de cités de pays dits riches, à savoir une forte métropolisation économique. La crise de l'industrie, sous l'effet de la mondialisation de l'économie, provoque en Afrique du Sud comme ailleurs des changements socio-spatiaux que l'on peut décrire comme étant des processus de « fragmentation urbaine ». Mais ce schéma est ici perturbé par l'héritage très lourd de la période de l'apartheid. C'est pour le réduire que les autorités ont mis ...

International audience ; How is metropolization in big cities a consequence of globalization? The present article answers this question in general and then through the South African case, in particular. In South Africa, metropolization is ambiguous. The big cities have had an economic development comparable to that of the so-called rich countries' cities, those with a strong economic metropolization. The industrial crisis, under the effect of economic globalization, has provoked in South Africa and elsewhere social spatial changes that can be described as processes of "urban fragmentation." But this pattern is disturbed here by the very heavy legacy of the apartheid period. Authorities have implemented a policy of administrative metropolization of the big cities in order to reduce it. Can this manage to slow down or reverse a process of social-spatial fragmentation whose causes are found at a different level? Or is administrative metropolization just a facade that hides the continuation of market-based economic metropolization that leads to the accentuation of fragmentation of the urban organization? If one accepts the polysemy of the term metropolization, one observes that political, economic and territorial metropolizations rarely go hand in hand. ; En quoi la métropolisation dans les grandes villes est-elle une conséquence de la mondialisation ? Le présent article tente de répondre à cette question en général, puis à travers l'analyse du cas sud-africain. En Afrique du Sud, la métropolisation est ambiguë. Les grandes villes y ont connu une évolution économique comparable à celles de cités de pays dits riches, à savoir une forte métropolisation économique. La crise de l'industrie, sous l'effet de la mondialisation de l'économie, provoque en Afrique du Sud comme ailleurs des changements socio-spatiaux que l'on peut décrire comme étant des processus de « fragmentation urbaine ». Mais ce schéma est ici perturbé par l'héritage très lourd de la période de l'apartheid. C'est pour le réduire que les autorités ont mis ...

International audience ; How is metropolization in big cities a consequence of globalization? The present article answers this question in general and then through the South African case, in particular. In South Africa, metropolization is ambiguous. The big cities have had an economic development comparable to that of the so-called rich countries' cities, those with a strong economic metropolization. The industrial crisis, under the effect of economic globalization, has provoked in South Africa and elsewhere social spatial changes that can be described as processes of "urban fragmentation." But this pattern is disturbed here by the very heavy legacy of the apartheid period. Authorities have implemented a policy of administrative metropolization of the big cities in order to reduce it. Can this manage to slow down or reverse a process of social-spatial fragmentation whose causes are found at a different level? Or is administrative metropolization just a facade that hides the continuation of market-based economic metropolization that leads to the accentuation of fragmentation of the urban organization? If one accepts the polysemy of the term metropolization, one observes that political, economic and territorial metropolizations rarely go hand in hand. ; En quoi la métropolisation dans les grandes villes est-elle une conséquence de la mondialisation ? Le présent article tente de répondre à cette question en général, puis à travers l'analyse du cas sud-africain. En Afrique du Sud, la métropolisation est ambiguë. Les grandes villes y ont connu une évolution économique comparable à celles de cités de pays dits riches, à savoir une forte métropolisation économique. La crise de l'industrie, sous l'effet de la mondialisation de l'économie, provoque en Afrique du Sud comme ailleurs des changements socio-spatiaux que l'on peut décrire comme étant des processus de « fragmentation urbaine ». Mais ce schéma est ici perturbé par l'héritage très lourd de la période de l'apartheid. C'est pour le réduire que les autorités ont mis ...

International audience ; How is metropolization in big cities a consequence of globalization? The present article answers this question in general and then through the South African case, in particular. In South Africa, metropolization is ambiguous. The big cities have had an economic development comparable to that of the so-called rich countries' cities, those with a strong economic metropolization. The industrial crisis, under the effect of economic globalization, has provoked in South Africa and elsewhere social spatial changes that can be described as processes of "urban fragmentation." But this pattern is disturbed here by the very heavy legacy of the apartheid period. Authorities have implemented a policy of administrative metropolization of the big cities in order to reduce it. Can this manage to slow down or reverse a process of social-spatial fragmentation whose causes are found at a different level? Or is administrative metropolization just a facade that hides the continuation of market-based economic metropolization that leads to the accentuation of fragmentation of the urban organization? If one accepts the polysemy of the term metropolization, one observes that political, economic and territorial metropolizations rarely go hand in hand. ; En quoi la métropolisation dans les grandes villes est-elle une conséquence de la mondialisation ? Le présent article tente de répondre à cette question en général, puis à travers l'analyse du cas sud-africain. En Afrique du Sud, la métropolisation est ambiguë. Les grandes villes y ont connu une évolution économique comparable à celles de cités de pays dits riches, à savoir une forte métropolisation économique. La crise de l'industrie, sous l'effet de la mondialisation de l'économie, provoque en Afrique du Sud comme ailleurs des changements socio-spatiaux que l'on peut décrire comme étant des processus de « fragmentation urbaine ». Mais ce schéma est ici perturbé par l'héritage très lourd de la période de l'apartheid. C'est pour le réduire que les autorités ont mis ...

International audience ; How is metropolization in big cities a consequence of globalization? The present article answers this question in general and then through the South African case, in particular. In South Africa, metropolization is ambiguous. The big cities have had an economic development comparable to that of the so-called rich countries' cities, those with a strong economic metropolization. The industrial crisis, under the effect of economic globalization, has provoked in South Africa and elsewhere social spatial changes that can be described as processes of "urban fragmentation." But this pattern is disturbed here by the very heavy legacy of the apartheid period. Authorities have implemented a policy of administrative metropolization of the big cities in order to reduce it. Can this manage to slow down or reverse a process of social-spatial fragmentation whose causes are found at a different level? Or is administrative metropolization just a facade that hides the continuation of market-based economic metropolization that leads to the accentuation of fragmentation of the urban organization? If one accepts the polysemy of the term metropolization, one observes that political, economic and territorial metropolizations rarely go hand in hand. ; En quoi la métropolisation dans les grandes villes est-elle une conséquence de la mondialisation ? Le présent article tente de répondre à cette question en général, puis à travers l'analyse du cas sud-africain. En Afrique du Sud, la métropolisation est ambiguë. Les grandes villes y ont connu une évolution économique comparable à celles de cités de pays dits riches, à savoir une forte métropolisation économique. La crise de l'industrie, sous l'effet de la mondialisation de l'économie, provoque en Afrique du Sud comme ailleurs des changements socio-spatiaux que l'on peut décrire comme étant des processus de « fragmentation urbaine ». Mais ce schéma est ici perturbé par l'héritage très lourd de la période de l'apartheid. C'est pour le réduire que les autorités ont mis ...

In the spring of 2011, large scale public demonstrations took place in several countries across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). At the same time, civil unrest caused massive demonstrations in European countries such as Spain, Greece, and Portugal. In this same period, northern and eastern European countries did not experience such massive and widespread social protests. Do both sides of the Mediterranean share the same mindset? Are common challenges and aspirations molding these protests? Without any desire to delineate the complex thread of motivations underlying these demonstrations and protests, we will analyze their socio-economic context using data from ILO reports, UNESCO-ESCWA reports, World Bank statistics and the Barro-Lee database. We will show that high unemployment rates among young educated people coincided with the weakening of legitimacy of national governments. ; Pendant le printemps 2011, d'importantes manifestations ont eu lieu dans plusieurs pays du Moyen Orient et d'Afrique du Nord (MENA). Parallèlement, des manifestations de masse se sont déroulées au sud de l'Europe – Espagne, Grèce, Portugal –, tandis que les pays du nord et l'est de l'Europe n'ont pas connu de telles manifestations. Est-ce que l'on trouve des deux côtés de la Méditerranée, les mêmes aspirations ou les mêmes frustrations ? Sans prétendre démêler l'écheveau complexe des motivations qui sous-tendent ces actions, on se propose d'analyser le contexte socio-économique dans lequel elles ont émergé en s'appuyant sur des données fournies par le BIT, les rapports de l'UNESCO (ESCWA), les statistiques de la Banque Mondiale et la base de données sur l'éducation Baro-Lee. Un contexte favorable à des manifestations de masse résulte, au nord comme au sud de la méditerranée, de la conjonction d'un taux de chômage élevé des jeunes les plus éduqués et de l'affaiblissement de la légitimité des gouvernants.

In the spring of 2011, large scale public demonstrations took place in several countries across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). At the same time, civil unrest caused massive demonstrations in European countries such as Spain, Greece, and Portugal. In this same period, northern and eastern European countries did not experience such massive and widespread social protests. Do both sides of the Mediterranean share the same mindset? Are common challenges and aspirations molding these protests? Without any desire to delineate the complex thread of motivations underlying these demonstrations and protests, we will analyze their socio-economic context using data from ILO reports, UNESCO-ESCWA reports, World Bank statistics and the Barro-Lee database. We will show that high unemployment rates among young educated people coincided with the weakening of legitimacy of national governments. ; Pendant le printemps 2011, d'importantes manifestations ont eu lieu dans plusieurs pays du Moyen Orient et d'Afrique du Nord (MENA). Parallèlement, des manifestations de masse se sont déroulées au sud de l'Europe – Espagne, Grèce, Portugal –, tandis que les pays du nord et l'est de l'Europe n'ont pas connu de telles manifestations. Est-ce que l'on trouve des deux côtés de la Méditerranée, les mêmes aspirations ou les mêmes frustrations ? Sans prétendre démêler l'écheveau complexe des motivations qui sous-tendent ces actions, on se propose d'analyser le contexte socio-économique dans lequel elles ont émergé en s'appuyant sur des données fournies par le BIT, les rapports de l'UNESCO (ESCWA), les statistiques de la Banque Mondiale et la base de données sur l'éducation Baro-Lee. Un contexte favorable à des manifestations de masse résulte, au nord comme au sud de la méditerranée, de la conjonction d'un taux de chômage élevé des jeunes les plus éduqués et de l'affaiblissement de la légitimité des gouvernants.

Economic, social and human security expresses a collective sense of threats to the world, countries, regions, social groups and all citizens. It is not measurable, it depends on philosophical, religious or situational conceptions in which agents' analyses are embedded or recognised. A number of questions should then be raised. What is the nature of state conflicts in a situation of economic globalisation? Is there a choice between butter and barrel? Is the market economy a guarantee of peace? What economic, political and strategic importance can be given to the power of weapons? Is nuclear weapons a threat or a deterrent? What is the new place of cyber war and cyber weapons? What is the weight of relative rains in the expression of inter-state conflicts, particularly in the field of energy? How effective are international economic sanctions against a country? Is the search for global leadership in a market economy a factor of peace? Can contemporary economic development engage in sustainable development without interstate and social conflicts? International security implies respect for sustainable human development, eradication of extreme poverty and the establishment of stable social institutions rejecting discrimination. The search for political, social, economic, religious and sociological inequalities is at the heart of conflicts and wars. ; International audience The economic and human security expresses a collective feeling concerning the threats that weigh on the world, the countries, regions, social groups and all the citizens. It is not measurable; it depends on philosophic and religious conceptions, but also on the violence of international, social or human conflicts. On this purpose, several questions must be evoked. What is the nature of the States conflicts in a situation of economic globalization? Is the market economy a guarantee of peace? What is the impact of the choice between butter and cannon? What is the economic, political and policy power of weapons? Is nuclear weapons threat or deterrent? ...