Suchergebnisse

Ce numéro présente les travaux conduits dans le cadre de l'analyse des Pertes agricoles et alimentaires dont une synthèse a été présentée lors du colloque du 28 novembre 2015 à Paris. ; National audience ; Food losses and wastes are a cutting edge question for national, European and international politics, as they represent a major lever for global food security. They represent around 30% of global production and consume useless resources with linked environmental and economic impacts. These losses are agriculture dependent in less developed countries and at the retail and consumption stage in developed countries. On global level they emit 3.3GT carbon equivalent greenhouse gases, use 250 km3 of water, first rank of every country's agriculture water consumption, and consume 28% of agricultural land surface. Economically, they represent 750 billion $ at agricultural level, and 2 to 3 times more at the consumer level. All these are rough estimates, as figures differ depending on references, countries and typology of products. ; La question des pertes alimentaires est présente dans les agendas politiques au niveau national, européen et international, car elle représente un levier majeur pour la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Estimées au nouveau mondial à 30% de la production, elles conduisent à une consommation de ressources inutile et aux impacts environnementaux, et économiques correspondants. Situées au niveau de la production dans les pays les moins développés et au niveau de la distribution et de la consommation dans les pays développés, elles représentent ainsi des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 3,3GT équivalent Carbone, une consommation d'eau de 250 km3 par an, soit le premier rang de la consommation agricole des différents pays, et la consommation de 28% des terres agricoles mondiales. En termes économiques, l'impact représente 750 Milliards de $ au niveau agricole, 2 à 3 fois plus au niveau du consommateur. Toutes ces estimations sont des ordres de grandeur, les chiffres étant variables selon les ...

The critical triptych (food security-adaptability-mitigation) that ensures climate smart agriculture is not really reached in Sahelian pastoralism. The major shock remains spatiotemporal variability of rainfalls and temperatures. Deficits that followed 1970s lead to a severe drought that cruelly affected the mixed/lower mobility production systems (100,000 people and third of the cattle died) reverting to a higher mobility system. This appears to be the most effective strategy to sustain pastoralism as the second large-scale drought occurred in 1984 was less destructive. However, the direction of temperature and precipitation change remains unknown especially in Western Africa (Schellnhuber et al., 2013) thus reinforcing global uncertainties in which live pastoralists. Beyond climate variability, Sahelian herders are increasingly confronted to other shocks (commodity price variability and transmission, sanitary risks with re-emerging diseases, misused zoo-sanitary agreements and conventions on cattle marketing and transborder transhumance). Therefore political, socio-economic and ecological events all affected the increasing vulnerability of pastoralists. To build a climate smart pastoralism, it is crucial to integrate uncertainty in the outcomes of improved options (Jeuland and Pattanayak, 2012) and social, economic, political and institutional aspects into diagnosis and resolution of climate change impacts (Wane et al., 2014). Empirically, we focus in Senegal Sahel with a survey that showed pastoral population strategies before and after the establishment of boreholes in 1956 in changing production systems and mobility schemes. A different history is told according to different sub-steps characterized by climate and economic crises, deregulation of agricultural sector, upgrading and rehabilitation of the livestock sector and food crises. (Texte intégral)

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Forest Enhancement (REDD+) has become a central focus of global climate change mitigation efforts. Even though the international demand for forest-based carbon sequestration is the key driver of REDD+, forest protection strategies must be implemented on the ground. This cross-scale nature of REDD+ explains why scholars and policy makers increasingly favor nested governance arrangements over either fully centralized or fully decentralized REDD+ governance. The focus of the literature on nested REDD+ governance has mostly been on monitoring, reporting, and verification of carbon emission reductions across sub-national, national, and international levels. We build on Ostrom's principle of 'nested enterprises' to argue that REDD+ must be designed to systematically and formally link national policy reforms with the organization and execution of sub-national (regional and local) forest conservation efforts led by forest users. We also contribute new insights on the political dimensions of nestedness in REDD+, with important roles for inter-community forestry associations and forest rights movements.

A core challenge in environmental planning is the gap between a strong participatory ethos and top-down defined nature protection policies. Nature protection policies for large areas are concerned with securing ecological biodiversity and wildlife habitats against increasing societal claims. Such planning objectives also affect the socio-economic and cultural relations between the local community and the area they live in, and raise conflicts between local and national protection objectives and steering levels. Despite attempts to facilitate participatory planning approaches as a means of reducing conflict, nature protection continues to be contested in local communities. This paper explores the different understandings of nature at play between citizens and planning authorities throughout a habitat protection planning process in Norway. The paper discusses whether environmental planning of large spatial areas could develop communication arenas designed to deliberate different understandings of an area as a matter of commons between institutional planning perspectives of nature protection and (local) understandings of the area as part of everyday life. The paper sheds light on how large spatial areas are understood at different government levels and from everyday life orientations, and how these could be used to develop mutual understandings of the area as a common.

The first goal of this paper is to analyze recent socio-economic characteristics of old-age people in Peru, with emphasis on poverty and social exclusion. For this, we use the National Household survey (ENAHO) of year 2011 and find that the majority of the extreme poor elderly are living in the rural area. Furthermore, only 1% of the elderly living in extreme poverty receives a pension benefit and a vast majority of them live in one or two-person households, which intensify their vulnerability. The second goal is to review the most important social and economic policies towards old-age in Peru. And finally, we review the literature and policies for the elderly implemented in other countries with the aim to describe their most relevant impacts. Overall, our document might be a useful input to think and propose new policies towards old-age people in Peru based on evidences.

The advent of MOOCs and the buzz it generates defines e-learning as a main topic in the development strategy of universities. However, very few economic studies have been done about it, even if this type of training has been present in French universities for more than ten years. What are the business models of this form of curriculum, how to mesure its efficiency and impacts?Lifting the constraints of time and space, e-learning reexamines the economic approach to education from the points of view of supply, demand or public policies. This work offers a perspective on the main economic issues for universitary graduating e-learning, from these points of view and through an assessment process. The theoretical corpus in economics of education and Amartya Sen's "capability approach" are used as a reading tool which allows us to highlight one of the major economic issues of e-learning: regional economic development. This educational form allows the reaching of new audiences constrained by geography or employment status. The comparison of two implementations in two different educational policies settings -that of China and France- allows us to report on concrete results and demonstrate the relevance of e-learning in terms of regional development. ; L'avènement des MOOC et le buzz qu'il génère font du e-learning un sujet d'actualité et un enjeu stratégique de développement pour les universités. Cependant, force est de constater le peu d'études économiques traitant de ce sujet alors que cette modalité de formation existe depuis plus de dix ans dans les universités françaises. Quels sont les modèles économiques de ces formations, quelles sont leurs efficacités, quels impacts peuvent-elles avoir et à quelles conditions ?En levant les contraintes liées au temps et les contraintes liées à l'espace, le e-learning réinterroge l'approche économique de l'éducation que ce soit du point de vue de l'offre, de la demande ou des politiques éducatives. Nous proposons la mise en perspective des principaux enjeux économiques du ...

The advent of MOOCs and the buzz it generates defines e-learning as a main topic in the development strategy of universities. However, very few economic studies have been done about it, even if this type of training has been present in French universities for more than ten years. What are the business models of this form of curriculum, how to mesure its efficiency and impacts?Lifting the constraints of time and space, e-learning reexamines the economic approach to education from the points of view of supply, demand or public policies. This work offers a perspective on the main economic issues for universitary graduating e-learning, from these points of view and through an assessment process. The theoretical corpus in economics of education and Amartya Sen's "capability approach" are used as a reading tool which allows us to highlight one of the major economic issues of e-learning: regional economic development. This educational form allows the reaching of new audiences constrained by geography or employment status. The comparison of two implementations in two different educational policies settings -that of China and France- allows us to report on concrete results and demonstrate the relevance of e-learning in terms of regional development. ; L'avènement des MOOC et le buzz qu'il génère font du e-learning un sujet d'actualité et un enjeu stratégique de développement pour les universités. Cependant, force est de constater le peu d'études économiques traitant de ce sujet alors que cette modalité de formation existe depuis plus de dix ans dans les universités françaises. Quels sont les modèles économiques de ces formations, quelles sont leurs efficacités, quels impacts peuvent-elles avoir et à quelles conditions ?En levant les contraintes liées au temps et les contraintes liées à l'espace, le e-learning réinterroge l'approche économique de l'éducation que ce soit du point de vue de l'offre, de la demande ou des politiques éducatives. Nous proposons la mise en perspective des principaux enjeux économiques du ...

Few studies have explored on the micro-level why corruption hampers environmental regulations. The relationship between corruption and regulatory compliance is here investigated through confidential in-depth interviews with South African small-scale fishermen. Respondents describe how the expected behavior of inspectors and other resource users to ask for or accept bribes are vital in their compliance decisions. The interviews also shed some light on the puzzling role of trust and trustworthiness of public officials. While resource users often knows inspectors personally – and uphold discretion necessary for bribery to continue – they depict them as dishonest and describe how corrupt acts decrease their trustworthiness. The findings from the South African case illustrate the importance of curbing both grand and petty corruption to increase the effectiveness of regulations in natural resource management.

L'analyse des contraintes pesant sur la biodiversité a conduit les responsables de la protection de la nature à reconsidérer le rôle des aires protégées. Il est désormais admis que celles-ci ne peuvent pas contenir tous les écosystèmes nécessaires pour contrer la diminution de la biodiversité due aux changements globaux et à l'augmentation de la population humaine. La vision actuelle est qu'il est nécessaire que la prise en compte de la biodiversité se fasse dans tous les domaines d'activité humaine, et particulièrement dans les zones où les gens vivent et mettent en oeuvre différents usages de la terre (Perfecto et al., 2009; Scherr and McNeely, 2008). Simultanément, les agronomes ont fait le constat que l'activité agricole ne se limite pas aux champs, mais est aussi le fait d'un réseau de relations avec l'environnement qui fonctionne en réalité à l'échelle du paysage (Swinton et al., 2007; Dale and Polasky, 2007). La prise en compte de ce réseau de relations a conduit à accepter le principe selon lequel la satisfaction des besoins des gens par la production agricole d'une part et la conservation de la biodiversité d'autre part, ne sont pas nécessairement des propositions antagonistes (Robson, 2007; Scherr and McNeely, 2007). Cette complémentarité entre agriculture et biodiversité ne peut cependant être atteinte que si l'on conçoit des paysages polyvalents qui associent des objectifs de production et de protection. Les zones transfrontalières de conservation de l'Afrique australe sont des zones internationales de protection de la nature qui associent, par décret, des aires protégées ou naturelles et des zones de culture et d'habitat humain (Peace Parks Foundation, 2011). La cohabitation entre ces usages de la terre est un objectif affiché de ces zones, officialisé par la signature de protocoles entre les gouvernements de pays voisins. Cette dualité d'objectifs impose aux gestionnaires de ces zones d'inventer des modes d'occupation polyvalente du sol. Les recherches que nous avons effectuées dans l'une de ces zones, la zone transfrontalière de Lubombo, à cheval sur l'Afrique du Sud, le Mozambique et le Swaziland, ont montré que cette polyvalence paysagère est possible (Chitakira et al., 2012a, 2012b; Torquebiau et al., 2012a). Elle existe parfois de manière spontanée, surtout dans le cadre de la petite agriculture de subsistance, mais suppose, afin de devenir l'une des formes admises de gestion de l'espace, que les porteurs d'enjeux et les politiques publiques ayant un impact sur les décisions d'occupation du sol intègrent la dimension paysage dans leur approche. Cette intégration ne va pas de soi, que ce soit pour les agriculteurs, les gestionnaires de la nature ou les décideurs institutionnels. Nos résultats montrent par ailleurs que même si la majorité des personnes consultées ont un point de vue favorable à une forme d'harmonisation entre conservation de la biodiversité et production agricole, les agriculteurs privilégient avant tout l'amélioration de leurs conditions de vie et la satisfaction de leurs besoins fondamentaux. Il apparaît donc essentiel de conjuguer les caractéristiques de polyvalence du paysage avec un appui aux infrastructures telles que les moyens de transport, l'accès à l'eau ou les marchés locaux. Il est important aussi que le rapport des populations locales à la biodiversité paysagère soit formalisé par des dispositifs règlementaires que les politiques publiques peinent encore à mettre en oeuvre. Bien que beaucoup d'agriculteurs n'aient pas une perception spontanée de l'échelle du paysage, l'analyse de ces paysages selon des critères reflétant leur " performance " démontre qu'il est possible de mettre au point une mesure quantitative de la polyvalence. Cette mesure peut être convertie en un index permettant de comparer la polyvalence de différents paysages. Cet index peut être utilisé dans le but de " labelliser " des paysages polyvalents (Torquebiau et al., 2012b). (Texte intégral)

The essays contained in this dissertation use empirical evidence to address two issues which are critically important given our growing understanding of the relationship of social preferences to economic growth and well-being at the country level: the foundations of prosocial behavior and the impact of policies designed to increase it. Levels of prosocial behavior have often been taken as a given, fixed, factor, but these essays provide evidence that they are subject to change from policy interventions. Given that there are few interventions specifically focused on trust and cooperation, there may be large scope for improving welfare by increasing the policy focus on this issue, and these essays provide evidence that this is indeed the case. Chapter 1 addresses the foundations of pro-social behavior using different frames in requests for a public good contribution, and shows that information on the social norm is the most potent motivator of public good contribution. In Chapter 2 provides empirical and theoretical evidence from a large project that pro-social behavior at the community level, in contributing to local public services, depends on the anticipated efficacy of that behavior. Chapter 3 provides new evidence on the impact of trust on the individual level, and shows that a childhood training program that increased trust, as well as improving attention and reducing delinquency, set off a chain of events resulting in better long-term outcomes for individuals in terms of education, criminality, and economic performance. ; Les essais contenus dans cette thèse utilisent des preuves empiriques pour répondre à deux questions qui sont d'une importance capitale compte tenu de notre compréhension croissante de la relation de préférences sociales et de la croissance économique et le bien-être au niveau des pays : les bases du comportement prosocial et l'impact des politiques visent à l'augmenter. Les niveaux de comportement prosocial ont souvent été pris comme une donnée fixée, or ces essais fournissent la preuve qu'ils sont susceptibles de changer à partir des interventions politiques. Étant donné qu'il y a peu d'interventions spécifiquement axées sur la confiance et la coopération, il peut y avoir une grande portée pour améliorer du bien-être en augmentant la politique axée sur cette question. C'est ce qui est démontré dans ces essais. Chapitre 1 aborde les bases du comportement pro-social en utilisant différents cadres dans les demandes d'une contribution au bien public, et montre que les informations sur la norme sociale est le facteur de motivation le plus puissant. Chapitre 2 fournit des résultats empiriques et théoriques que le comportement pro-social au niveau communautaire (en contribuant aux services publics locaux) dépend de l'efficacité attendue de ce comportement. Le chapitre 3 fournit de nouvelles résultats sur l'impact de la confiance sur le plan individuel, et montre qu'un programme de formation de l'enfance qui a augmenté la confiance (ainsi que amélioré l'attention et réduit la délinquance), a déclenché une chaîne d'événements pour améliorer les résultats à long terme en termes d'éducation, criminalité et performance économique.

The essays contained in this dissertation use empirical evidence to address two issues which are critically important given our growing understanding of the relationship of social preferences to economic growth and well-being at the country level: the foundations of prosocial behavior and the impact of policies designed to increase it. Levels of prosocial behavior have often been taken as a given, fixed, factor, but these essays provide evidence that they are subject to change from policy interventions. Given that there are few interventions specifically focused on trust and cooperation, there may be large scope for improving welfare by increasing the policy focus on this issue, and these essays provide evidence that this is indeed the case. Chapter 1 addresses the foundations of pro-social behavior using different frames in requests for a public good contribution, and shows that information on the social norm is the most potent motivator of public good contribution. In Chapter 2 provides empirical and theoretical evidence from a large project that pro-social behavior at the community level, in contributing to local public services, depends on the anticipated efficacy of that behavior. Chapter 3 provides new evidence on the impact of trust on the individual level, and shows that a childhood training program that increased trust, as well as improving attention and reducing delinquency, set off a chain of events resulting in better long-term outcomes for individuals in terms of education, criminality, and economic performance. ; Les essais contenus dans cette thèse utilisent des preuves empiriques pour répondre à deux questions qui sont d'une importance capitale compte tenu de notre compréhension croissante de la relation de préférences sociales et de la croissance économique et le bien-être au niveau des pays : les bases du comportement prosocial et l'impact des politiques visent à l'augmenter. Les niveaux de comportement prosocial ont souvent été pris comme une donnée fixée, or ces essais fournissent la preuve ...

This paper examines Cambodia's socioeconomic development since the early 1990s peace settlement. The country's economic growth has arguably been the fastest among post-conflict societies, driven by the credible restoration of peace and security, large public and private capital inflows, economic openness, reasonably prudent macroeconomic management, and a dynamic, integrating neighborhood. A legacy of history and small size is that the government has limited policy space, although this has not necessarily retarded economic development. We also highlight some key challenges, including rising inequality, uneven spatial development, weak institutions, and high levels of corruption. Looking forward, we highlight the importance of strengthening supply side capabilities, broadening the benefits of growth, and developing stronger institutions and property rights.

Some important elements of common property theory include a focus on individual communities or user groups, local level adjudication of conflicts, local autonomy in rule making, physical harvests, and low levels of articulation with markets. We present a case study of multi-scale collective action around indigenous/community conserved areas (ICCAs) in Oaxaca, Mexico that suggests a modification of these components of common property theory. A multi-community ICCA in Oaxaca demonstrates the importance of inter-community collective action as key link in multi-scale governance, that conflicts are often negotiated in multiple arenas, that rules emerge at multiple scales, and that management for conservation and environmental services implies no physical harvests. Realizing economic gains from ICCAs for strict conservation may require something very different than traditional natural resource management. It requires intense engagement with extensive networks of government and civil society actors and new forms of community and inter-community collection action, or multi-scale governance. Multi-scale governance is built on trust and social capital at multiple scales and also constitutes collective action at multiple scales. However, processes of multi-scale governance are also necessarily "turbulent" with actors frequently having conflicting values and goals to be negotiated. We present an analytic history of the process of emergence of community and inter-community collective action around strict conservation and examples of internal and external turbulence. We argue that this case study and other literature requires an extensions of the constitutive elements of common property theory.