In this research a hypothesis about the economical measure, which could be an additional tool for the analysis and assessment of the European Union (ED) countries' economy tendencies is verified. This measure (for each country separately) was constructed as a composite indicator (CI) that involves indicators from economic fields. The dynamics of the CI was compared to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) tendencies during the analysis period. The CI of each EU country was constructed with monthly periodicity therefore this indicator may reflect the economic situation of economy more frequently than GDP.
In this research a hypothesis about the economical measure, which could be an additional tool for the analysis and assessment of the European Union (ED) countries' economy tendencies is verified. This measure (for each country separately) was constructed as a composite indicator (CI) that involves indicators from economic fields. The dynamics of the CI was compared to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) tendencies during the analysis period. The CI of each EU country was constructed with monthly periodicity therefore this indicator may reflect the economic situation of economy more frequently than GDP.
Governments can selectively allocate aid to sectors or companies, on the one hand, to compensate for market failures, in order to improve social welfare. On the other hand, such aid may normally lead to distortions of competition in the market or adversely affect international trade. The ambiguous impact of state aid raises the question what overall impact state aid has on the country's economy. It is noticeable that the extent of state aid is unevenly distributed in the EU countries. Compared to the EU average, the countries of Central and Eastern EU provide more state aid in terms of the share of state aid expenditure in GDP. In assessing the importance of state aid today, and given the ambiguous impact of state aid and aid trends in Central and Eastern EU countries, it is important to analyze the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries and its adequacy. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries. Tasks set for the implementation of the aim of the work: to perform the analysis of the problem of the impact of state aid on the economies of the EU countries; to analyze the areas of expression of the impact of state aid on the country's economy; to develop an empirical model for the study of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries; to carry out an assessment of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries on the basis of the developed model. A detailed theoretical analysis of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries has shown that there is still no clear position on the impact of state aid on the country's economy. It can be argued that the impact assessment depends on the situation of individual countries, the objectives of the State aid granted, etc. Based on the results of theoretical analysis and the availability of statistical data, the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries was examined, including the independent variable – total state aid expenditure in Central and Eastern EU countries and dependent variables: exports, employment, GDP per capita, business investment. A research model consisting of two parts was developed: statistical and graphical analysis, based on the results of which the research hypotheses were raised, and econometric modeling, based on the results of which the hypotheses were confirmed or rejected. Econometric modeling was performed based on correlation analysis, Granger causality test, ARDL, ECM, PTR, PNR models, multiplier estimation. A study of the impact of state aid spending on macroeconomic indicators in Central and Eastern EU countries has shown that state aid does not promote economic growth and development in many Central and Eastern EU countries. In some cases, state aid contributes to the growth of the employment rate in the country (in the Czech Republic, with a 1 percentage point increase in state 6 aid expenditure over the long term, the change in employment increases by almost 9 percentage points; in the short run, with a 1 percentage point increase in state aid spending, the change in employment increases by 5 percentage points). On the other hand, in some cases state aid even has a negative impact on economic growth (in Hungary, in the long run a 1 percentage point increase in state aid expenditure leads to the decline in real GDP by almost 0.3 percentage points; in the short run, a 1 percentage point increase in state aid expenditure leads to the decline in real GDP by 0.12 percentage points). The impact of state aid is observed in the countries of the Central and Eastern EU, where state aid expenditure is highest – Hungary and the Czech Republic. Assessing the impact of state aid at the macroeconomic level, it can be concluded that for many Central and Eastern EU countries, state aid is not an appropriate tool to promote economic growth and can be seen as an inefficient way to achieve this goal. On the other hand, in order to assess the overall impact of state aid on the economy, the impact at sectoral and market levels should be analyzed as well as social indicators should be included in the analysis
Governments can selectively allocate aid to sectors or companies, on the one hand, to compensate for market failures, in order to improve social welfare. On the other hand, such aid may normally lead to distortions of competition in the market or adversely affect international trade. The ambiguous impact of state aid raises the question what overall impact state aid has on the country's economy. It is noticeable that the extent of state aid is unevenly distributed in the EU countries. Compared to the EU average, the countries of Central and Eastern EU provide more state aid in terms of the share of state aid expenditure in GDP. In assessing the importance of state aid today, and given the ambiguous impact of state aid and aid trends in Central and Eastern EU countries, it is important to analyze the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries and its adequacy. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries. Tasks set for the implementation of the aim of the work: to perform the analysis of the problem of the impact of state aid on the economies of the EU countries; to analyze the areas of expression of the impact of state aid on the country's economy; to develop an empirical model for the study of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries; to carry out an assessment of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries on the basis of the developed model. A detailed theoretical analysis of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries has shown that there is still no clear position on the impact of state aid on the country's economy. It can be argued that the impact assessment depends on the situation of individual countries, the objectives of the State aid granted, etc. Based on the results of theoretical analysis and the availability of statistical data, the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries was examined, including the independent variable – total state aid expenditure in Central and Eastern EU countries and dependent variables: exports, employment, GDP per capita, business investment. A research model consisting of two parts was developed: statistical and graphical analysis, based on the results of which the research hypotheses were raised, and econometric modeling, based on the results of which the hypotheses were confirmed or rejected. Econometric modeling was performed based on correlation analysis, Granger causality test, ARDL, ECM, PTR, PNR models, multiplier estimation. A study of the impact of state aid spending on macroeconomic indicators in Central and Eastern EU countries has shown that state aid does not promote economic growth and development in many Central and Eastern EU countries. In some cases, state aid contributes to the growth of the employment rate in the country (in the Czech Republic, with a 1 percentage point increase in state 6 aid expenditure over the long term, the change in employment increases by almost 9 percentage points; in the short run, with a 1 percentage point increase in state aid spending, the change in employment increases by 5 percentage points). On the other hand, in some cases state aid even has a negative impact on economic growth (in Hungary, in the long run a 1 percentage point increase in state aid expenditure leads to the decline in real GDP by almost 0.3 percentage points; in the short run, a 1 percentage point increase in state aid expenditure leads to the decline in real GDP by 0.12 percentage points). The impact of state aid is observed in the countries of the Central and Eastern EU, where state aid expenditure is highest – Hungary and the Czech Republic. Assessing the impact of state aid at the macroeconomic level, it can be concluded that for many Central and Eastern EU countries, state aid is not an appropriate tool to promote economic growth and can be seen as an inefficient way to achieve this goal. On the other hand, in order to assess the overall impact of state aid on the economy, the impact at sectoral and market levels should be analyzed as well as social indicators should be included in the analysis
Governments can selectively allocate aid to sectors or companies, on the one hand, to compensate for market failures, in order to improve social welfare. On the other hand, such aid may normally lead to distortions of competition in the market or adversely affect international trade. The ambiguous impact of state aid raises the question what overall impact state aid has on the country's economy. It is noticeable that the extent of state aid is unevenly distributed in the EU countries. Compared to the EU average, the countries of Central and Eastern EU provide more state aid in terms of the share of state aid expenditure in GDP. In assessing the importance of state aid today, and given the ambiguous impact of state aid and aid trends in Central and Eastern EU countries, it is important to analyze the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries and its adequacy. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries. Tasks set for the implementation of the aim of the work: to perform the analysis of the problem of the impact of state aid on the economies of the EU countries; to analyze the areas of expression of the impact of state aid on the country's economy; to develop an empirical model for the study of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries; to carry out an assessment of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries on the basis of the developed model. A detailed theoretical analysis of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries has shown that there is still no clear position on the impact of state aid on the country's economy. It can be argued that the impact assessment depends on the situation of individual countries, the objectives of the State aid granted, etc. Based on the results of theoretical analysis and the availability of statistical data, the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries was examined, including the independent variable – total state aid expenditure in Central and Eastern EU countries and dependent variables: exports, employment, GDP per capita, business investment. A research model consisting of two parts was developed: statistical and graphical analysis, based on the results of which the research hypotheses were raised, and econometric modeling, based on the results of which the hypotheses were confirmed or rejected. Econometric modeling was performed based on correlation analysis, Granger causality test, ARDL, ECM, PTR, PNR models, multiplier estimation. A study of the impact of state aid spending on macroeconomic indicators in Central and Eastern EU countries has shown that state aid does not promote economic growth and development in many Central and Eastern EU countries. In some cases, state aid contributes to the growth of the employment rate in the country (in the Czech Republic, with a 1 percentage point increase in state 6 aid expenditure over the long term, the change in employment increases by almost 9 percentage points; in the short run, with a 1 percentage point increase in state aid spending, the change in employment increases by 5 percentage points). On the other hand, in some cases state aid even has a negative impact on economic growth (in Hungary, in the long run a 1 percentage point increase in state aid expenditure leads to the decline in real GDP by almost 0.3 percentage points; in the short run, a 1 percentage point increase in state aid expenditure leads to the decline in real GDP by 0.12 percentage points). The impact of state aid is observed in the countries of the Central and Eastern EU, where state aid expenditure is highest – Hungary and the Czech Republic. Assessing the impact of state aid at the macroeconomic level, it can be concluded that for many Central and Eastern EU countries, state aid is not an appropriate tool to promote economic growth and can be seen as an inefficient way to achieve this goal. On the other hand, in order to assess the overall impact of state aid on the economy, the impact at sectoral and market levels should be analyzed as well as social indicators should be included in the analysis
Governments can selectively allocate aid to sectors or companies, on the one hand, to compensate for market failures, in order to improve social welfare. On the other hand, such aid may normally lead to distortions of competition in the market or adversely affect international trade. The ambiguous impact of state aid raises the question what overall impact state aid has on the country's economy. It is noticeable that the extent of state aid is unevenly distributed in the EU countries. Compared to the EU average, the countries of Central and Eastern EU provide more state aid in terms of the share of state aid expenditure in GDP. In assessing the importance of state aid today, and given the ambiguous impact of state aid and aid trends in Central and Eastern EU countries, it is important to analyze the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries and its adequacy. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries. Tasks set for the implementation of the aim of the work: to perform the analysis of the problem of the impact of state aid on the economies of the EU countries; to analyze the areas of expression of the impact of state aid on the country's economy; to develop an empirical model for the study of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries; to carry out an assessment of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries on the basis of the developed model. A detailed theoretical analysis of the impact of state aid on the economies of the Central and Eastern EU countries has shown that there is still no clear position on the impact of state aid on the country's economy. It can be argued that the impact assessment depends on the situation of individual countries, the objectives of the State aid granted, etc. Based on the results of theoretical analysis and the availability of statistical data, the impact of state aid on the economies of Central and Eastern EU countries was examined, including the independent variable – total state aid expenditure in Central and Eastern EU countries and dependent variables: exports, employment, GDP per capita, business investment. A research model consisting of two parts was developed: statistical and graphical analysis, based on the results of which the research hypotheses were raised, and econometric modeling, based on the results of which the hypotheses were confirmed or rejected. Econometric modeling was performed based on correlation analysis, Granger causality test, ARDL, ECM, PTR, PNR models, multiplier estimation. A study of the impact of state aid spending on macroeconomic indicators in Central and Eastern EU countries has shown that state aid does not promote economic growth and development in many Central and Eastern EU countries. In some cases, state aid contributes to the growth of the employment rate in the country (in the Czech Republic, with a 1 percentage point increase in state 6 aid expenditure over the long term, the change in employment increases by almost 9 percentage points; in the short run, with a 1 percentage point increase in state aid spending, the change in employment increases by 5 percentage points). On the other hand, in some cases state aid even has a negative impact on economic growth (in Hungary, in the long run a 1 percentage point increase in state aid expenditure leads to the decline in real GDP by almost 0.3 percentage points; in the short run, a 1 percentage point increase in state aid expenditure leads to the decline in real GDP by 0.12 percentage points). The impact of state aid is observed in the countries of the Central and Eastern EU, where state aid expenditure is highest – Hungary and the Czech Republic. Assessing the impact of state aid at the macroeconomic level, it can be concluded that for many Central and Eastern EU countries, state aid is not an appropriate tool to promote economic growth and can be seen as an inefficient way to achieve this goal. On the other hand, in order to assess the overall impact of state aid on the economy, the impact at sectoral and market levels should be analyzed as well as social indicators should be included in the analysis
The article "Analysis of Foreign Capital Inflow Impact on Innovative Growth: the Baltic States in the Context of European Union" discusses the role of foreign direct investments (FDI) and innovations in economies of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and European Union countries. Impact of FDI and innovations on the growth of economy of a country is being critically evaluated. Quantitative influence of foreign direct investment and innovations on economic indicators of the Baltic states and the European Union countries is also being tested. Hypotheses formulated by authors tackle relationships between foreign direct investment, grossdomestic product, labour costs, research and development expenditure (R&D), patent applications and summary innovation index in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and, respectively, in the European Union countries. In order to verify the presented hypotheses the correlation analysis and the Student's criteria method were used. Quantitative evaluation of separate relations enables us to compare and economically interpret the role of foreign direct investment and innovations in the Baltic states and European Union countries economies and allows forming an attitude of states towards stimulation of foreign direct investment and innovations.
The article "Analysis of Foreign Capital Inflow Impact on Innovative Growth: the Baltic States in the Context of European Union" discusses the role of foreign direct investments (FDI) and innovations in economies of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and European Union countries. Impact of FDI and innovations on the growth of economy of a country is being critically evaluated. Quantitative influence of foreign direct investment and innovations on economic indicators of the Baltic states and the European Union countries is also being tested. Hypotheses formulated by authors tackle relationships between foreign direct investment, grossdomestic product, labour costs, research and development expenditure (R&D), patent applications and summary innovation index in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and, respectively, in the European Union countries. In order to verify the presented hypotheses the correlation analysis and the Student's criteria method were used. Quantitative evaluation of separate relations enables us to compare and economically interpret the role of foreign direct investment and innovations in the Baltic states and European Union countries economies and allows forming an attitude of states towards stimulation of foreign direct investment and innovations.
In this paper one of such ways- analogous simulation is considered. The general idea of this approach is to study how the supposed national - scale decision worked in countries with economies that are as much as possible similar to our, especially in aspects, most relevant to decision under consideration. The belief that such a similar economy can be used as a model is based upon three presumptions: 1. "The similarity causes similarity" presumption, supposing that the more observable similarities exist between two economies the more also unobservable ones they do have. 2. "Decision related similarity" presumption, saying that similarities of directly affected sides of economy are of especial salience when using another economy as a model to forecast effects of some decision. 3. "The common core" presumption , saying that the affinity between two similar economies is still more enlarged (multiplied) by sharing all traits that are basic for all the modern market economy. 4. "The shared space" presumption. This presumption supposes that affinity between two similar economies is still more enlarged by sharing the common (e.g., European) geographic, cultural, economic, politic space and sharing all conditions specific for this space. All this produces multisided, thousands of different factors including similarity between such economies. In this situation we can consider one economy and effects of some action in it as a model, able to forecast similar effects in the other one. As illustration, the highly challenging national-scale decision on organization of UEFA Euro 2024 in the Baltic is analyzed. Portugal (that already has arranged the UEFA Euro) and its national economy were selected as a highly suitable analogue model for Baltic countries and for probable success UEFA Euro 2024 in the Baltic.
In this paper one of such ways- analogous simulation is considered. The general idea of this approach is to study how the supposed national - scale decision worked in countries with economies that are as much as possible similar to our, especially in aspects, most relevant to decision under consideration. The belief that such a similar economy can be used as a model is based upon three presumptions: 1. "The similarity causes similarity" presumption, supposing that the more observable similarities exist between two economies the more also unobservable ones they do have. 2. "Decision related similarity" presumption, saying that similarities of directly affected sides of economy are of especial salience when using another economy as a model to forecast effects of some decision. 3. "The common core" presumption , saying that the affinity between two similar economies is still more enlarged (multiplied) by sharing all traits that are basic for all the modern market economy. 4. "The shared space" presumption. This presumption supposes that affinity between two similar economies is still more enlarged by sharing the common (e.g., European) geographic, cultural, economic, politic space and sharing all conditions specific for this space. All this produces multisided, thousands of different factors including similarity between such economies. In this situation we can consider one economy and effects of some action in it as a model, able to forecast similar effects in the other one. As illustration, the highly challenging national-scale decision on organization of UEFA Euro 2024 in the Baltic is analyzed. Portugal (that already has arranged the UEFA Euro) and its national economy were selected as a highly suitable analogue model for Baltic countries and for probable success UEFA Euro 2024 in the Baltic.
The impact of the higher education policy on the development of human-centric innovation ecosystems is evaluated in this dissertation, thus addressing the need evolving to support the management and strategic use of human-centric innovation ecosystems to strengthen the competitiveness of the higher education sector. Empirically testing the relevance and correctness of the developed conceptual theoretical framework of human-centric innovation ecosystems as a strategic resource, suitably assesses human-centered type innovation through the human capital possessing higher education. Human-centric innovation ecosystem was evaluated qualitatively according to how it serves the purpose of the higher education sector as a strategic resource aligned with the objectives, missions and functions of its stakeholders and beneficiaries. This dissertation defends that: 1. Applying human-centric innovation ecosystems effects cooperation networks through the strategies developed; 2. Human-centric innovation ecosystems supports a harmonious ecosystem environment in the higher education sector; 3. Using human-centric innovation ecosystems makes visible qualitative tools to measure the tangible outcomes of the higher education sector contribution to innovation in the knowledge and commercial economies; 4. The quality assurance indicators set by the higher education sector for monitoring human-centric innovation ecosystem discloses its levels of input value to the knowledge and commercial economies.
The impact of the higher education policy on the development of human-centric innovation ecosystems is evaluated in this dissertation, thus addressing the need evolving to support the management and strategic use of human-centric innovation ecosystems to strengthen the competitiveness of the higher education sector. Empirically testing the relevance and correctness of the developed conceptual theoretical framework of human-centric innovation ecosystems as a strategic resource, suitably assesses human-centered type innovation through the human capital possessing higher education. Human-centric innovation ecosystem was evaluated qualitatively according to how it serves the purpose of the higher education sector as a strategic resource aligned with the objectives, missions and functions of its stakeholders and beneficiaries. This dissertation defends that: 1. Applying human-centric innovation ecosystems effects cooperation networks through the strategies developed; 2. Human-centric innovation ecosystems supports a harmonious ecosystem environment in the higher education sector; 3. Using human-centric innovation ecosystems makes visible qualitative tools to measure the tangible outcomes of the higher education sector contribution to innovation in the knowledge and commercial economies; 4. The quality assurance indicators set by the higher education sector for monitoring human-centric innovation ecosystem discloses its levels of input value to the knowledge and commercial economies.
Lithuania (as well as other "new" countries) on becoming a EU member found itself economically integrated with the countries whose economic potential was incomparably higher. At the same time Lithuania has already lost traditional, protectionist and defensive instruments of economic sovereignty. Therefore, the accession to EU not only has created new economic possibilities but also has generated complex problems concerning the protection of the economic safety. In the new global world market many traditional branches in Lithuania proved to be uncompetitive. This challenged the very basis of Lithuanian economy. The country met a difficult task to obtain a new position, and to survive in the space dominated by other economies. The country had to find its new place to become competitive. The review of economic theories dealing with the post-Soviet countries entering the EU shows that currently there exists no single theoretical ground for providing a consistent approach to economic problems encountered by Lithuania. The present paper in a certain measure attempts to bridge this gap. On the basis of the analysis of modern theories of the international integration the economic policy of low competitive states, the possibilities of economic integration with incomparably stronger economies, and the opportunities to protect national economy from destructive influence of unequal competitive struggle are discussed.
Lithuania (as well as other "new" countries) on becoming a EU member found itself economically integrated with the countries whose economic potential was incomparably higher. At the same time Lithuania has already lost traditional, protectionist and defensive instruments of economic sovereignty. Therefore, the accession to EU not only has created new economic possibilities but also has generated complex problems concerning the protection of the economic safety. In the new global world market many traditional branches in Lithuania proved to be uncompetitive. This challenged the very basis of Lithuanian economy. The country met a difficult task to obtain a new position, and to survive in the space dominated by other economies. The country had to find its new place to become competitive. The review of economic theories dealing with the post-Soviet countries entering the EU shows that currently there exists no single theoretical ground for providing a consistent approach to economic problems encountered by Lithuania. The present paper in a certain measure attempts to bridge this gap. On the basis of the analysis of modern theories of the international integration the economic policy of low competitive states, the possibilities of economic integration with incomparably stronger economies, and the opportunities to protect national economy from destructive influence of unequal competitive struggle are discussed.
Economic integration is one of the main directions of economic development The economies of the countries that belong to this integration are open and interconnected . It promotes globalization of business and the formation of regional trade blocs, which lead to closer and wider integration among the participating members. The most important aim for all countries of the world is the economic growth. Each state evaluates the activities of its national economy units and state institutions according to the dynamics of economic growth and living standards.