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This paper analyzes political and legislative frames in the field of energy efficient building and renewable energy sources in planning and implementation in Serbia. "Development strategy until 2015." is reviewed in concise portrait. This strategy maps a way for the application of energy services of much higher quality than ones offered at a present day. It reviews relevant laws concerning the subject, as well as institutions, programs and their implementation. Basic principles of energy policy in Serbia and their achievement are also given by that strategy. Serbia's energy policies are designed to allow new legislative, structural, organizational, institutional, and economic frames and visions of unification of Serbian energetics into regional and Pan-European integrations. One of the key factors is the inclusion of sustainable development and energy efficient design concerned policies. Application of these, almost completely neglected, energy sources, for which there is high potential in Serbia, would allow preservation of primary energy sources and local environment. This potential hasn't seen significant research, and therefore, neither the technical improvement. Apart from that, one of the goals of wider application of renewable energy sources is lowering the poverty level. This helps avoiding the already used "dirty development" method.

This study report 'Planning for Efficient Dispatch' was developed within the framework of the project 'Variable Renewable Energy Integration and Planning: Pakistan' under a technical assistance project financed by World Bank in support of the Government of Pakistan. With the aim of being as close as possible to the reality in terms of constraints which cannot be influenced by the dispatcher, potential sources of such deviations have been eliminated in the model. For instance, demand, export to K-Electric, hydrology, VRE output, bagasse output, outages, and nuclearplant operations have been set to their actual historic values. To allow for this analysis and to reach the objectives, the assignment included engagement with the National Power Control Centre (NPCC) as well as technical support. This also included the general topic of VRE integration in support of the wider study.

VTT Science 123 ; This thesis focuses on energy efficient urban planning and the role of legislation within that context. The objective of this thesis is to analyse if energy efficiency of districts is improved by a regulative approach into planning, if proper tools and guidelines to support the planning are available. The thesis is based on four journal articles and one conference paper. The thesis examines the advantages of a holistic approach in the planning of energy systems both when building new districts as in renovating old ones. It also examines the importance of supportive tools for city planners and planners of energy systems. The results of the analysis show that a holistic approach and supportive tools enable more energy efficient solutions. The key to developing sustainable city plans are for different disciplines to work closely together throughout the whole planning process. Such collaboration might require certain regulative measures to become reality since stakeholders will work towards a common goal that might differ from their individual ones. The energy-efficiency of city plans would benefit from a higher degree of regulation by enabling a push of energy efficient solutions to be realised. Solutions and regulations need to be adapted to local contexts. A regulative approach is beneficial when long term solutions are sought, that doesn't bring short term economic benefits but serve the society well on a longer time perspective. The challenge is to have regulation on a level that both steers the development towards the overall optimised solutions without hindering new innovative solutions to be born. The thesis gives concrete recommendations for how to improve the regulations in the city planning process to enable a more energy efficient built environment.

It is important to strive for greater energy efficiency when producing a product that will have a significant effect on a household's overall energy consumption. The door manufacturing industry has been mandated by the Canadian federal government to authenticate that each product that they sell has a U-value no greater than 2.00 W/m2K. This regulation has caused door producers to re-evaluate their designs and certify only their most efficient designs before the enforcement date of January 1st, 2010. Currently only 11 solid wood exterior door designs offered by 2 manufacturers are listed under the CSA directory of certified exterior doors (CSA, 2009). The purpose of this study is to determine the necessary features that a pre-hung door system is required to have in order to comply with the new building code. As it stands, solid wood doors will need to be built to a minimum thickness of 2-1/4"; use foam insulated cores; and / or incorporate the use of large sections of insulated glass units. This report will explain the specific requirements needed in order for an exterior door unit to qualify for sale within Canada. This study will detail a design brief outlining the key design characteristics that will help increase the energy efficiency of the design. A classical door design will then be evaluated by a thermal simulation testing software called THERM, which is the same method of product testing that is used by the engineering firms currently certifying fenestration products. ; Forestry, Faculty of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Literature Overview -- 1.1 Energy-Efficient Speed Control -- 1.1.1 Analytical Algorithms -- 1.1.2 Numerical Algorithms -- 1.2 Energy-Efficient Timetable Optimization -- 1.2.1 Overlapping Time Maximization -- 1.2.2 Regenerative Energy Maximization -- 1.3 Extensions -- References -- 2 Energy-Efficient Speed Control -- 2.1 Problem Description -- 2.2 Model Formulation -- 2.2.1 Notations -- 2.2.2 Speed Control Model without Speed Limits -- 2.2.3 Optimal Control Model with Speed Limits -- 2.3 Genetic Algorithm -- 2.4 Numerical Examples -- References -- 3 Timetabling with Overlapping Time Maximization -- 3.1 Problem Description -- 3.2 Model Formulation -- 3.2.1 Notations -- 3.2.2 Parameters -- 3.2.3 Intermediate Variables -- 3.2.4 Decision Variables -- 3.2.5 Model Assumptions -- 3.2.6 Cooperative Rules -- 3.2.7 Overlapping Time -- 3.2.8 Overlapping Time Maximization Model -- 3.3 Genetic Algorithm -- 3.3.1 Representation Structure -- 3.3.2 Initialization -- 3.3.3 Evaluation Function -- 3.3.4 Selection Process -- 3.3.5 Crossover Operation -- 3.3.6 Mutation Operation -- 3.3.7 General Procedure -- 3.4 Numerical Examples -- References -- 4 Timetabling with Regenerative Energy Maximization -- 4.1 Problem Description -- 4.2 Model Formulation -- 4.2.1 Notations -- 4.2.2 Model Assumptions -- 4.2.3 Timetabling Rules -- 4.2.4 Objective Function -- 4.2.5 Regenerative Energy Maximization Model -- 4.3 Solution Method -- 4.3.1 Genetic Algorithm -- 4.3.2 Allocation Algorithm -- 4.4 Numerical Examples -- References -- 5 Integrated Speed Control and Timetable Optimization -- 5.1 Problem Description -- 5.2 Model Formulation -- 5.2.1 Notations -- 5.2.2 Net Energy Consumption -- 5.2.3 Integrated Constraints -- 5.2.4 Integrated Optimization Model -- 5.3 Solution Method -- 5.3.1 Representation Process -- 5.3.2 Initialization Process.

The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) of the Department of Energy (DOE) assists federal agencies in complying with energy-efficient procurement requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) and Executive Order 13123 (Clinton 1999). The Executive Order directs all federal agencies to buy ENERGY STAR(registered trademark) labeled products or products in the upper quartile of the market with respect to energy efficiency. FEMP issues Product Energy Efficiency Recommendations (PEERs) which establish energy performance levels consistent with the Executive Order for each type of product. The FEMP program on energy-efficient procurement also contributes to the federal goal of reducing energy intensity in buildings in 2010 by 35% compared to 1985 levels. This report projects estimated annual energy and cost savings in 2010 from federal purchases of twenty-one energy-using products for which FEMP has issued efficiency recommendations to date. These products fall into five groups: residential equipment, residential appliances, office equipment, lighting, and water-saving products. The five product groups together account for approximately one-fourth to one-third of total federal energy use in buildings, although only selected products within each group - those most widely purchased by federal agencies - are covered by FEMP recommendations. Not included in this analysis are several important equipment categories: non-residential heating and cooling equipment, electric motors, transformers, additional lighting products, and windows and roofing. The methodology for estimating savings is based on a detailed characterization of residential, office, and other buildings in the federal stock. Data for the years 1995-97 are used to characterize the installed equipment base. Equipment turnover estimates are based on end-of-life replacement plus an allowance for new construction and product replacement during building renovation and refurbishment. Estimated energy savings per unit are based on assumptions used in the cost-effectiveness section of the PEERs. Absent reported data on actual federal purchases, at a sufficient level of detail, we developed several scenarios based on the likely range of federal compliance with the FEMP-recommended energy efficiency levels. These scenarios range from a relatively conservative case (Scenario 3) which assumes that energy-efficient federal purchasing increases gradually, from a 20% (pre-program) base case today to 80% penetration by 2010, to a "Maximum Technical Potential" case, in which all federal purchases beginning immediately, are assumed to reflect the "best-available" level of efficiency identified in the FEMP purchasing recommendations. For all the scenarios we assume that, while most federal purchasers will buy a "base case" product (i.e., low first-cost and relatively inefficient), an average of 20% of all federal purchases already represent the more efficient models that meet FEMP recommendations. This is the baseline from which future savings are calculated. Estimated annual savings in 2010 for the twenty-one products together range from 8.2 to 30.8 TBtu (site energy) for the four scenarios, with corresponding energy cost savings of $119-426 million/year and reduced CO2 emissions of about 0.3-1.2 million tons of carbon per year (Tables 8-10 and Figures 10-12). These savings amount to 2-9 % of annual energy use in federal buildings, and 3-12% of annual energy costs. They also represent between 6% and 21% of the additional savings that federal agencies need to achieve, to meet the goals for 2010 set forth in Executive Order 13123. Purchases of energy-efficient fluorescent lighting products alone account for about one-third of the site energy savings in 2010. It is clear that the FEMP program for energy-efficient federal purchasing offers significant opportunities for energy and cost savings, and that the PEERs can make an important contribution to the federal goals for energy savings

In recent years, advances in wireless communications, microelectronics and sensing technology have allowed a production of computationally capable low-cost miniature devices that can be used in different innovative solutions. Due to constant increase of energy consumption, and since residential sector has been identified as one the most energy demanding, there exists a strong interest in exploitation of connected smart devices with the aim of improving energy efficiency, user comfort and the overall quality of life. The Smart Energy Manager based on an IoT platform which will be presented in this paper aims to reach the aforementioned goals with the combination of monitoring and control devices with the advanced energy services capable of analyzing the collected data and providing control actions and suggestions aimed at the end users via intuitive end-user applications. This work was partly financed by the European Union (H2020 InBetween project, Pr. No: 768776), H2020 LAMBDA project, Pr. No: 809965) and by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia (Pr. No: TR-32010).

There is a steadily growing awareness for environmental issues caused by the increased energy use, mainly in the industrial world. The use of fossil fuels has reached the point where it can not be looked at as an endless source, the resources are decreasing at a pace where alternative energy sources will be a necessity for this and future generations. Global warming, due to increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has become one of the most important issues on the political agenda at all levels. A widespread opinion is that energy conservation technologies are needed and a shift towards renewable energy sources is required to attain a sustainable development of our society and a progress in the developing countries. This thesis is focusing on two different energy conservation technologies in different applications. The open absorption system, a modification of an absorption heat pump is a promising technique in moist air processes, recovering the latent heat in the air and decreasing the total heat demand. The technology has been tested in two full scale pilot plants at a sawmill operating four timber dryers and another unit installed at an indoor swimming pool. The technique has had positive outcomes in both operational energy conservation respects. It has been shown that the energy demand was decreased considerably in both applications. The investment cost has proved to be relatively high, but optimization of operational parameters shows a potential to decrease the initial investment and make the technology more competitive. Pressurized entrained-flow high temperature black liquor gasification (PEHT- BLG), developed by Chemrec AB, is another novel technique presented in this thesis. Black liquor is an important by-product in the papermaking process. Chemicals and energy is recovered in the conventional recovery boiler where superheated steam is produced to generate electricity and process heat. The cooking chemicals are recovered from the smelt in the bottom of the boiler in a separate recovery cycle. By introducing PEHT-BLG, a synthesis gas is obtained that can be used to generate electricity or be reformed into alternative automotive fuels. A demonstration plant, constructed by Chemrec AB, has been running periodically since late 2005. The plant is located at the Kappa Smurfit mill in conjunction with the Energy Technology Centre in Piteå, Sweden. In this thesis CFD models of the quench and counter current condenser have been performed and presented. The long term objectives with the CFD models are to create a tool that can be an aid in future scale-ups and for optimisation purposes. Since PEHT-BLG enhances the flexibility of the black liquor recovery cycle it is a promising alternative for future industrial commercialization if the remaining issues can be overcome. ; Godkänd; 2007; 20070511 (ysko)

Intro -- Series Editor's Foreword -- Scientific Committee -- Introduction -- Contents -- Energy and Smart Systems -- 1 Multivariable Coupling Influence on Energy-Efficient Skylight Design -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Response Surface Methodology Working Steps -- 2.2 RSM for Energy-Saving Building Design -- 2.3 Framework of This Study -- 3 Simulation Settings -- 3.1 Base Model Settings -- 3.2 Factor Parameterization -- 3.2.1 Geometry Factors -- 3.2.2 Material Settings of Skylights -- 3.2.3 Exterior Blind Settings -- 3.3 Experiment Summary -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Experiment Outputs of Ec, Eh, El, and Et -- 4.2 Mathematical Model Generation for Et -- 4.3 Trend Between Total Energy Demand and Multifactors -- 4.4 Optimization for Energy-Saving Design -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Performance of L-shaped Mini Louvers in Tropical Cities in Cooling Energy Reduction: Case Study of Mumbai, Mexico City, and Lagos -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Researches -- 3 Research Methods -- 4 Simulations -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusions and Further Researches -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 User Perception of Energy Efficiency in School of Architecture and Built Environment (SABE) Building, Kigali, RWANDA -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Sustainability in Building Designs and Users -- 2 Research Method -- 3 Findings and Discussion -- 3.1 Passive Design Considerations -- 3.2 User Perception on Thermal Considerations -- 3.3 User Perception on Lighting Considerations -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Research on Small Sewage Treatment Technology -- Abstract -- 1 Overview -- 2 Rural Sewage Treatment Technology in Jilin Province -- 2.1 Traditional A2O Process -- 2.2 Traditional and Improved SBR Process -- 2.2.1 Traditional SBR Process -- 2.2.2 CAST Process.

What are the barriers that prevent us from achieving our long-term energy goals in cities or, more generally, in our built environment? This Annex 51 wants to give answers, based on the evaluation of over 20 Case Studies carried out within the 10 participating countries and elaborated in the form of this guidebook on successful local energy planning.