Suchergebnisse

Geneva is the symbol of a continuing placing between the possible and the desirable. To tend towards a pacified world is its objective. Before reaching this objective, would it be necessary to legislate the rules of warfare, in other words: to "humanize" warfare? The fact that the seat of oldest and most important humanitarian organization, the International Committee of the Red Cross, is located at avenue de la paix (Peace Street), is a symbol and a response regarding the attempt to conciliate between two complementary policies: searching for peace, and the regulation/humanization of armed conflicts. The article studies two contradictory ideas, constructed in parallel starting at the age of Enlightenment: 1) pacification through law and the creation of international organizations, and 2) humanization of the war, and examines their development around the two world wars, with the construction of the United Nations and its strategic center in Geneva, the base of numerous international conferences relating to disarmament and the ending of conflicts. As for humanitarian actions, they have become a means of peace strategy with increasing integration into Chapter VII of the UN Chart. Symbolically, Geneva is the place where the focus on these two ideals is of its highest level; peace and humanitarian action, sometimes contradictory, sometimes complementary, the balance of which at last seems to tend toward the latter, thus given reason to Henry Dunant. O. van Zijl

Introducing postmodernism -- Criteria for evaluating postmodernism -- The demise of enlightenment modernism -- The observer as situated -- Philosophy of language -- Truth and social construction -- Postmodernism and the self -- Realism and antirealism, objectivity and subjectivity -- On metanarratives and oppression -- Doubts about metanarratives -- Truth, faith, and postmodernism -- Postmodernism and the critique of Enlightenment rationalism -- The hope of the Gospel -- Where do we go from here? -- Chart on modernism and postmodernism

Lecture given at 2Fifth anniversary celebrations of founding of Kyoto Seika University, which also fell on anniversaries of the 1968 revolutions and the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Themes exploring the exhaustion of liberalism and social reformism are organised around these anniversaries: the era of hope and struggle for Enlightenment ideals, 1789-1945; the false realisation of Enlightenment hopes 1945-89; the 'Black Period' since then and choices available.

Ovaj rad postavlja sljedeće pitanje: Je li Adam Smith konzervativac? Smith se obično smatra jednim od glavnih autora liberalne tradicije, ali mnoge njegove teze imaju snažnu konzervativnu notu. Iako se često zauzima za pojedinca i za pojedinčeve sposobnosti da bude protagonist vlastite povijesti, Smith istovremeno taj prostor ograničava, argumentirajući u prilog nesposobnosti tih istih pojedinaca da svoje djelovanje razumiju, te argumentirajući u prilog tome da ih se društveno kontrolira i disciplinira. Tri se teme problematiziraju: (1) Smithova metafora nevidljive ruke, (2) pitanje institucionalnog dizajna i (3) pitanje društvene hijerarhije. Ovaj rad upućuje na određene tenzije koje postoje kod Adama Smitha, u škotskom prosvjetiteljstvu i u suvremenoj liberalnoj tradiciji koja je, u velikoj mjeri, sagrađena na tim temeljima. ; This article asks the following question: Is Adam Smith a conservative? Smith is usually seen as a key author of the liberal tradition, but some of his claims have a strong conservative overtone. Although he frequently defends the individual and his capacity to be the agent of his own history, Smith simultaneously limits this space, arguing that the very same individuals are incapable of understanding their own action, and arguing in favor of socially controlling and disciplining them. Three themes are discussed: (1) Smith's metaphor of the invisible hand, (2) the question of institutional design, and (3) the question of social hierarchy. This article points towards certain tensions in the work of Adam Smith, the Scottish enlightenment, and the liberal tradition which was built, to a large extent, on these foundations.

Durante los siglos XVII y XVIII Europa vio nacer y expandirse sobre los emergentes Estados modernos un modelo de gobierno que rompió con los métodos de manejo estatal antes vistos. A esta nueva perspectiva se le atribuyo el nombre de Reformismo, término que evoca el nuevo despertar de la razón puramente política del estado. Pero ¿Qué pautas eran necesarias para que un Estado se considerase Reformista? La nueva visión de manejo estatal nació de las complejas situaciones hegemónicas europeas entre los siglos XV al XVIII, y finalmente encontró las bases de su potencia en las teorías intelectuales del absolutismo y la ilustración. Engendrando una teoría política que triunfaría a tal nivel que cubriría gran parte de los Estados europeos reorganizando el orden continental. ; During the 17th and 18th century Europe saw the birth and expansion on the emerging modern States a model of Government that broke with the State management methods before seen. To this new perspective will attach the name of reformism, term that evokes the new awakening of the purely political reason of State. But what guidelines were necessary so that a State be considered reformist? The new vision of State management was born of the complex European hegemonic situations between the 15th to the 18th centuries and finally found their power bases in the intellectual theories of absolutism and enlightenment. Creating a political theory that would succeed to such a level that it cover a large part of the European States reorganizing the continental order.

Članek prinaša sinoptični pregled nekaterih tem sodobnega Blakovega kriticizma, sklene pa se z recenzijo knjige Davida Fallona: Blake, Mit in razsvetljenstvo: Politika apoteoze, v kateri je apoteoza obravnavana z vidika mitične, literarne in realistične uporabe. ; This paper provides a synoptic account of some of the themes of contemporary Blake criticism, culminating in a review of David Fallon's Blake, Myth, and Enlightenment: The Politics of Apotheosis, in which apotheosis is considered through its mythic, literary and realist uses.

This article focuses on the strategies used by the priest Francisco de Paula Castañeda to reinforce a certain image from political situation whose operation is constructed between the colonial thought and some ideas of the Enlightenment. ; Este trabajo analiza la intersección del discurso colonial y cierto ámbito de las ideas ilustradas en la conformación de la imagen enunciadora del sacerdote Francisco de Paula Castañeda, un actor representativo del surgimiento del discurso polémico en el Río de la Plata.

Este articulo analiza tres aspectos de la obra de Jose Cadalso: 1) sus manifestaciones sobre la conquista del Nuevo Mundo por parte de los espanoles, que no siempre se muestran ideologicamente coincidentes; 2) su estudio de las relaciones entre la Europa de la Ilustracion y America, que desvelan la cara oculta del colonialismo dieciochesco; 3) las intenciones objetivas y los motivos subjetivos que subyacen en sus textos a proposito de lo americano y que parecen mostrar un conflicto entre su patriotismo y los valores ilustrados con los que se identificaba. Al vincular entre si estos tres temas se revelan no solo la complejidad argumentativa y los intereses intelectuales del pensamiento de Cadalso sino tambien las ventajas expositivas de su 'metodo epistolar', que permite dar aire de novedad a la reflexion This article deals with three aspects of the work of Jose Cadalso: his statements on the conquest of the New World by the Spaniards, which do not always coincide ideologically; 2) the study of the relationship between the Europe of the Enlightenment and America, that reveal the hidden face of eighteenth-century colonialism; 3) the objective intentions and the subjective reasons that underlie his texts about the American and seem to show a conflict between his patriotism and the enlightened values with which he identified. By linking together these three themes not only the argumentative complexity and intellectual interests of Cadalso's thought are revealed but also the explanatory advantages of his 'epistolary method', which gives reflection the appearance of novelty. Adapted from the source document.

The sovereign state as the centre of political power. The Westphalia System. Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment Thought. Twentieth-century International Political Theory. Self-Determination and Non-intervention. From the world of states to the citizens of the world. Inclusion and world arrangement: steps forward and failures. Something goes wrong in the current system of global governance: the democratic deficit. Recent failures in the global governance system: concentrated power and wide-spread suffering. Cosmopolitan Democracy and the question of inclusion and exclusion. The project of Cosmopolitan Democracy: interrelated levels of governance and the world constitution. ; The sovereign state as the centre of political power. The Westphalia System. Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment Thought. Twentieth-century International Political Theory. Self-Determination and Non-intervention. From the world of states to the citizens of the world. Inclusion and world arrangement: steps forward and failures. Something goes wrong in the current system of global governance: the democratic deficit. Recent failures in the global governance system: concentrated power and wide-spread suffering. Cosmopolitan Democracy and the question of inclusion and exclusion. The project of Cosmopolitan Democracy: interrelated levels of governance and the world constitution. ; LUISS PhD Thesis

This volume explores the relevance of decline within the republican tradition. The essays in this volume focus on the Dutch Republic during the revolutionary era, as well as early modern Spain and Venice, the German Enlightenment, and the Weimar Republic. ; Readership: Students of republicanism, political culture, intellectual history, the history of political thought, the Age of Enlightenment and Revolutions, the history of the Netherlands, early modern European history, and German history.

Susan Mendus investigates the significance of love in moral and political philosophy. She argues for a re-interpretation of both enlightenment and feminist thinking, and shows how the former often takes love as central, while the latter draws our attention to human vulnerability and neediness. By combining the insights of enlightenment philosophy and feminist theory, the book aims to provide a new understanding of the role of love in moral and political philosophy.

At least since John Locke's observation (in his Second Treatise of Government, 1690) that "in the beginning, all the world was America", Western thinkers have engaged in the practice of treating non‐Western people as if they were living in the European past, a practice which remains pervasive within contemporary social and political thought. This article begins to chart the genealogy of this practice, exploring its classical (ancient Greek and Roman) antecedents as well as its European Renaissance and Enlightenment variants. We focus particularly, in this latter regard, on the European discovery of America and the revolt by sixteenth‐century Protestant historians against the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.

Preprint rozdziału: Liliana Górska, Abseits der Aufklärungszentren. Die Volksbildungssituation in der gemischtsprachigen Provinz Westpreußen um 1800, opublikowanego w książce: Volksbildung durch Lesestoffe im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Voraussetzungen – Medien – Topographie, red. R. Siegert, P. Hoare, P. Vodosek, Bremen 2012, s. 301–322. ; The 18th-century movement of Popular Enlightenment and popular education extended in a significant way to Poland and to the Polish region of "Royal Prussia" (from 1772 part of the Kingdom of Prussia as the province of West Prussia), with its three important cities of Danzig, Thorn and Elbing (today Gdańsk, Toruń and Elbląg). A very suitable environment for the growth of Popular Enlightenment thinking was provided by the earliest scientific societies, which appeared in Danzig in 1720 and 1742, in Elbing in 1721 and in Thorn in 1752, but also by the Collegium Nobilium, an elite secondary school in Warsaw for sons of the Polish nobility, established in 1740, and the Załuski Library founded in Warsaw in 1747 which influenced the Prussian elites as well. The dynamic development of these societies and institutions not only encouraged the study of the natural and human sciences but also ensured that their members and users became the principal bearers of Enlightenment ideas. One should not expect to find an especially large amount of Popular Enlightenment publications within the field of reform and education in Royal Prussia, though this does not mean that such material was not published. In comparison with the aristocratic Republic of Poland, however, the amount was small. Literary production of this kind in the Republic was notable particularly in Warsaw, Cracow, Vilna (Vilnius) and Lemberg (Lwow), and was closely linked to Catholicism, since it was in these places that Roman Catholic clergy were concerned with this reform movement which touched all areas of life. In the second half of the 18th century this derived above all from the activities of the Commission for National Education, and from the Society for Elementary Books, established on 10 February 1775, which encouraged the publication of textbooks (hitherto relatively scarce) and provided expertise and inspiration for all the institutions of educational reform. However. Popular Enlightenment in Royal Prussia also deserves to be mentioned. In Danzig, Thorn and Elbing, as well as in smaller towns of less political importance, such as Marienwerder or Kulm, texts with Popular Enlightenment ideas were produced or translated into Polish, medical handbooks for the common man were published, and articles on practical subjects were reprinted in weekly newspapers. All Enlightenment efforts had to encounter many obstacles in their fulfillment. On the one hand it depended on the religious and linguistic differences of cities and the countryside, and for that reason the new Enlightenment ideas which were provided by German speaking Lutherans could not reach fossilized conservative Polish speaking Catholic countryside. On the other hand Royal Prussia was rather a cultural autonomous and closed region where no meaningful changes like those in Western Europe should be expected. Nevertheless the intellectual elites of Royal Prussia managed to spread the ideas of law-abiding citizen, patriot and thorough householder in the country. The paper demonstrates general socio-humanistic conditions and achievements in Royal Prussia, which made the movement of Popular Enlightenment possible, and indicates basis thoughts on school system and education in this region. Its main part reviews the most significant publications which were produced or translated from other languages into German or Polish and concerned medical, ethical, economical and pedagogical essences and their meaning. The emphasis is put on comparison of popular newspaper articles and other handbooks which provided the common man with diverse Enlightenment ideas. In the end the researchers get at their disposal many old print collections and manuscripts in libraries and archives in Danzig, Thorn and Elbing as well as in smaller towns of this region. They are still waiting for a comprehensive analysis which will take into consideration not only single parts of this material, but also the whole Popular Enlightenment phenomenon in Royal Prussia.

Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. What is Freedom of Speech? -- Chapter 2. The Free Networks of the Enlightenment -- Chapter 3. A New Golden Age of Enlightenment? -- Chapter 4. The Digital Enlightenment Project Facing Challenges -- Chapter 5. The Internet 3.0 -- Chapter 6. Attention and Dopamine Hits -- Chapter 7. Tech Companies as Ad-Brokers -- Chapter 8. Improving the World or Capitalizing on it? -- Chapter 9. Free Speech Under Pressure -- Chapter 10. Nudity and the Digital Community -- Chapter 11. Facebook's Content Removal Manual -- Chapter 12. Facebook and Google as Offices of Censorship -- Chapter 13. Entrusting Government Control to Private Tech Giants -- Chapter 14. The First Digital Losers -- Chapter 15. Distortion of the Public Sphere -- Chapter 16. Trust Busting the Tech Giants? -- Chapter 17. The Role of Civil Society -- Chapter 18. A Digital Hangover

The article is devoted to such an interesting, but little-studied period in American history as the American Enlightenment. Examines the ideological sources of this process, similarities and differences with the European Enlightenment. Exam-ines such features of American Education, American democracy, American pragma-tism, American education and American religion. Examines the causes and origins of these phenomena, their specific features and how these features of the American enlightenment influenced the emerging American mentality. ; Статья посвящена малоизученному явлению американской истории - американскому Просвещению. Рассматриваются идейные истоки этого процесса, общие черты и различия с Просвещением европейским. Анализируются такие особенности американского Просвещения, как американская демократия, американский прагматизм, американское образование и американская религиозность. Рассматриваются причины и истоки этих явлений, их специфические черты, а также то, как эти особенности американского Просвещения повлияли на складывающийся американский менталитет.