The scientific and technological progress, the economic globalization and the liberalization of the air sector have meant that the Project of Latin American Aeronautical Code , approved by the ALADA General Assembly in 1985, has been largely obsolete. The present work makes a revision of the concept and classification of aircraft contained in said Project with the purpose of providing an updated regime and, at the same time, in accordance with international and comparative legislation ; La globalizzazione e la liberalizzazione del comparto aeronautico, il progresso scientifico e tecnologico, l'avvento di nuove macchine destinate al trasporto per aria di persone o cose o il perfezionamento quelle esistenti, sono alcuni tra fattori che hanno determinato l'obsolescenza del Proyecto de Código aeronáutico latino americano , aprobado por la Asamblea General de ALADA de 1985 . Il presente lavoro, sulla base della disciplina contenuta Proyecto del 1985 provvede alla revisione della nozione e all'ammodernamento della classificazione degli aeromobili, mediante proposte per un nuovo Proyecto che, nelle intenzioni dei compilatori del presente saggio, si dimostri, al tempo stesso, rispettoso della tradizione e conforme alla disciplna di diritto uniforme. ; El progreso científico y tecnológico, la globalización económica y la liberalización del sector aéreo han comportado que el Proyecto de Código aeronáutico latino americano, aprobado por la Asamblea General de ALADA de 1985 haya quedado en buena medida obsoleto. El presente trabajo efectúa una revisión del concepto y de la clasificación de las aeronaves contenidos en dicho Proyecto con la finalidad de proporcionar un régimen actualizado y, al mismo tiempo, acorde con la legislación internacional y comparada.
The complex political, economic and cultural processes of globalization, shaping the world in which we live, make the traditional instruments of interpretation no longer useful. In this perspective, the increasing weakening of the nation-state and the beginning of an uncontrollable and anarchical growth of society become realistic. Instead of recognizing the irreversibleness of this process, Held believes that it is possible to build up a new democratic architecture of world order. Against the scepticals who declare that the extent of contemporary globalization is wholly exaggerated and against the transformationalists who extol a new poliarchy, Held's challenge is to try to elaborate an original intellectual test in order to get rid of unacceptable asymmetrical distribution of life opportunity according to different historical values and geographical contexts. Although Held is not always persuasive, in that his subject would require an emprical approach in different fields rather than a theoretical 'conceptual stretching' (to use Sartori's phrase), his effort shows that a democratic control in beginning global processes is necessary even if it is extremely difficult to achieve now.
La tesi esplora la riflessione bioetica latino-americana e la sua evoluzione, valutandone i legami, intenzionali e non, con le posizioni bioetiche più consolidate e tendenzialmente dominanti del panorama internazionale. La trattazione indaga lo sviluppo della bioetica nel sub-continente latinoamericano, ponendo in evidenza lo sviluppo delle teorie morali che definiscono l'orizzonte interpretativo del dibattito contemporaneo, come pure le peculiarità della produzione sudamericana in materia di bioetica e la casistica tipica di questi territori. Per una comprensione delle caratteristiche di un pensiero bioetico, tipico di un territorio in via di sviluppo, la tesi presenta la trattazione di due precisi case studies: A- Il progetto peruviano: Propuesta de incorporación del enfoque intercultural y de representantes indígenas en los comités de ética en países multiculturales; B- La biomedicina e gli xenotrapianti in Messico. L'analisi dei casi studio è funzionale alla messa in luce delle caratteristiche costitutive del pensiero latinoamericano e della casistica tipica del territorio. La bioetica Latinoamericana, infatti, sviluppatasi circa con vent'anni di ritardo rispetto ai luoghi di nascita di questa disciplina (Gran Bretagna e USA), rivendica l'esigenza di un dibattito e di una prassi bioetica autoctone, capaci quindi di riassumere in sé stesse concetti e principi declinabili all'interno delle esperienze e delle concrete esigenze che prendono forma nella realtà culturale e socio-economica. Per questo motivo si discosta dalle cosiddette teorie bioetiche classiche rivendicando una bioetica di contestazione che si vincola costitutivamente al linguaggio dei diritti umani. La tesi propone inoltre l'utilizzo dei dati emersi dai casi studio per sviluppare una riflessione sulle modalità e su alcuni esiti della globalizzazione della bioetica. L'analisi si avvale di strumenti e categorie proprie della sociologia, dell'economia e della politica al fine di mettere in evidenza le diverse componenti costitutive e le criticità della bioetica globalizzata. ; This PHD thesis explores the Latin American bioethics and its evolution, assessing intentional and non-intentional connections with the dominant international bioethical theories. The discussion examines the development of bioethics in Latin American sub-continent, emphasizing the development of moral theories that delimitate the interpretative horizon of the contemporary debate, as well as the peculiarities of the South American production in the field of bioethics and the case history of this geographical area. For a sound understanding of the features of the bioethical thought, typical of a developing territory, the thesis introduces the discussion of two specific case studies: A- The Peruvian project: Propuesta de incorporación of intercultural enfoque y en los de representantes indígenas comités ética en de países multiculturales; B- Biomedicine and xenotransplantation in Mexico. The analysis of these case studies puts in light the constitutive features of Latin American thought and the case history of the area. The Latin American bioethics, developed about twenty years later compared to the places of birth of this discipline (UK and USA), claims the need for a local (indigenous) bioethical debate and practices, in order to include the concepts and principles declinable within the experiences and practical needs that arise in the specific cultural and socio-economic context. For this reason, Latin American Bioethics differs from the so-called classical theories of bioethics, seeking a dispute inherently tied to Human Rights (Based Approach). This work also proposes a reflection on processes and outcomes of the globalization of bioethics, based on the data that emerged from the case studies. The analysis uses Sociology, Economics and Politics tools and categories in order to highlight the different components and the critical issues of global bioethics.
Comments on the possibility of unification of the Mediterranean region, modeled after the European Union. Five European Mediterranean nations & twelve southern (African) Mediterranean nations would form a religiously heterogeneous, but essentially forward-moving secular & modernized political unit. While basic conditions for the realization of such a regional integration are favorable, it is argued that the progress would not be rapid. A Mediterranean union would benefit from today's economic globalization trends, expanded communication networks, shared knowledge bases, social & health care applications of scientific advances, greater appreciation & preservation of the region's cultural heritage & tourist destinations, & ecological conservation. J. Sadler
La liberalizzazione del commercio internazionale può promuovere la crescita economica e le opportunità di lavoro sia nei Paesi in via di viluppo sia nelle economie industrializzate. Peraltro, non tutti gli Stati hanno beneficiato in uguale misura di tale liberalizzazione e, in generale, della globalizzazione delle relazioni economiche internazionali. Di conseguenza, questi fenomeni e gli accordi commerciali di stampo liberista che li hanno favoriti continuano a essere oggetto di un acceso dibattito. In tale contesto, uno degli aspetti più controversi è la mancanza di una protezione adeguata dei diritti dei lavoratori nell'ambito dei suddetti accordi. Partendo dall'attuale mancanza di regole specifiche nel quadro giuridico multilaterale degli scambi, l'autore analizza le cosiddette "clausole sociali" contenute negli accordi di libero scambio bilaterali e regionali di nuova generazione, con particolare riferimento ai trattati conclusi dall'Unione europea (UE). Dall'analisi emerge che tali clausole non garantiscono ancora una sufficiente protezione ai lavoratori e che, pertanto, esse andrebbero modificate. ; The liberalization of international trade can foster economic growth and employment opportunities both in developing countries and in advanced economies. However, States have not all benefited equally from trade liberalization and, in general, from international economic relations globalization. As a consequence, these phenomena and the liberalist trade agreements that have favoured them continue to be highly disputed. In this context, one of the most debated aspects is the lack of an adequate protection of workers' rights under these agreements. Departing from the current lack of specific rules in the multilateral trade legal framework, the author analyzes the so-called "social clauses" included in the new generation bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs), with a special focus on the European Union (EU) FTAs. From this analysis emerges that these clauses do not still guarantee a sufficient protection to workers and therefore they should be modified.
This article suggests that the study of local development policies can be supported by the analysis of local political cultures &, in particular, by the analysis of local governance cultures. New-institutionalism offers a complementary point of view for the analysis of local development processes since local institutions can be seen to play an important role in our understanding of both the modality of political culture reproduction & the capacity of different contexts to meet the challenges of economic globalization & Europeanization. The article presents a contextual comparative analysis of two different Italian local political cultures, the "Red" one in the Emiia Romagna region (socialist/communist) & the "White" one in the Veneto region (catholic). These regional contexts are characterized by two different local policy styles & administrative practices that have articulated two different "modes of governance" in local development. The case study of a national policy to support the industrial districts development (L.317/1991), & the different regional applications, can help us to better understand these elements of analysis. 2 Figures, 97 References. Adapted from the source document.
In the perspective of the events deriving from the pandemic, the paper examines the different problems that had changed the structure of the Welfare State due to economic and financial conditioning. In particular, the criticalities of the relationship between the State and the Regions and between the States and the European Union and, finally, of globalization have emerged even more evident. The different perspective offered by the Coronavirus could lead to a return to the original setting of the Welfare State. ; Alla luce degli eventi derivanti dalla pandemia il lavoro analizza le differenti problematiche che avevano modificato la struttura dello Stato sociale a causa dei condizionamenti economici e finanziari. In particolare, sono emerse ancora di più le criticità del riparto di competenza tra Stato e Regioni, del rapporto tra gli Stati e l'Unione europea e, infine, della globalizzazione. La diversa prospettiva offerta dal Coronavirus potrebbe portare ad un ritorno alla originaria impostazione dello Stato sociale.
The paper develops three arguments as to why the state will remain a central actor in economic & social development, rather than become a residual authority under globalization, & why economic integration has both state-reinforcing & state-augmenting effects. The first argument highlights the substantial scope for action in key policy arenas & links this to the enabling dynamics of globalization, which heightens economic vulnerability & uncertainty. The second emphasizes the structuring role of territorially centred institutions & the ways in which these are valorized by globalization. The final argument underscores the important ways in which global networks are closely entwined with, rather than independent of, national networks of interaction. References. Adapted from the source document.