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How might an African based knowledge critically cast doubt upon globally hegemonic notions and traditions in understanding and theorizing men and masculinities? This essay examines this question through a critical reading of what it may mean to be 'an emerging adult man'. The essay privileged a critical understanding of how poverty, poor crop yields, and climate volatility shape constructions of 'emergent adulthood'. Drawing on interviews with men from northwestern Ghana, findings suggest that emerging adult men are committed to their cultural obligations as heteronormative breadwinners, yet 'emergent adulthood' is complicated by status insecurity, vulnerabilities, and powerlessness. To negotiate emergent adulthood, informants combine migrating to Techiman and joining 'boys boys' to achieve social respect and recognition. To understand the meanings of emergent adulthood, I argue for analytical sophistication on multiple issues and daily struggles that encapsulate rural life.

AbstractOver 5 million persons aged 60 and older are food insecure in the United States. Previous research has uncovered information about the causes and consequences of food insecurity, but, especially in comparison to households with children, research on food insecurity among seniors has been sparse. In response, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service (USDA, FNS) funded a series of studies in this research area. In this introduction, we describe how food insecurity is measured and trends in food insecurity among seniors followed by an overview of the eight funded projects.

Background A large body of evidence indicates the importance of upstream determinants to health. Universal Basic Income (UBI) has been suggested as an upstream intervention capable of promoting health by affecting material, biopsychosocial and behavioural determinants. Calls are emerging across the political spectrum to introduce an emergency UBI to address socio-economic insecurity. However, although existing studies indicate effects on health through cash transfers, UBI schemes have not previously been designed specifically to promote health. Methods In this article, we scope the existing literature to set out a set of interdisciplinary research challenges to address in designing a trial of the effectiveness of UBI as a population health measure. Results We present a theoretical model of impact that identifies three pathways to health impact, before identifying open questions related to regularity, size of payment, needs-based supplements, personality and behaviour, conditionality, and duration. Conclusions These results set, for the first time, a set of research activities required in order to maximise health impact in UBI programmes. Keywords: Public health; Universal Basic Income; public policy; socio-economic status

AbstractNordic welfare states are known for their universalistic and all‐encompassing approach to welfare and having a long tradition for active labour market policy as tool in economic crises with adverse impact on employment. They have had a long tradition for strong egalitarian approaches and their residents are consistently among the happiest in the world. A key issue is whether a crisis like the COVID‐19 outbreak is changing the Nordic welfare states. This article focuses on providing a description of what instruments the Nordic countries have taken or expect to use as part of dealing with the welfare challenges resulting from rising unemployment and greater social and economic insecurity in the wake of the crisis. The tentative conclusion is that the crisis so far has strengthened key characteristics of the Nordic welfare states by the state taking on a strong central role not only for the functioning of the market but also continued in a path‐dependent way with universal and relatively generous benefits such as for those who become unemployed or have reduced income because of the crisis.

This paper investigates whether the Covid-19 crisis has affected the way we think about (political) institutions, as well as our broader (policy) attitudes and values. We fielded large online survey experiments in Italy, Spain, Germany and the Netherlands, well into the first wave of the epidemic (May-June), and included outcome questions on trust, voting intentions, policies & taxation, and identity & values. With a randomised survey ow we vary whether respondents are given Covid-19 priming questions first, before answering the outcome questions. With this treatment design we can also disentangle the health and economic effects of the crisis, as well as a potential "rally around the ag" component. We find that the crisis has brought about severe drops in interpersonal and institutional trust, as well as lower support for the EU and social welfare spending financed by taxes. This is largely due to economic insecurity, but also because of health concerns. A rallying effect around (scientific) expertise combined with populist policies losing ground forms the other side of this coin, and suggests a rising demand for competent leadership.

AbstractThe election of Donald Trump, the Brexit vote, and rise of conservative populism in countries around the world has led to an abundance of scholarship on populism and the white working class. Much of this work seeks to explain the underlying cause of this conservative populist politics, focusing on globalization and economic precarity, racism and anti‐immigrant sentiment, or failures of political leadership. Survey data and polling analyses, in particular, explain relationships between demographics, political opinions, and voting results. Though quantitative data on the social groups or activists most involved in populist politics are important, missing from this research are ethnographies of populism that explore how local, state, and national actors influence the meaning of "the people." In this article, I will argue that ethnography is particularly well‐suited for exploring the coming together of local and national politics and the subtle ways that economic insecurity, racism, sexism, and Islamophobia intersect in the making of "hard working taxpayers" or "ordinary folks." I draw from research in a predominantly white, former manufacturing town in central Maine to illustrate the significance of this ethnographic approach to populism.

Research on journalists working in contexts of risk has examined either war correspondents on temporary assignments or the psychological effects of covering traumatic events, usually after the events have ended. Although these studies are important, they fail to account for the growing importance of ongoing violence in insecure democracies and its possible consequences for national journalistic practice. We address these issues by examining journalists' risk-reduction practices in Mexico, including self-censorship, following company censorship policies, curtailing street reporting, and concealing sensitive information. Using logistic regressions, we tested occupational, organizational, normative, and contextual conditions as predictors of engagement in these practices. Findings reveal the pervasiveness of risk-reduction practices in Mexico and the complexity of conditions prompting their use, including conditions related to antipress violence, dangerous newsbeats, and the economic insecurity of media firms but also voicing greater support for assertive professional norms. The research sets a baseline for future comparative research that includes greater attention to subnational conditions, dangerous newsbeats, and how violence and uneven state capacity may undermine the economic conditions of media firms.

Abstract
Purpose
Physically harsh discipline is associated with poor developmental outcomes among children. These practices are more prevalent in areas experiencing poverty and resource scarcity, including in low- and middle-income countries. Designed to limit social desirability bias, this cross-sectional study in rural Uganda estimated caregiver preferences for physically harsh discipline; differences by caregiver sex, child sex, and setting; and associations with indicators of household economic stress and insecurity.

Method
Three-hundred-fifty adult caregivers were shown six hypothetical pictographic scenarios depicting children whining, spilling a drink, and kicking a caregiver. Girls and boys were depicted engaging in each of the three behaviors. Approximately half of the participants were shown scenes from a market setting and half were shown scenes from a household setting. For each scenario, caregivers reported the discipline strategy they would use (time out, beating, discussing, yelling, ignoring, slapping).

Results
Two thirds of the participants selected a physically harsh discipline strategy (beating, slapping) at least once. Women selected more physically harsh discipline strategies than men (b = 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26 to 0.54). Participants shown scenes from the market selected fewer physically harsh discipline strategies than participants shown scenes from the household (b = -0.51; 95% CI, -0.69 to -0.33). Finally, caregivers selected more physically harsh discipline strategies in response to boys than girls. Indicators of economic insecurity were inconsistently associated with preferences for physically harsh discipline.

Conclusions
The high prevalence of physically harsh discipline preferences warrant interventions aimed at reframing caregivers' approaches to discipline.

The Financial and Economic Crises and Their Impact on Health and Social Well-Being -- Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I The Causes of the Crisis -- 1. Neoliberalism as a Class Ideology -- Or, The Political Causes of the Growth of Inequalities -- 2. The Crisis and Fiscal Policies in the Peripheral Countries of the Eurozone -- PART II The Crisis and Its Consequences for Welfare Services and Transfers -- 3. The Effects of Health Care Reforms on Health Inequalities: A Review and Analysis of the European Evidence Base -- 4. Ditching the Single-Payer System in the National Health Service: How the English Department of Health is Learning the Wrong Lessons from the United States -- 5. Visits to Family Physicians or Specialists by Elderly Persons in Canada and the United States: An Exploratory Comparative Study -- 6. Minimum Income Protection and European Integration: Trends and Levels of Minimum Benefits in Comparative Perspective, 1990-2005 -- PART III The Crisis and Changes in the Labor Market -- 7. Employment Relations and Global Health: A Typological Study of World Labor Markets -- 8. The Impact of Public Employment on Health and Health Inequalities: Evidence from China -- 9. Ensuring a Healthy and Productive Workforce: Comparing the Generosity of Paid Sick Day and Sick Leave Policies in 22 Countries -- 10. Overstretched and Unreciprocated Commitment: Reviewing Research on the Occupational Health and Safety Effects of Downsizing and Job Insecurity -- 11. Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Erosion Accelerates in the Recession -- 12. How Do Macro-Level Contexts and Policies Affect the Employment Chances of Chronically Ill and Disabled People? The Impact of Recession and Deindustrialization -- PART IV Changes in the Welfare States.

The agricultural interests of the United States and Utah have experienced some trying situations during the past quarter century. Periods of depression followed by periods of expansion and prosperity have resulted in a condition of instability and insecurity in agriculture. The effect of alternate periods of prosperity and depression in agriculture becomes increasingly important as agriculture changes from self-sufficing to commercialized types of business enterprises. Many of the difficulties inherent in the present complex social and capital structure were of minor significances in the early types of agricultural activities. Changing conditions in agriculture and in social institutions in general have necessitated that action be taken in behalf of agriculture; that some of the disturbances and chaos resulting from rapidly changing economic conditions might be mitigated. Many attempts have been made to relieve the undesirable situations which have prevailed in our agricultural industry. Some measures of relief have been supplied by various legislative action; other movements have resulted from activities on the part of farmers' organizations. Among the remedies proposed for relieving the depressed agricultural situation was movement for cooperative enterprise, especially those adventures in the realm of cooperative marketing. This movement, according to many, was to serve as the panacea or "cure all" for the undesirable disturbances in the field of agriculture. With the general evolution of the cooperative idea as a possible remedy for agricultural ills, government aid was solicited in an effort to promote and encourage agricultural cooperation. Various legislative acts, both state and federal, were passed and numerous political gestures made in the farmer's behalf. This was largely the result of the realization of a long felt need on the part of agricultural leaders; however to some extent it may have been an act of political strategy by those desiring the support of the national farm bloc. No matter what the reason, the fat remained that sentiment was created and interest was secured favoring the development of agricultural cooperatives. Farm organizations, professional promoters, agricultural extension services, and other educational institutions have all exerted an influence ont he character and direction of cooperative development. Just what effect this cooperative movement has had on the agricultural situation in Utah and its present status, is the primary purpose of this treatise. The historical background and development of cooperative tendencies will be presented briefly in an effort to show the growth and development of cooperative marketing along with its present economic status in Utah. The purpose of this study is to analyze and interpret the historical growth and development of farmers' cooperative marketing organizations in Utah along with an appraisal of their present economic status.

This study assesses the financial and economic feasibility of the fertilizer plant in Nigeria. And it analyses alternatives for the implementation of the fertilizer plant using the integrated method of investment appraisal. The analysis also helps in the estimation of the allocation of benefits to the government of Nigeria. In assessing the potential risks variables the sensitivity analysis was carried out. Inadequate food availability and food insecurity has a core effect on any nation and its inhabitants; it's on this premise that the need for better technologies like fertilizers arose. Fertilizer is the added nutrient sources which help to nourish the plants with essential nutrients. Lack of fertilizer plant would result in low production of food to cater for the entire community needs. Having a urea plant in Nigeria as the reduced rate of producing natural gas would enhance agricultural productivity and reduce food scarcity. Venturing into a urea business in Nigeria would enhance the standard of living of Nigerian and would also be viable source of revenue. Keywords: Investment appraisal, financial analysis, economic analysis, stakeholder analysis, risk analysis, fertilizer plant, Nigeria. ; ÖZ: Bu çalışma Nijerya'da bulunan gübre tesisinin ekonomik ve finansal fizibilite değerlendirmesini yapmaktadır. Ayrıca, gübre tesisinin alternatif uygulamalarını bütünleşmiş yatırım değerlendirmesi kullanarak analiz etmektedir. Yapılan analizler Nijerya hükümetine ayrılacak olan faydaların da tahminini yapmaktadır. Muhtemel risk değişkenlerini incelemek için, hassaslık analizi uygulanmıştır. Gıda yetersizliği ve güvensizliği tüm ulusları ve milletleri etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, gübreleme alanında daha iyi teknolojilerin gereksinimi doğmaktadır. Gübreleme, ilave edilmiş besinlerin harmanlanmasıyla bitkilerin yetişmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Gübreleme tesislerinin eksikliği gıda üretiminin topluma sağlanmasında yetersizliklerine sebep olacaktır. Nijerya'da azalan doğal gaz üretimi sonrasında, bir biyokim tesisinin bulunması tarımsal üretimi artırarak gıda kıtlığını azaltacaktır. Bu tesislerin geliştirilmesi Nijerya halkının yaşam koşullarını geliştirecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yatırım değerlendirmesi, finansal analiz, ekonomik analiz, hissedar analizi, risk analizi, gübreleme tesisi, Nijerya. ; Master of Science in Banking and Finance. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Banking and Finance, 2016. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Glenn Paul Jenkins.

The levels of violence and insecurity in Mexico have increased since the implementation of the 'war against drug cartels" in 2006. This article seeks to identify the press framing of criminal acts against entrepreneurs and their small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) in Mexico. A content analysis was performed on press news from United States (U.S.), Mexico and the European Union (EU). The results show that the newspapers from the U.S. and the EU have more news than the Mexicans. The results also show that violent acts towards entrepreneurs are covered using the conflict frame in the EU, economic consequences frame in the U.S. and morality frame in Mexico. ; Los niveles de violencia e inseguridad en México han aumentado desde el inicio de la "guerra contra el narcotráfico" en 2006. En este artículo se busca conocer el tratamiento informativo que se ha prestado a este hecho en la prensa, en especial respecto de los actos delictivos cometidos sobre los pequeños y medianos empresarios del país y sus negocios o Pymes. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de noticias de prensa proveniente de Estados Unidos (EE.UU.), México y la Unión Europea (UE). Los resultados muestran que los periódicos de EE.UU y la UE presentan más noticias que los mexicanos. Además, domina la cobertura de las acciones violentas sobre los propios empresarios, principalmente desde un encuadre noticioso de conflicto en la UE, de consecuencias económicas en EE.UU. y moralidad en México.